含裂缝地层的过套管电阻率测井响应特征研究

由于石油压裂开采等开发措施的实施,会使在套管周围存在着许多被油气等高阻流体填充的微裂缝.尽管这些裂缝或孔隙可能很小,但对套管井电阻率测量会有非常大的影响,甚至会改变原地层的电阻率测井特征,因此裂缝测井响应的计算及考察对过套管电阻率测井十分重要.为解决裂缝测井响应的计算问题,本文提出了计算等效电阻的电流通量管模型,利用该电流通量管模型给出了含垂直裂缝地层横向电阻的计算方法,基于传输线方程法及地层电阻的过套管测量方法实现了含裂缝地层的过套管电阻率测井响应的数值计算,通过计算实例考察了地层裂缝对过套管电阻率测井响应的影响.算例表明:裂缝中的高阻流体对地层视电阻率测量结果会有较大的影响;环形裂隙比垂直裂缝有更大的电阻率测井响应.本文的研究为解决微裂缝过套管电阻率测井响应的计算这一关键技术问题提供了一种可行的计算与考察方法.     

测井资料质量验收系统的研制与应用

为了适应当前测井资料质量控制的需要,基于软件工程学原则开发了能在微机上使用的测井资料质量验收系统,依据验收标准对常规测井资料和地层倾角测井资料进行质量验收,交互生成质量验收报告.系统对测井资料的主要验收功能包括套管值检查、重复性检查、深度检查、测量速度检查、曲线异常检查、仪器转动检查、地层倾角电阻率曲线一致性检查等.在新疆油田的实际应用中,取得了良好的效果.     

5频等参数阵列相位差感应电阻率

随着复杂油气田的广泛勘探,对测井技术提出了新的要求,阵列感应电阻率的出现可得到较准确的地层真电阻率,但我国的阵列感应电阻率测井仪主要依赖进口,限制了我测井不能在与仪器供给商有利益冲突的国家或地区进行同类作业服务.本文介绍了5频等参数阵列相位感应电阻率测井仪器原理、设计流程,与常规感应电阻率、俄罗斯VIKIZ测井资料的对比.阵列相位差感应电阻率测井仪较好的解决了常规感应测井仪器中存在的纵向分辨率差、径向探测深度浅、井眼影响大、不能解决复杂侵入剖面等问题,具有较好的分辨能力,适合于水淹层测井、薄层测井、剩余油测井.     

Correlation of vertical electrical sounding and electrical borehole log data for groundwater exploration

We have correlated the longitudinal unit conductance CL obtained from interpreted vertical electrical sounding data with the formation resistivity R_t and the formation resistivity factor F, obtained by carrying out electrical borehole logging. Interpreted geophysical data of eleven soundings and two electrical borehole log records are used for the analysis. The geophysical data used were acquired in a sedimentary basin. The study area is called Lower Maner Basin located in the province of Andhra Pradesh, India. Vertical electrical soundings were carried out using a Schlumberger configuration with half current electrode separation varying from 600–1000 m. For logging the two boreholes, a Widco logger‐model 3200 PLS was used. True formation resistivity R_t was calculated from a resistivity log. Formation resistivity factor F was also calculated at various depths using R_t values. An appreciable inverse relation exists between the correlated parameters. The borehole resistivity R_t and the formation resistivity factor F decrease with the increase in the longitudinal unit conductance CL. We have shown the use of such a relation in computing borehole resistivity R_t and formation resistivity factor F at sites that posses only vertical electrical sounding data, with a fair degree of accuracy. Validation of the correlation is satisfactory. Scope for updating the correlation is discussed. Significance and applications of the relation for exploration of groundwater, namely to update the vertical electrical sounding data interpretation by translating the vertical electrical sounding data into electrical borehole log parameters, to facilitate correlations studies and to estimate the porosity (φ), permeability (K) and water saturation S_w of water bearing zones are discussed.     

过套管电阻率测井仪器的径向探测特性

为研究过套管电阻率测井仪器的径向探测特性,本文给出了反映地层径向介质变化的几何因子.利用过套管电阻率测井的传输线方程实现了电阻率测井几何因子的数值计算,针对Schlumberger公司的CHFR测井仪和俄罗斯的ЭКОС-31-7测井仪分别计算了几何因子响应曲线,通过曲线分析发现：两种测井仪对低侵剖面（有低阻流体侵入）均有较大的探测半径,但随侵入流体电阻的增大（高侵剖面）仪器的径向探测半径在减小,本文的研究为地层电阻率测井解释和仪器径向探测特性分析提供了理论依据.     

