海洋标准物质体系的研究与进展

海洋标准物质是定量计算的依据和用于比较的基准，在海洋管理和污染评价控制中是保证数值有效可靠的重要基础。本文分析了国内外海洋标准物质的研究进展动态，论述了建立海洋标准物质体系的重要作用；同时提出了海洋标准物质体系的框架结构和相关建议与对策。     

中国海域浊度标准物质筛选和测定方法的应用

研究了国内外水质诸种浊度标准物质和中国近海5个河口海洋成浊物质的光学特性,摩尔吸光系数、成浊比率、矿物成分和化学组成等多因子系统对比筛选结果,选定甲醛联氮(Formazine)悬浮液作为海水浊度标准物质。对浊度的测定不同原理方法和海上分析技术及仪器选型等作了进一步讨论。     

海水营养盐标准物质的研制和发展

文章分析我国和国际海水营养盐标准物质的研制情况,重点介绍国际海洋标准物质知名组织或机构以及海水营养盐数据全球实验室间比对工作。在此基础上,提出我国海水营养盐标准物质研制的发展方向,主要包括建立海洋标准物质分类和管理体系、建立国家海洋标准物质研制组织或机构、参与海水营养盐数据全球实验室间比对、改进海水营养盐标准物质配制基底和方法以及针对特殊海域研制海水营养盐标准物质5个方面,以期满足海洋环境监测、海洋生物资源开发利用和海洋科学研究的需求。     

测量仪器的误差和准确度

仪器的误差是仪器质量的最重要的技术指标之一。测量仪器的误差概念和准确度的概念是相互关联的。一般情况下，我们把测量仪器的误差理解为仪器的示值(测量值)和被测量的真值之间的差值，而准确度则说明仪器示值与被测量的真值相符合的程度。当我们谈到仪器准确度时就会联想到仪器的误差。从误差的观点来看，     

标准海水研究现状及其应用

标准海水作为海水盐度量值的标准物质,广泛用于检定和校准海水盐度测量仪器和装置.主要介绍两种标准物质-中国-级标准海水和中国系列标准海水,系统介绍我国现阶段标准海水的制备,封装工艺,保存方法,并阐述其在使用过程中的注意事项.     

海水中硒标准物质的研制

本文介绍了海水中硒标准物质的研制过程，其中包括溶液的配制、均匀性和稳定性检验以及标样的分析方法。并对标准物质的定值数据进行统计处理，海水中硒两种浓度的定值结果分别为１．００±０．０５μｇ／ｃｍ３和２０．０±１．２μｇ／ｄｍ３。稳定期均为一年。     

海洋浊度传感器校准过程中“边界效应”的研究

针对海洋浊度传感器校准过程中,由检测装置的边界效应引入的系统误差进行实验研究。通过选用不同型号(OBS-3+和STM)的多个浊度传感器,在不同边界尺寸及不同浊度的水体中开展检测实验,归纳分析试验数据,得到各种实验条件下传感器的相对示值误差。在比较分析后得出结论:边界效应与检测装置的边界尺寸及水体浊度相关,尺寸越小、水体浊度越低,边界效应越显著。因此对于测量范围较宽(0~2 000 NTU)的浊度测量传感器建议采用轴向边界20 cm以上的检测装置,而测量范围在0～25 NTU的窄量程传感器建议在30 cm以上的检测装置中校准。     

中国一级标准海水制备技术研究

依据《一级标准物质》(JJG1006-94)国家计量技术规范及其相关背景材料，利用国内的技术条件，成功地研制出了海水盐度量值的一级标准物质——中国一级标准海水。通过采用高精密度和高灵敏度的测试方法对海水样品的特性量值进行检测。并对其检测结果进行了统计检验和误差合成。实验结果表明，所研制的中国一级标准海水的盐度标准值总不确定度为O．001，达到了国际标准海水的同等水平。     

我国海洋标准物质的发展状况与对策

从我国海洋标准物质的主要研制单位、目前已研制的情况、数据库的查询等方面介绍了我国海洋标准物质的发展历程,从国内外海洋标准物质的研制机构、国际标准物质信息库等方面介绍了国内外海洋标准物质的发展现状.分析了我国与国外标准物质研制机构在海洋标准物质研制数量、技术力量等方面的差距,为我国海洋标准物质的今后发展的对策进行了探讨.     

