The relationship between anomalies of interannual net radiation and 37 GHz polarization difference over North Africa

We show evidence that interannual variations in the net radiation balance at the top-of-atmosphere over North Africa may be linked to variations at the land surface within the Sahelian zone. By utilizing concurrent monthly time series of earth radiation budget and passive microwave measurements obtained from the Nimbus 7 satellite over a five year period from 1979 to 1983, we have examined the spatial distribution of the amplitude of interannual variability of the net radiation at the top of the atmosphere. A strong association is found between the radiation budget anomalies derived from ERB-WFOV measurements and the anomalies of 37 GHz polarized brightness temperature difference derived from SMMR measurements. Previous research has shown that the interannual anomalies in the top-of-atmosphere net radiation balance in the Sahelian zone mostly arise from changes taking place at the surface, not from variations in cloudiness which brings variable rainfall throughout the African Sahel. Since microwave polarization difference is related in part to vegetation cover, we suggest that the main control of the modulation of North Africa's radiation balance may be year to year fluctuations of vegetation cover within the Sahelian zone, likely stemming from fluctuations in the rainfall. This relationship is relevant to the problem of radiation control and feedback on global climate through processes taking place within the biosphere of a semi-arid zone.     

Estimation of net radiation at sea

Abstract

Measurement of net radiation at sea is very difficult whereas, the measurement of global solar radiation or total downward radiation is much less complicated. Hence the dependencies of net radiation on global solar radiation and total downward radiation are studied from hourly Canadian GATE data.

Results show that net radiation can be estimated from measurements of incoming solar radiation or total downward radiation by empirical formulae to an accuracy comparable to that of measurement. However, these formulae must be established from measurements.     

THEORETICAL CALCULATION MODEL OF SHORTWAVE RADIATION FOR THE EARTH-ATMOSPHERE SYSTEM AND ITS TESTING RESULTS

On the basis of radiation transfer theory,adopting improved two-stream algorithm incorporated with addingalgorithm,we build up a theoretical calculation model of shortwave radiation for the earth-atmosphere system whichcan be applied with satellite data.The model can calculate direct solar radiation,scattering solar radiation,heating rateand other physical quantities of radiation field at every layer of the atmosphere and on the earth's surface,if the under-ground reflectance or the planetary albedo obtained from satellite can be known.The model can be used in clear orcloudy atmosphere,and its calculating speed is fairly fast.We think that the model can be incorporated into large-scaleand mesoscale climatic models for the consideration of radiation calculation,and also it is useful for the utilization of so-lar energy.     

阿尔卑斯山杉林冠层影响辐射传输的个例分析

利用瑞士Alptal观测站杉树林冠层上方、下方的辐射观测资料,分析了冠层对短波辐射的减弱及对长波辐射的增幅作用及其季节变化。结果表明,对比较密集的常绿针叶林,冠层对入射短波辐射的透过率随着太阳高度的降低而减小,春季以后趋于稳定;冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用随天气状况而变化,这种增幅作用在晴空条件下最显著,可达1.5倍。在冬季,因为太阳辐射较弱,冠层对长波辐射的增幅作用超过对短波辐射的减弱从而增加地面净辐射。在其它季节,太阳辐射比较强,冠层对短波辐射的减弱超过对长波辐射的增幅作用而减少地面净辐射。地面净辐射与冠层上方气温的变化趋势虽然在有些时段一致,但在伴随降雪过程的降温时段,地面净辐射与气温的变化趋势近乎反相,在积雪融化时段,地面净辐射的增加比气温升高更显著,尤其是在白天。     

云天地表总辐射和净辐射瞬时值的计算方法

为减少计算机时,满足实时预报要求,全球数值预报模式中的辐射计算频率通常设定为三小时。这样处理会大大减少计算量,但也同时导致较大辐射日变化偏差,并影响模式对地面能量平衡,对流及降水的模拟。为改进这一缺陷,我们开发了一种辐射快速计算方案,可用于计算瞬时地面太阳总辐射和净辐射,使到达地面的太阳辐射计算可与模式积分同步进行,从而改善地面太阳辐射日变化模拟。本文介绍云天的计算方法。该方案所用的输入变量均为预报模式或卫星观测所能提供的量。结果表明：该方案既可用于数值预报模式也可利用观测资料独立计算地面太阳辐射。经与美国能源部大气辐射观测资料检验,该方案的精度很高,地面总辐射瞬时值的平均计算误差小于7%。     

The Energy Balance Experiment EBEX-2000. Part III: Behaviour and quality of the radiation measurements