松科2井东孔营城组高放射性异常层测井响应特征及成因初探

松科2井东孔是松辽盆地科学钻探工程的主体钻孔,按照计划在全井段进行地球物理测井资料采集,为深部资源勘探及白垩纪古气候、古环境研究提供准确和全面的地球物理信息.在诸多测井方法中,自然伽马测井和自然伽马能谱测井能够测量地层的天然放射性强度和铀、钍、钾元素含量等参数,被有效地应用于放射性矿床勘查,尤其是铀资源的勘查与研究;电阻率、声波、密度和中子测井等常规测井和核磁共振成像、电阻率成像、元素俘获谱测井等特殊测井能够获取地层岩性和物性参数等信息,为铀矿勘查提供有力支持.本文利用松科2井东孔自然伽马测井资料来识别高放射性异常层;基于常规测井与特殊测井资料,结合前人的地质研究成果,分析放射性异常层的特征和成因.核测井曲线指示营城组存在两段高放射性异常层,深度分别为3096.8~3102.8 m（I号层）、3168.3~3170.9 m（Ⅱ号层）.I号层自然伽马值最高达360 API,铀含量范围20.5~29.3 ppm,综合测井和岩心资料判断该层为砾岩,具有铀成矿潜力;分析表明,构造条件和后生改造作用是影响I号层铀富集的关键因素,推测断裂-火山活动和盆地抬升剥蚀为含铀地下水及油气运移至I号层提供了通道,油气的后生还原作用最终导致了I号异常层的铀富集.Ⅱ号层自然伽马值最高达250API,钍含量22.4~37.3 ppm,铀含量5.9~11.0 ppm,为集块熔岩及凝灰岩,高放射性异常可能是高钍含量的流纹质成分和粘土矿物对铀的吸附作用导致的.松科2井东孔营城组高放射性异常层具有埋藏深度深、铀含量高等特点,表明松辽盆地深部具有找铀矿前景.     

对直流电法测井几何因子的评论

本文通过对直流电法测井应用数值解方法和应用几何因子方法所得结果的比较,说明对直流电法测井应用几何因子近似,效果不好。     

STATISTICAL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO BOREHOLE GEOPHYSICAL DATA IN GOLD EXPLORATION1

Gold, as a trace element, is not directly detectable by geophysical borehole logging techniques. Geophysical logging methods have therefore been used to infer the presence of structural features and alteration processes associated with gold. Since these features and processes differ with the style of gold mineralization, a unique relation between geophysical anomalies and gold cannot be established. However, in a particular environment, such an association can be established. We examined geophysical log data (self potential, induced polarization, resistivity, gamma, temperature, and temperature gradient) and drill core from the Barber-Larder property in NE Ontario. The geophysically detectable alteration processes associated with gold were identified as sericitization and pyritization, by means of factor analysis. A linear discriminant function was constructed which allowed the zones of economic mineralization (nominally 0.05 oz/ton or 1.5 ppm) to be identified with a 75% success rate based on geophysical log data alone. This rate was achieved without sophisticated non-linear data transformations.     

套管非匀质性对过套管电阻率测井影响的数值模拟与分析

套管非匀质性对于过套管电阻率测井响应会产生显著影响.首次采用数值模式匹配法模拟过套管电阻率测井响应,在此基础上分析了各种套管局部变化对于测井响应的影响.模拟结果表明,套管异常区域及其附近的测井响应出现异常变化,异常变化程度与套管参数局部变化程度呈现正相关性;通过模拟不同类型电极系还发现,双注入电极系对套管非匀质性具有很好的补偿作用.文中首次模拟了井温梯度对过套管电阻率测井响应的影响.计算结果表明,该数值方法能够很好地解决包含套管非匀质性因素的过套管电阻率测井数值模拟问题.     

鄂尔多斯盆地天然气有效储层识别与评价方法

针对鄂尔多斯盆地天然气勘探开发存在的问题,通过对测井资料及天然气测试资料的分析,建立适合识别天然气有效储层的测井响应特征归一化方法,以及根据测井资料重构天然气有效储层特征曲线的方法,探索了根据测井资料评价天然气产能的方法.本文还分析了目前常用的预测天然气产能方法存在的问题及实际应用中欠缺的条件,形成了以中子、声波、密度测井资料为基本特征参数,用自然伽马、自然电位或电阻率比值参数等作为约束条件的天然气有效储层识别技术及天然气产能评价方法,并对实际测井资料进行了处理.没有试图通过井径校正的方法将受井径扩大影响的曲线恢复到原始地层的响应状态,而是通过极值变化消除井径扩大对声波、密度测井资料在天然气有效储层识别及天然气产能评价方面应用的影响.     