The Bengal Fan: morphology, geometry, stratigraphy, history and processes

The Bengal Fan is the largest submarine fan in the world, with a length of about 3000 km, a width of about 1000 km and a maximum thickness of 16.5 km. It has been formed as a direct result of the India–Asia collision and uplift of the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau. It is currently supplied mainly by the confluent Ganges and Brahmaputra Rivers, with smaller contributions of sediment from several other large rivers in Bangladesh and India.The sedimentary section of the fan is subdivided by seismic stratigraphy by two unconformities which have been tentatively dated as upper Miocene and lower Eocene by long correlations from DSDP Leg 22 and ODP Legs 116 and 121. The upper Miocene unconformity is the time of onset of the diffuse plate edge or intraplate deformation in the southern or lower fan. The lower Eocene unconformity, a hiatus which increases in duration down the fan, is postulated to be the time of first deposition of the fan, starting at the base of the Bangladesh slope shortly after the initial India–Asia collision.The Quaternary of the upper fan comprises a section of enormous channel-levee complexes which were built on top of the preexisting fan surface during lowered sea level by very large turbidity currents. The Quaternary section of the upper fan can be subdivided by seismic stratigraphy into four subfans, which show lateral shifting as a function of the location of the submarine canyon supplying the turbidity currents and sediments. There was probably more than one active canyon at times during the Quaternary, but each one had only one active fan valley system and subfan at any given time. The fan currently has one submarine canyon source and one active fan valley system which extends the length of the active subfan. Since the Holocene rise in sea level, however, the head of the submarine canyon lies in a mid-shelf location, and the supply of sediment to the canyon and fan valley is greatly reduced from the huge supply which had existed during Pleistocene lowered sea level. Holocene turbidity currents are small and infrequent, and the active channel is partially filled in about the middle of the fan by deposition from these small turbidity currents.Channel migration within the fan valley system occurs by avulsion only in the upper fan and in the upper middle fan in the area of highest rates of deposition. Abandoned fan valleys are filled rapidly in the upper fan, but many open abandoned fan valleys are found on the lower fan. A sequence of time of activity of the important open channels is proposed, culminating with formation of the one currently active channel at about 12,000 years BP.     

用于海洋现场监测的小型叶绿素a荧光计和浊度计

论文描述了一种叶绿素荧光计和浊度计,该仪器采用超亮LED作为叶绿素荧光激发光源,IR管作为浊度照明光源,在光机系统设计上将叶绿素测量功能和浊度测量功能合并,从而使该仪器具备小型化、精度高、便于集成的特点。试验结果表明,该仪器可以用于海洋现场测量。     

Current and Turbidity Variations in the Western Part of Suo-Nada, the Seto Inland Sea, Japan: A Hypothesis on the Oxygen-Deficient Water Mass Formation

A hydrographic survey and a 25-hour stationary observation were carried out in the western part of Suo-Nada in the summer of 1998 to elucidate the formation mechanism of the oxygen-deficient water mass. A steep thermocline and halocline separated the upper layer water from the bottom water over the observational area except for near the Kanmon Strait. The bottom water, in comparison with the upper layer water, indicated lower temperature, higher salinity, lower dissolved oxygen, higher turbidity, and higher chlorophyll a. Turbidity in the upper layer water changed with semi-diurnal period while the bottom water turbidity showed a quarter-diurnal variation, though the M₂ tidal current prevailed in both waters. From the turbidity distribution and the current variation, it is revealed that the turbidity in the upper layer water is controlled by the advection due to the M₂ tidal current. On the other hand, the quarter-diurnal variation in the bottom water turbidity is caused by the resuspension of bottom sediments due to the M₂ tidal current. The steep thermocline and halocline were maintained throughout the observation period in spite of the rather strong tidal currents. This implies an active intrusion of the low temperature and high salinity water from the east to the bottom of Suo-Nada. Based on the observational results, a hypothesis on the oxygen-deficient water mass formation was proposed; the periodical turbidity variation in the bottom water quickly modifies the oxygen-rich water in the east to the oxygen-deficient bottom water in Suo-Nada in a course of circulation.     

