Character,Age, and Ecological Significance of Pleistocene Periglacial Slope Deposits in Germany

Periglacial slope deposits (PSD) of Pleistocene age are one of the most widely distributed sediment types in nonglaciated mid-latitude regions. As diamictons of different genesis (geli-solifluction, cryoturbation, eolian transportation) they have a wide range of physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics which are mainly controlled by bedrock geology, including saprolite. This paper reviews concepts used in Germany to study PSD stratigraphy and describes the different PSD units encountered (Upper Head, Middle Head, Lower Head). The paper is relevant to the understanding of PSDs in other mid-latitude regions. Classical and new results concerning the age of PSDs show differences in the interpretation of Upper Head genesis. In terms of their ecological significance, case studies from eastern Bavaria illustrate the influence of PSDs on the character and intensity of slope hydrological processes as well as on the formation and distribution of soils. Presently important research questions include (1) the establishment of a genetically based classification of PSDs, (2) the intensification of dating studies on PSDs, and (3) the clarification of hydrological processes in PSDs.     

Is laser particle size determination possible for carbonate-rich lake sediments?

This paper examines the potential of a relatively new technique – laser diffraction particle size analysis – for use with carbonate-rich lake sediments, material traditionally difficult to analyse. Three experiments are considered. The first two use a carbonate standard to determine optimal instrument conditions – the choice of optical model, and a suitable transport fluid. The third experiment uses sample material from lake cores and compares four different pre-treatment methods: none, removal of carbon by loss on ignition, removal of carbon by digestion with hydrogen peroxide, and finally removal of carbonates with hydrochloric acid and then removal of organic material by digestion with hydrogen peroxide. Only this final method produces repeatable results. As such, whilst the laser diffraction instrument offers improvements in the speed, required sample volume and repeatability of analysis, it does not overcome the problems inherent in the analysis of carbonates. Any catchment disturbance signal preserved in the carbonate fraction will remain undetected.     

科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林土壤粒径分布特征

为揭示科尔沁沙地不同林龄沙地樟子松人工林对风沙土粒径分布特征的影响,以中龄、近熟和成熟沙地樟子松人工林风沙土为研究对象,以裸沙地风沙土为实验对照,采用激光衍射技术测定土壤样品粒度组成,计算分析土壤粒度参数特征,绘制土壤粒配曲线。结果显示：（1） 科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林风沙土以砂粒为主,其次是粉粒,黏粒含量最少。随林龄的增长,土壤黏粒、粉粒含量呈增加趋势,砂粒含量呈减少趋势。裸沙地风沙土砂粒含量多高于同层林地土壤。（2） 科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林风沙土质地较粗,分选性较差,偏度值多为正偏度,峰度值多为尖窄,0~10 cm和10~20 cm风沙土分形维数分别为2.18~2.43和1.98~2.17。裸沙地风沙土质地更粗,分选性更好,分形维数更小。（3） 科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林风沙土的粒度频率分布曲线均为双峰型。随林龄的增长,10~20 cm风沙土的土壤颗粒细化滞后于0~10 cm。林地悬移组分的含量高于裸沙地,裸沙地跃移组分的分选性高于林地。科尔沁沙地不同樟子松人工林风沙土粒径分布特征存在显著差异,本研究结果可为科尔沁沙地土地沙漠化防治及生态修复提供理论依据。     

预处理方法对重庆地区考古遗址粒度分析结果的影响

选取重庆石牛寺和大石洞考古遗址剖面,对比不同预处理方法对粒度测试结果的影响。研究表明：1)加蒸馏水浸泡或0.05 mol/L的(NaPO₃)₆分散剂,并用超声波震荡,分散效果均不明显,主要粒度参数与无预处理实验结果接近,表明物理性预处理方法既不能去除碳酸盐、有机质等杂质,也不能使样品中潜在的胶结团粒分散开。2)加H₂O₂可有效除去地层样品中的有机碎屑物,达到提纯无机颗粒物的目的。该方法预处理后,石牛寺考古遗址沉积物平均中值粒径最小,黏土体积分数最高,相比无预处理测试结果,砂体积分数降低50%左右,且在整个剖面中表现非常稳定;但对于大石洞遗址某些碳酸盐胶结物含量丰富的样品而言,该预处理方法作用有限。3)加10%稀HCl预处理后,石牛寺遗址样品中值粒径有所增大,砂体积分数基本持平,黏土体积分数显著降低,大石洞遗址黏土和砂体积分数同步减少,揭示黏土矿物可能在酸性环境下发生絮凝,从而导致体积分数减少。4)对于碳酸盐胶结物含量较低的环境考古样品,只需加H₂O₂除去有...     