An important part of the Energy Balance Experiment (EBEX-2000) was the measurement of the net radiation and its components. Since the terrain, an irrigated cotton field, could not be considered homogeneous, radiation measurements were made at nine sites using a variety of radiation instruments, including pyranometers, pyrgeometers and net radiometers. At several of these sites multiple instruments were employed, which enabled us to compare instruments and assess accuracies. At all sites the outgoing longwave and shortwave radiation and the net radiation were measured, while the incoming radiation was supposed to be uniformly distributed over the field and was therefore measured at three sites only. Net radiation was calculated for all sites from the sum of its four components, and compared with the direct measurement of net radiometers. The main conclusions were: (a) the outgoing shortwave radiation showed differences of up to 30 W m⁻² over the field; the differences were not clearly related to the irrigation events; (b) the outgoing longwave radiation showed differences of up to 50 W m⁻²; the differences increased during the periods of irrigation; (c) the net radiation showed differences of several tens of W m⁻² across the field, rising to 50 W m⁻² or more during the periods of irrigation; (d) the net radiation is preferably to be inferred from its four components, rather than measured directly, and (e) attention should be paid to the characteristics of pyranometers that measure the outgoing radiation, and thus are mounted upside down, while they are commonly calibrated in the upward position. The error in the net radiation at EBEX-2000 is estimated at max (25 W m⁻², 5%) per site during the day and 10 W m⁻² at night. The National Center for Atmospheric Research is supported by the National Science Foundation.     

气象辐射数据质量控制

气象辐射观测数据是气象业务、服务和科学研究的基础,其质量控制很重要。本文通过对近几年甘肃省地面气象辐射观测记录中出现的问题进行梳理,根据地面气象观测规范要求和实际工作中的审核经验,对气象辐射观测记录的质量控制方法及容易发生异常的地方进行总结,以期对台站提高辐射月报表数据文件的质量提供参考,对从事省级气象数据质量控制工作尤其是刚从事该项工作的人员的提供有益的帮助。结果显示:仪器正常时的异常记录参考云量云状、能见度、天气现象、定时降水量等气象要素进行人工判别,是现阶段气象辐射数据质量控制的最有效办法;对于仪器故障时的异常记录的判别要分情况考虑,遵从业务规定的方法取代异常值和缺测值;对于记录中容易出错的其他问题,则需要台站观测员及质量控制人员加强业务学习,总结工作经验,避免类似问题再次出现。     

自然环境条件对太阳能资源计算影响的再思考

文章简单回顾了以前国内常用的太阳辐射资源的计算方法,评论了各自存在的主要问题。其中最重要的是我国大地势以及其他自然条件影响下的基础辐射问题。在以前的研究中虽也注意到了这一问题,但解决得既不理想,也不彻底。关键是这些解决方法依靠的仅仅是辐射实测站点的天文辐射数据。由于测站有限,直接影响到对不同经度、纬度、地势、气候等自然条件下的基础数据的推算。该文利用SMARTS模式依据每个气象站的平均气压、绝对湿度、能见度等数据推算出符合当地环境条件的晴天辐射数据,作为基础辐射数据,进而达到考虑各地真实大气条件来计算晴天辐射的目的。     

太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的气候学计算及特征分析

为了便于研究水气界面辐射传输、水下光辐照度以及湖泊储热量，探讨太湖地区总辐射概况及其变化。文章在概述当前太阳总辐射气候学计算的主要方法及公式基础上，采用最小二乘法，利用上海、南京、杭州3站1961~2000年共40年的历史资料，确定各站的经验系数，然后内插求出太湖无锡地区的经验系数。由此推导出太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的气候学计算公式，并利用无锡站日照百分率资料求算出近40年到达地面的太阳实际总辐射。然后利用太湖站1998年的太阳总辐射实测资料检验其公式精度，确定公式的可信度。最后对计算值进行分析，阐述了近40年来太湖无锡地区太阳总辐射的变化特征及其原因。研究结果表明:无锡地区太阳总辐射呈下降趋势，而这种下降主要是由于大气中悬浮物增加所致；总辐射年内变化趋势基本上与天文辐射相吻合，但又存在差异，这主要与梅雨的存在有关。     

Variation Characteristics of Ultraviolet Radiation over the North China Plain简

In situ measured data of broadband solar radiation （Rs） and ultraviolet （Uv） radiation were used to investigate the spa- tiotemporal variation properties of Uv radiation and the ratio of Uv radiation to Rs over the North China Plain （NCP）. Based on the analysis, an empirical model for estimating Uv radiation under all weather conditions in this region was developed. The results showed that the annual Uv radiation over the NCP ranges from 0.38-0.52 MJ m^-2 d^-1. The highest value during the study period was recorded at the Changwu site, which is located near the margin of the Loess Plateau, while the lowest value appeared at the station in Beijing. The seasonal variation pattern of the ratio of Uv radiation to Rs is similar to that of Uv radiation; namely, the highest value appears in August and then decreases gradually until the lowest value appears in November. A small increasing trend in the Uv radiation levels and the ratio of Uv radiation to Rs was observed over the NCP. The evaluation results showed that the empirical estimation model can be widely used to estimate Uv radiation under all atmospheric conditions. The relative error between the modeled and measured daily values were within ± 15%.     