盐度测量标准装置充排水系统设计

盐度是研究海水物理、化学性质及其过程的一个重要参数,高质量盐度数据对海洋科学研究具有重要作用。实验室盐度计测量是获得高精度盐度数据的有效方法,盐度测量装置能否可靠运行,完善稳定的充排水取样系统必不可少。通过实验,提出了一种采用负压虹吸法充排水系统设计方案,详细介绍该方案中水路系统和电气控制部分的设计方案、设计原理。实验结果表明,该系统能够很好地完成样品的充水、排水、功能转换等相关操作,是一套稳定、可靠、操作方便的充排水取样装置。     

Sediment concentrations,flow conditions,and downstream evolution of two turbidity currents,Monterey Canyon,USA

The capacity of turbidity currents to carry sand and coarser sediment from shallow to deep regions in the submarine environment has attracted the attention of researchers from different disciplines. Yet not only are field measurements of oceanic turbidity currents a rare achievement, but also the data that have been collected consist mostly of velocity records with very limited or no suspended sediment concentration or grain size distribution data. This work focuses on two turbidity currents measured in Monterey Canyon in 2002 with emphasis on suspended sediment from unique samples collected within the body of these currents. It is shown that concentration and grain size of the suspended material, primarily controlled by the source of the gravity flows and their interaction with bed material, play a significant role in shaping the characteristics of the turbidity currents as they travel down the canyon. Before the flows reach their normal or quasi-steady state, which is defined by bed slope, bed roughness, and suspended grain size, they might pass through a preliminary adjustment stage where they are subject to capacity-driven deposition, and release heavy material in excess. Flows composed of fine (silt/clay) sediments tend to be thicker than those with sands. The measured velocity and concentration data confirm that flow patterns differ between the front and body of turbidity currents and that, even after reaching normal state, the flow regime can be radically disrupted by abrupt changes in canyon morphology.     

Morphology, hydrography and sediment dynamics in a mangrove estuary: The Konkoure Estuary, Guinea

The Konkouré Estuary in the Republic of Guinea is a poorly understood atypical mangrove system. Sediment dynamics in tropical estuaries are controlled by a combination of processes including river discharge, morphology, salinity, erosion and deposition processes, the settling of mud, physico-chemical processes and mangrove swamps. Here we present a consistent set of data aimed at characterising the estuary and thus, increasing our understanding of tropical systems, as well as studying the impact of human intervention in the region. Water elevations, current measurements, salinity, suspended sediment concentrations, bathymetry and sediment cover are presented following a 3 year survey of the Konkouré Estuary. Here we provide conclusive evidence that the Lower Konkouré is a shallow, funnel shaped, mesotidal, mangrove-fringed, tide dominated estuary, well mixed during low river discharge. The estuary becomes stratified during high river flows and spring tides whereas a salt wedge appears during neap tides. The Konkouré Estuary has been described as hypersynchronous, and has three terminal outlets, two of which are landward-directed, attesting to a tidal pumping effect, while the third one is seaward-directed, and is controlled by the mangrove. The suspended matter is transported by the tidal effect within the middle estuary and is therefore trapped in the Turbidity Maximum zone (TMZ). The location of the TMZ is river-controlled and is correlated with residual currents but not with salinity front. A dam, constructed 130 km upstream, impacts on the hydrodynamics, and reduces the salinity intrusion by about 25%. It causes an increased low river discharge whereas its efficiency over high river flows is unclear.     