土壤粒度组成分析方法对比

土壤粒度组成测定有多种方法,每种方法的原理不同,测得的结果存在显著差异。阐明不同方法测得粒组成存在差异的原因,选择恰当的方法或者建立不同测定方法之间的换算关系,对准确地确定土壤粒度组成具有重要意义。采用5种方法对5种土壤样品进行粒度测定,结果表明：吸管法测得平均粒径最小,且细颗粒含量较高;扫描电镜法测得平均粒径最大,且粗颗粒含量较高;除CaCO₃含量最高的土壤样品外,其他4种土壤样品用不同测定方法测得的粒度分布范围大致相同。吸管法与激光衍射法测得颗粒含量之间存在显著相关关系,扫描电镜法与筛析-激光衍射法的粗颗粒之间也存在显著相关关系。筛析-激光衍射法的测定结果适用于土壤风蚀研究,扫描电镜法适用于测定粒度分布范围较窄的土壤样品,激光衍射法适用于测定团聚体较少的土壤样品。     

黄土高原丘陵区典型植物群落土壤粒径分布特征

为探究黄土高原丘陵区不同植物群落的土壤粒径分布特征。选取草地、山杏纯林、油松纯林和油松山杏混交林0~200 cm土壤为研究对象,采用激光衍射技术测定土壤样品粒度组成,计算土壤粒度参数与分形维数,绘制粒度频率曲线。结果表明：（1） 研究区土壤属粉壤土,粉粒含量约占总体的56.58%~71.67%,砂粒约占21.37%~38.71%,黏粒约占3.55%~6.96%。（2） 各植物群落内土壤粒度组成随土层深度增加分布较为均一,粒径分布整体分选性均较差,呈极正偏度,峰态尖窄,粒度频率曲线为双峰型,曲线波峰一致。不同植物群落土壤粒径分布差异主要集中在土壤表层0~20 cm（P<0.05）。（3） 草地、山杏纯林、油松纯林和油松山杏混交林0~200 cm土壤平均分形维数分别为2.63、2.60、2.61、2.58。分形维数与黏粒含量具有极显著正相关关系（P<0.05）,其中,草地土壤分形维数与黏粒的相关性最强。总体来看,黄土高原丘陵区草地土壤粒径分布特征显著优于人工林,本研究结果可为黄土高原的生态重建工作提供理论依据。     

Inflow and lake controls on short-term mass accumulation and sedimentary particle size in a High Arctic lake: implications for interpreting varved lacustrine sedimentary records

Sedimentary processes were monitored in a varved lake in the Canadian High Arctic through three melt seasons and revealed that seasonal sediment deposition rates were highly dependent on short-lived inflow events driven by high suspended sediment concentrations that varied with runoff intensity. Our results illustrate that in accordance with the suspended sediment discharge into the lake, the rate of sediment accumulation changed over short distances down-lake, in a given year. This result indicates that there is a rate and accumulation dependence on short-lived, intense inflow conditions. In addition, there was strong evidence for substantial decoupling between deposition rate and mean grain size of sedimentary deposits. These results have important implications for paleoclimate interpretation of annually laminated sedimentary records from dynamic lake environments and suggest that grain size measures may not be representative proxies of inflow competence. Grain size indices based on a measure of the coarser fraction, rather than the bulk sediment, may be more appropriate to use as a link between contemporary runoff processes and sedimentary characteristics.     

风化成壤对原始粉尘粒度组成的改造证据

对现代粉尘、黄土、古土壤、红粘土全样和对应石英样的粒度分析结果表明,现代粉尘和对应石英样的粒度组成最为相似,而其它经历了风化成壤改造后的全样,粒度组成发生了不同程度的变化,其中以古土壤和红粘土样尤为显著。全样和石英样品的平均粒径比值变化,反映了原始粉尘经风化成壤改造而细化的程度,可能与夏季风强度关系密切。灵台剖面L₆以来的黄土—古土壤序列的磁化率、全样和石英样平均粒径及其比值变化对比表明,在冰期-间冰期旋回时间尺度上,全样和石英样平均粒径记录的冬季风变化特征类似,但在千年时间尺度上,平均粒径比值和石英样的平均粒径变化则揭示出东亚季风具有更高频次的变率特征。     