测井中子发生器

测井中子发生器作为中子源目前应用于地层岩性、孔隙度、含油饱和度及地层动态监测测井,是C/O测井、中子寿命测井、氧活化水流测井以及脉冲伽马能谱测井等仪器的核心部件.简要介绍了几种国外测井中子发生器的产品.阐述了测井中子发生器的工作原理、基本构成及关键技术.介绍了中国石油测井有限公司测井仪器厂研制生产的中子发生器产品系列.脉冲中子伽马测井是当前油田生产动态监测普遍采用的技术.介绍了实现宽频带、锐截止的技术途径以及目前所取得的成果.中子发生器产额的稳定性及开机重复率指标的提高将会极大拓宽其应用领域,尤其在使用同位素中子源的领域,可以替代同位素中子源发挥独到的优势.介绍了中国石油测井有限公司在中子发生器产额稳定方面所做的工作和取得结果,并列举了稳定产额后的中子发生器在元素分析领域所取得的成功试验.     

用双侧向测井响应求取地层参数的Newton－SVD反演方法

针对测井中经常遇到的完全非均匀的地层模型，利用深、浅双侧向测井的视电阻率曲线作为约束条件，给出了反演侵入半径ｒ_ｉ、原状地层电阻率Ｒ_ｔ、上（下）围岩电阻率Ｒ_{ｓｕ（Ｒｓｄ）的Ｎｅｗｔｏｎ－ＳＶＤ反演方法．数值模拟表明这一方法是可行的，经实际资料处理．说明该方法实用．}     

提高碳氧比能谱测井分辨率的反褶积法

在地层孔隙度比较低的情况下,由于受放射性统计涨落以及地层中其它核反应所产生的伽马射线的影响,传统的碳氧比能谱测井解释的分辨率不高。这些伽马射线形成了碳氧比能谱测井的本底,本底越高,碳氧比值精度越差。因此,必须设法降低本底值来提高谱线的分辨率。本文通过反褶积技术来提高谱线的分辨率,应用修正的高斯函数作为系统响应函数对测井曲线进行反褶积;采用修正的 Blackman 窗函数来消除放射性统计涨落的高频噪声,通过实际资料验证,利用"反褶积-开窗"法对碳氧比能谱测井的谱线进行处理以及用变系数法求取非弹性散射伽马谱,提高了测井资料对油、水储集层的分辨率,对油田的合理开发及油藏管理具有重要的现实意义。     

Gas hydrate saturation at Site C0002, IODP Expeditions 314 and 315, in the Kumano Basin,Nankai trough

The degree of gas hydrate saturation at Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) Site C0002 in the Kumano Basin, Nankai Trough, was estimated from logging‐while‐drilling logs and core samples obtained during IODP Expeditions 314 and 315. Sediment porosity data necessary for the calculation of saturation were obtained from both core samples and density logs. Two forms of the Archie equation (‘quick‐look’ and ‘standard’) were used to calculate gas hydrate saturation from two types of electrical resistivity log data (ring resistivity and bit resistivity), and a three‐phase Biot‐type equation was used to calculate gas hydrate saturation from P‐wave velocity log data. The gas hydrate saturation baseline calculated from both resistivity logs ranges from 0% to 35%, and that calculated from the P‐wave velocity log ranges from 0% to 30%. High levels of gas hydrate saturation (>60%) are present as spikes in the ring resistivity log and correspond to the presence of gas hydrate concentrations within sandy layers. At several depths, saturation values obtained from P‐wave velocity data are lower than those obtained from bit resistivity data; this discrepancy is related to the presence of free gas at these depths. Previous research has suggested that gas from deep levels in the Kumano Basin has migrated up‐dip towards the southern and seaward edge of the basin near Site C0002. The high saturation values and presence of free gas at site C0002 suggest that a large gas flux is flowing to the southern and seaward edge of the basin from a deeper and/or more landward part of the Kumano Basin, with the southern edge of the Kumano Basin (the location of site C0002) being the main area of fluid accumulation.     

碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层测井识别及评价技术综述与展望

由于碳酸盐岩裂缝发育机制的复杂性,开展碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层的识别与评价一直是测井分析的热点和难点.本文基于大量文献调研,梳理了碳酸盐岩裂缝的定义、成因和分类,系统归纳了碳酸盐岩裂缝性储层的测井响应特征及评价方法,并进行了实例分析.研究表明,常规测井方法对碳酸盐岩裂缝均有不同程度的揭示,基于不同原理的常规测井方法对碳酸岩盐裂缝的响应程度差异显著,利用常规测井方法对碳酸岩盐储层裂缝识别应遵循综合识别原则;碳酸盐岩裂缝成像测井识别方法中,电阻率成像测井、偶极声波测井和核磁共振测井反映裂缝较为直观,但成本高;基于常规测井资料的灰色关联识别方法、神经网络识别方法、小波多尺度识别方法等非线性数学方法,弥补了常规测井和成像测井识别碳酸盐岩裂缝的不足,并且取得较好的应用效果.     