Fill to spill stratigraphic evolution of a confined turbidite mini-basin succession,and its likely well bore expression: The Castagnola Fm,NW Italy

This study documents the stratigraphic evolution of the Castagnola ponded turbidite mini-basin through analysis of a detailed base-to-top section measured in the central part of the basin. Vertical variations in facies characteristics, thickness ratio of mud cap vs. sandstone of event beds and net/gross are argued to be good proxies for pinpointing the stratigraphic transition from dominantly ponded deposition, where most of the flow is trapped by the confining topography, to a flow-stripping – dominated phase in which an increasingly large part of incoming flows can escape the basin by spilling over the enclosing topography. Thickness statistics of sandstones and mud caps of event beds from the case study show that in the initial stage of turbidite deposition only part of the mud of exceptionally large volume flows escaped the confining topography; as the basin was progressively infilled, nearly all inbound flows were affected by flow stripping, with part of the sand and most of the mud escaping the basin. In the latest recorded stage of deposition the abundance of by-pass features coupled with significant modification of the sandstone bed thickness population suggests that the turbidite system was no longer obstructed frontally, and could step forward onto a healed topography. In order to assess whether the documented trends of turbidite bed characteristics indicative of the ‘fill to spill’ transition could be recognised from wireline log data alone, synthetic logs were prepared by up-scaling the field data to resolutions typical of borehole geophysical log data. Vertical trends of average bed thickness and net/gross recognisable in the synthetic data suggest that the transition from ponded to spill-dominated situations should be resolvable in geophysical log data.     

A seismic geomorphology study of the fluvial and lacustrine-delta facies of the Cretaceous Quantou-Nenjiang Formations in Songliao Basin,China

With the aid of seismic geomorphology method, depositional systems such as fluvial-delta and turbidity current of the Cretaceous Quantou-Nenjiang Formations in Sangliao Basin were studied in detail as well as the morphology, dimension, depositional structures and boundaries of these sedimentary bodies. A geological model of a point bar in a fluvial system and the method to identify paleocurrent direction were proposed. The delta of Yaojia Formation with a gentle slope less than 1.4‰ in trangressive system tract (TST) was controlled by lake waves. Subaqueous distributary channels were widely developed in large-scale delta front with a width more than 16 km. Fluvial-dominated deltas with leaf and bird's foot shapes were widespread in highstand system tract (HST) of Qinshankou and Nengjiang Formation with moderately high slope gradients of 4‰ and 6.7‰.The width of the leaf-like and bird's foot delta front ranges from 1 km to 4 km and 3 km–5 km respectively. The mouth bar were well preserved due to the poorly developed widely distributed subaqueous distributary channels and the delta plains having widths of 9 km–15 km, 16 km-25 km respectively. Many turbidity current systems were recognized in the TST of the first member of Nengjiang Formation and the distribution area is about 10,000 km². Fourteen sublacustrine fans with different dimension were formed by ten fluvial-delta systems extending 30 km–70 km toward the lake from the west and south. With the application of seismic geomorphology, the analysis of fluvial system, delta system and turbidity current system could switch from approximation to quantitative analysis. Sedimentary model proposed for point bars and the quantitative analysis of delta system could provide new technical support for exploration and drilling plan. The research on turbidity current systems will also be beneficial for new exploration targets.     

潮间带水沙多层位同步测量系统应用的初步研究

利用水压、光电转换原理研制成的多层位水沙同步测量系统(WCT系统)不仅可测量潮间带水位随时间的变化系列、同一层位的浊度及流速，还可以同步观测这些参数在潮间带水流剖面不同层位上的变化。野外对比试验表明，WCT系统获得的流速值与直读式流速仪的测量结果基本一致，平均相对误差为14．52％；悬沙传感器经野外现场率定获得悬沙浓度，平均相对误差为21．96％，精度比室内率定提高—倍以上。悬沙粒径是影响悬沙浓度测量精度的主要因素。此外，自然环境(如海水温盐度)的变化及仪器本身的特性也可能影响到测量结果。因此，WCT系统在潮间带的水位、流速和悬沙浓度的观测和边界层研究方面有相当潜力。     

海洋标准实施情况的综合评估方法研究

标准实施是标准化活动的重要内容,开展标准实施后评估是深化标准化工作改革的措施之一。文章分析了标准实施后评估工作存在的问题和改进思路,设计了标准实施情况综合评估指标体系,介绍了评估的具体方法和过程,并通过一项案例对标准实施情况的综合评估进行解释与说明。最后对介绍的评估方法进行了总结,采用该方法加强了标准评估工作的完整性和系统性,同时该方法适用于各类标准的评估,也使标准评估工作层次更加清晰。