基于Origin的概率累积曲线的计算与绘制

图解法计算沉积物粒度参数在沉积学研究中被广泛应用,但需要通过手工作图求累积曲线,是一项相当繁杂的劳动。通用计算软件Origin拥有很强的函数计算和绘图功能,不仅可以批量计算图解粒度参数,同时还可以直接绘制（分段）概率累积曲线图;其实施过程操作简单,仅需点击菜单命令,无需编写任何语句,有利于不懂编程的沉积分析人员进行数据分析,有很大的应用价值。文章随机选取10个不同沉积环境下形成的松散沉积物样本,利用Origin求解各样本粒度累积曲线的百分位数,在其内嵌的Excel表格中计算粒度参数,并用Origin的制图功能绘制粒度概率累积曲线与沉积组分分段直线图。Origin与手工作图计算的结果之间的差值（绝对值平均）及方差都很小（0.004 2~0.018 6）。计算结果表明Origin在粒度参数计算方面完全可以代替手工作图,不仅操作简单,而且精度非常高。     

长江源多年冻土区热融湖塘的形成对土壤沙化过程的影响

选择长江源区五道梁为研究区域,以典型发育的热融湖塘为研究对象,运用激光粒度仪测得土壤粒径分布,并结合分形模型对高寒草甸土壤颗粒分布与水文过程进行研究。结果表明：热融湖塘的形成加快了长江源区高寒草甸土壤沙质化的进程,随着其影响程度的加剧,黏粒、粉粒含量逐渐减小,砂粒含量逐渐增大,同时土壤颗粒体积分形维数也逐渐减小,并与黏粒、粉粒呈显著正相关,与砂粒含量呈显著负相关,土壤颗粒体积分形维数可代替土壤不同粒径颗粒组成表征土壤沙质化的进程。此外,在热融湖塘影响下的土壤水文过程的改变,是加快土壤沙质化的重要因素之一。     

毛乌素沙地风沙土粒径分布特征及其影响因素

为揭示毛乌素沙地风沙土粒径分布特征,推测其影响因素,以毛乌素沙地流动、半固定和固定沙丘风沙土为研究对象,利用激光衍射技术分析其粒度组成,并计算粒度参数,解析粒配曲线,研究结果表明：（1） 毛乌素沙地风沙土优势粒径组为细砂,其平均体积含量约为29.89%～32.46%,不同类型沙丘无显著差异（P>0.05）;少数粒径组分为粗砂、黏粒和极粗砂,其中流动沙丘与半固定、固定沙丘黏粒与粗砂含量均无显著差异（P>0.05）,从半固定到固定沙丘,黏粒含量显著增加（P<0.05）,粗砂含量显著减小（P<0.05）,从流动沙丘到固定沙丘,极粗砂含量显著减小（P<0.05）。（2） 毛乌素沙地风沙土平均粒径为3.35 Φ,粒度分布集中,分选性较差,偏度状况为正偏,尖窄峰态。在沙丘固定的过程中,平均粒径与标准偏差无显著变化（P>0.05）,峰态显著变宽平（P<0.05）,半固定沙丘偏态值与其他2种沙丘相比显著偏负（P<0.05）。（3） 流动、半固定与固定沙丘跃移组分的粒径区间分别为44～435 μm、63～500 μm和31～354 μm,风沙运动在半固定沙丘中最为强烈。毛乌素沙地风沙土优势粒径组分含量主要受物源影响,少数粒径组分含量主要受沙丘流动性影响,风沙运动强度随沙丘的固定呈先增大后减小的规律。     

Downstream trends in sediment size and composition of channel-bed, bar, and bank deposits related to hydrologic and lithologic controls in the Llano River watershed, central Texas, USA