MULTIPARAMETER GEOPHYSICAL LOGGING AT THE YAVA LEAD DEPOSIT: A STATISTICAL APPROACH1

The present study describes multiparameter geophysical logging carried out at the Yava sandstone lead deposit, Nova Scotia, Canada. Statistical analysis of the multiparameter data set shows that the spectral gamma-gamma ratio log (SGG ratio) is the most useful technique for characterizing the disseminated sulphide mineralization. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the apparent chargeability (IP parameter) responds to the presence of clay minerals in the sandstone in addition to disseminated sulphides, so that the induced polarization method (IP) does not accurately delineate the disseminated galena content as was originally assumed in the preliminary log interpretation. PCA has also confirmed that the SGG ratio and density are related to lead content and that lithological variations can be delineated with natural radioactivity and resistivity. The zinc content of the deposit was poorly characterized by geophysical logs. Sphalerite occurrences seem to be localized as narrow bands (< 1 cm) which were not geophysically detectable.     

Fracture-frequency prediction from borehole wireline logs using artificial neural networks

Borehole-wall imaging is currently the most reliable means of mapping discontinuities within boreholes. As these imaging techniques are expensive and thus not always included in a logging run, a method of predicting fracture frequency directly from traditional logging tool responses would be very useful and cost effective. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) show great potential in this area. ANNs are computational systems that attempt to mimic natural biological neural networks. They have the ability to recognize patterns and develop their own generalizations about a given data set. Neural networks are trained on data sets for which the solution is known and tested on data not previously seen in order to validate the network result. We show that artificial neural networks, due to their pattern recognition capabilities, are able to assess the signal strength of fracture-related heterogeneity in a borehole log and thus fracture frequency within a borehole. A combination of wireline logs (neutron porosity, bulk density, P-sonic, S-sonic, deep resistivity and shallow resistivity) were used as input parameters to the ANN. Fracture frequency calculated from borehole televiewer data was used as the single output parameter. The ANN was trained using a back-propagation algorithm with a momentum learning function. In addition to fracture frequency within a single borehole, an ANN trained on a subset of boreholes in an area could be used for prediction over the entire set of boreholes, thus allowing the lateral correlation of fracture zones.     

孔隙结构对储层电性及测井解释评价的影响（英文）

在多个区块的测井评价工作发现,孔隙结构直接影响储集层的品质和油气层的电阻率,是测井准确评价流体性质的关键。岩石物理资料表明不同区块内影响储层孔隙结构的因素不同,但效果是一致的,即孔隙结构的复杂程度控制着储层的储集能力和渗透能力。孔隙结构的复杂程度影响了储层中导电流体的分布和含量,从而控制了储层的电阻率。储层出现低阻油气层的内因均为复杂的孔隙结构（骨架导电及工程原因除外）。测井储层评价在分析控制储层孔隙结构复杂程度的地质因素及储层分类的基础上,针对不同类型储层采用不同的模型、参数和标准,可以有效的认识储层品质和识别不同类型储层的流体性质。     

Electromagnetic‐Induction Logging to Monitor Changing Chloride Concentrations

Water from the San Joaquin Delta, having chloride concentrations up to 3590 mg/L, has intruded fresh water aquifers underlying Stockton, California. Changes in chloride concentrations at depth within these aquifers were evaluated using sequential electromagnetic (EM) induction logs collected during 2004 through 2007 at seven multiple‐well sites as deep as 268 m. Sequential EM logging is useful for identifying changes in groundwater quality through polyvinyl chloride‐cased wells in intervals not screened by wells. These unscreened intervals represent more than 90% of the aquifer at the sites studied. Sequential EM logging suggested degrading groundwater quality in numerous thin intervals, typically between 1 and 7 m in thickness, especially in the northern part of the study area. Some of these intervals were unscreened by wells, and would not have been identified by traditional groundwater sample collection. Sequential logging also identified intervals with improving water quality—possibly due to groundwater management practices that have limited pumping and promoted artificial recharge. EM resistivity was correlated with chloride concentrations in sampled wells and in water from core material. Natural gamma log data were used to account for the effect of aquifer lithology on EM resistivity. Results of this study show that a sequential EM logging is useful for identifying and monitoring the movement of high‐chloride water, having lower salinities and chloride concentrations than sea water, in aquifer intervals not screened by wells, and that increases in chloride in water from wells in the area are consistent with high‐chloride water originating from the San Joaquin Delta rather than from the underlying saline aquifer.     

核磁共振测井技术在桩海地区及其它油田中的应用

阐明核磁共振测井（NMR）在储层评价中的作用。利用NMR测井资料对桩海地区长堤油田的储层特性及产能、复杂岩性储层的孔隙度作出评价，并在电阻率测井资料显示不好的复杂储层条件下进行油气水层识别，以及指导完井和钻井方案的实施等。不阐明了核磁共振测井技术具有常规测井技术所不具备的特点，特别是定量的评价孔隙流体流动特性、准确划分产层、直接识别油气水等优点，从而有利于解复杂的地质问题。