The downstream fining of fluvial sediments is a fundamental tenet of drainage systems and, for decades, has been the subject of considerable research. Most of this research has focused on variability in channel-bed material. Other sedimentological components such as channel bars and banks, however, represent distinctively different processes occurring at various flow magnitudes and durations and thus provide an opportunity to examine a more comprehensive set of controls on the larger fluvial system. This study analyses downstream patterns of sediment size and composition for channel-bed material, bars, and banks in the Llano River watershed (11,568 km²) in central Texas, USA.Fluvial deposits in the study area were characterized through field, laboratory, and statistical analyses and standard sedimentary indices (d₁₆, d₅₀, d₈₄, sorting) were computed. Two hundred thirty-eight sediment samples were collected at 15 sites along the main-stem channel with sampling occurring at the low-flow channel (thalweg), lateral bars, banks, and overbank locations. Channel-bar deposits are characterized by a downstream reduction in particle size, but low-flow-channel deposits have a substantially weaker trend, a discrepancy possibly attributed to uniformity and continuity of hydraulic sorting mechanisms during moderate and high flows. Channel-bar deposits reveal an abrupt downstream reduction in gravel size in the upper watershed, which is attributed to an increase in drainage area. Further, an abrupt gravel-to-sand transition occurs immediately downstream of a distinct lithologic change from mostly carbonate rocks to igneous and metamorphic rocks. The downstream decrease in channel-bar particle size occurs despite an increasingly constricted alluvial valley, commonly associated with greater unit stream power and relatively coarse sediment. Contrasting with channel-bed material, particle size of channel banks increases downstream, which is attributed to the addition of sand-sized sediment from igneous and metamorphic rocks. The consideration of distinctive sedimentological components of a dynamic fluvial system represents a more comprehensive and nuanced study of the topic of downstream sediment trends than prior studies, which is important to a range of engineering, biological, and planning issues at the watershed scale.     

艾比湖干涸湖底6种景观类型不同深度富盐沉积物粒径的分形特征

干旱区干涸湖底在强烈的风蚀作用下成为盐碱尘暴的重要来源之一。为研究干涸湖底不同景观类型的抗风蚀效应,选择新疆准噶尔盆地西部艾比湖干涸湖底6种不同景观类型下的富盐沉积物为研究对象,基于沉积物样品的体积粒径分布数据,运用单重、多重分形理论和典范对应分析(CCA)排序方法,重点探讨艾比湖干涸湖底不同景观类型下富盐沉积物粒径分布分维值的分异特征。结果显示:胡杨林带 (L1)、乔本结合带 (L2)、草本结合带 (L3)、芦苇荒漠带 (L4)、梭梭荒漠带 (L5)、无植被覆盖 (L6)6种景观类型0～30 cm和30～60 cm的富盐沉积物分维值分别存在显著性差异。各景观0～30 cm分维值介于1.94～2.40,30～60 cm分维值介于1.92～2.53,总体均处于低位水平。0～30 cm平均分维值依次为L5>L1>L6>L4>L2>L3,30～60 cm平均分维值为L5=L1>L4>L6>L2>L3。富盐沉积物粒径分布分维值与粒径小于73.63 μm的体积含量呈显著正相关。研究表明多重分形维数和CCA排序方法可以有效的揭示干涸湖底自然植被条件下不同深度富盐沉积物粒径分布的均匀性特征。指出干涸湖底风蚀控制研究方向应集中在根据湖区的富盐沉积物-植物特征,对富盐沉积物性状进行改良,提高原生物种幼苗存活率,通过生态修复防治盐尘暴。     

兰州沙尘暴样品磁学性质与粒度分析及其与悉尼样品的对比

对2009年9月23日悉尼特强沙尘暴和2010年4月兰州沙尘暴样品进行了磁学参数和粒度测量.结果表明:悉尼尘暴样品中磁性矿物含量远远低于兰州样品.磁性矿物种类略有不同,兰州样品主要含有磁铁矿、磁赤铁矿,可能含有赤铁矿;悉尼样品除了上述矿物外,还含有针铁矿.悉尼样品比兰州样品的磁性矿物颗粒要细.悉尼样品的粒度分布曲线呈现四峰态,粒度曲线呈现宽扁形态;兰州样品呈现三峰态,粒度曲线则呈窄高的形态.沙尘暴样品与源区样品磁学性质的大相径庭及粒度曲线的多峰态分布都说明了沙尘暴物源的非惟一性.此外,将兰州沙尘暴样品与九州台黄土-古土壤样品的粒度进行了比较,结果显示,1～10 μm组分含量的增加及10～20 μm组分含量的减少主要与不稳定矿物的物理化学风化过程有关,0.02～1μm组分含量增加的主要原因是新矿物的生成及不稳定矿物的风化.沙尘暴样品与黄土-古土壤样品的粒度分布曲线具有一定的相似性,说明现代沙尘暴事件是地质时期风尘活动的持续,现代风积作用仍在继续.     

Paleoenvironmental implications of magnetic measurements on sediment core from Kunming Basin,Southwest China

Mineral magnetic measurements have been made on a long sediment core from Dianchi Lake, Southwest China. They have been used for sediment stratigraphy, for bulk lithological classification and for detailed particle-size-based characterisation. These results are set alongside those derived from geochemical, granulometric and pollen analysis to reconstruct the environmental processes recorded in the radiocarbon dated sediment column. It is suggested that the variations of magnetic properties in this sediment core are mainly the result of changes in particle size constitution or organic content, implying shifts in the sedimentary environment. Three distinctive stratigraphic horizons, with several subdivisions, have been identified on the basis of the magnetic measurements. They are coincident with the pollen assemblage zones, indicating the different climatic periods in the Kunming Basin since late Pleistocene times. This paper proposes that a major shift in sedimentation, from lake to reedswamp, occurred in approximately 10 000–12 000 BP, in response to climatic change.     

Particle Size Analysis of Aeolian Dust Derived from Duststorm and Non-duststorm

据搬运风力大小和源区差别将大气降尘分为尘暴降尘和非尘暴降尘。选择典型尘暴和非尘暴天气搜集两类降尘,并对其进行粒度测定。结果表明:两类降尘物除外观色泽不同外,粒度特征差别明显。总体上看粒径为5-6准和> 8准的颗粒物是大气降尘的较稳定组分。尘暴降尘粒度比非尘暴降尘偏粗,分选更差。典型非尘暴降尘粒度频率曲线呈近似正态分布。尘暴降尘呈现双峰态粒度分布特征,其原因是远近距离共同搬运和强烈气流对粗细颗粒的混合搬运共同作用。现代尘暴和非尘暴降尘粒度分布曲线与黄土—古土壤的十分相似,说明现代降尘是地质时代风尘活动的继续,现代风积作用仍在进行。但现代尘暴和非尘暴降尘与黄土—古土壤的粒度参数存在差异,表明降尘堆积物受到环境改造作用的影响,黄土化过程使降尘堆积物丧失一部分风成特征。     

夏季风降水在我国西北地区不同粒级方解石记录上的反映

碳酸盐含量一直被作为指示干旱和季风变化的良好指标,但其发生与夏季风降雨的关系始终没有得到明确的科学证明。通过西北黄土覆盖区到物源区现代土壤、全新世古土壤S0和末次冰期最盛期黄土L1中不同粒级方解石含量的系统分析,揭示出中、粗粒级方解石含量少、变化小和无规律性,而＜2 μm粒级的细粒方解石含量高、变化大,且规律性强。现代土壤和古土壤S0淋溶层中的细粒方解石含量随降水量的增大而降低,黄土L1中方解石的含量变化则没有明显的规律性,与方解石总量和碳酸盐含量变化类似。这表明细粒方解石含量是导致方解石总量和碳酸盐含量变化的主体,代表了成壤时期形成的次生方解石,反映了成壤作用的强度和夏季风降水的变化。     

中国西北干旱区不同粒径表土碳酸盐含量及碳、氧同位素组成

通过对我国典型干旱区表土分粒级样品的碳酸盐含量及其碳氧同位素的测试,结果显示:我国西北干旱区表土不同粒级样品的碳酸盐含量以及碳氧稳定同位素组成存在较大的差异。随着粒径的减小,碳酸盐含量逐渐升高,氧同位素逐渐偏正,碳同位素逐渐偏负。可以认为细颗粒组分中土壤次生碳酸盐相对比例大,而粗颗粒组分中原生碳酸盐相对占优势。而次生碳酸盐氧同位素可能受蒸发的控制,碳同位素更多的受植被的影响,所以表现出细颗粒组分较粗颗粒组分碳酸盐的氧同位素更偏正,而碳同位素更偏负。因此,干旱区表土细颗粒组分碳酸盐能更好地反映成壤过程中次生碳酸盐形成时期的气候环境信息。     

纳米及微米级六角片状氢氧化镁的制备

以氯化钠为底料,水氯镁石和氢氧化钠为原料,不添加任何添加剂,采用双柱沉淀—水热法制备粒度分布均匀、分散性良好的氢氧化镁。研究了进料速度、2N_(Mg)/N_(Na)、物料浓度、水热温度、水热时间等因素对氢氧化镁粒径、形貌、过滤性能的影响。通过粒度分析仪、X射线衍射仪、低真空扫描电子显微镜对产品的粒度分布、结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,本研究得到的样品分散性好,粒度分布均匀,形貌为规则的六角片状,粒径为400~600 nm的纳米级氢氧化镁或者1~2μm的微米级氢氧化镁。