Radiative Exchange in an Urban Street Canyon

The influence of building geometry on the radiation terms ofthe surface energy balance is a principal reason for surfacetemperature differences between rural and urban areas.Methods exist to calculate the radiation balance in an urban area,but their validity across the range of urban geometries andmaterials has not been carefully considered.Here the exchange of diffuse radiation in an urban street canyon isinvestigated using a method incorporating all reflections of radiation.This exact solution is compared to two commonly used approximationsthat retain either no reflections, or just one reflection of radiation.The area-averaged net radiative flux density from the facets of the canyondecreases in magnitude monotonically as the canyon aspect ratio increases.The two approximate solutions possess unphysical differences from thismonotonic decrease for high canyon aspect ratios or low materialemissivities/high material albedos.The errors of the two approximate solutions are small for near blackbodymaterials and small canyon aspect ratios but can be an order ofmagnitude for intermediate material properties and deep street canyons.Urban street canyon models need to consider at least one reflectionof radiation and multiple reflections are desirable for full applicability.     

层状云微物理参数反演及其辐射效应的个例研究

利用毫米波云雷达、微波辐射计联合反演方法,对2015年11月11日安徽寿县的一次层状云过程的云参数进行了反演,将所得云参数加入到SBDART辐射传输模式中,进行辐射通量计算,并将计算的地面辐射通量与观测的地面辐射通量进行了对比分析。研究表明:1)利用毫米波雷达和微波辐射计数据联合反演的云参数比较可靠;2)利用SBDART模式并结合反演的云参数,可以准确实时地计算地面及其他高度层的长短波辐射通量;3)在反演的云参数中,光学厚度对地面各种辐射通量的影响是最大的,云层的光学厚度越大,到达地面的太阳短波辐射越小,地面反射短波辐射也越小。另外云底温度越高,云体向下发射的红外长波辐射越大。地面向上的长波辐射是地面温度的普朗克函数,随地面温度而变;4)云对地面的短波辐射强迫为负值,对地面有降温的作用。云对地面的长波辐射强迫是一个正值,对地面有一个增温的作用;5)云对地面的净辐射强迫随时间变化很大,它的正负与太阳高度角和云参数有关。     

从宽带太阳直接辐射小时或日曝辐量反演气溶胶光学厚度研究

从宽带的太阳直接辐射1天或1小时累计量(曝辐量)气象观测资料反演气溶胶光学厚度的一个有效方法是很有用的.作者把太阳曝辐量与"等效"的瞬时太阳直接辐射关联起来,建立了一个与曝辐量"等效"的瞬时太阳直接辐射的模式;应用该模式和一个"等效"波长模式,发展了一个从太阳直接曝辐量反演气溶胶光学厚度的方法.作者还从试验上比较分析了由某时刻的宽带太阳直接辐射、每小时或1天的太阳直接辐射曝辐量反演得到的气溶胶光学厚度以及由太阳光度计探测的气溶胶光学厚度.试验结果表明,由日太阳直接辐射曝辐量反演得到的气溶胶光学厚度可理解为辐射加权的日平均光学厚度.     

青藏高原地区大气顶净辐射与地表净辐射的关系

地表净辐射为地气系统净辐射与大气层净辐射之差。对大气层净辐射作不同的假定，可将地表净辐射与大气顶辐射收支之间的关系表示成不同的形式。本文利用１９８２年８月—１９８３年７月青藏高原地区地面辐射收支观测资料及同期ＮＯＡＡ－７辐射收支资料，用统计方法讨论了大气顶净辐射与地表净辐射之间的相关性，建立了两者之间的回归方程，并在此基础上分析了青藏高原地区月平均地表净辐射的时空分布特征。     

临安与龙凤山辐射数据质量及初步结果比较

采用国际通用的辐射数据质量评估方法对2005—2011年浙江临安、黑龙江龙凤山两个区域大气本底站辐射观测资料进行质量评估与比较分析。结果表明:两站辐射数据通过物理可能限制检验与极端罕见限制检验的百分比均超过99.5%,但通过相关要素比较限制检验的百分比上,临安与龙凤山站分别降至97.9%与95.9%;双轴定位追踪太阳出现偏差是造成直接辐射与散射辐射数据精度降低的主要原因。CM21表的热偏移在-5 W·m-2以内,而其进行热偏移订正可以显著提高数据的通过率。对应同一太阳天顶角,临安站晴空总辐射与直接辐射均低于龙凤山站,散射辐射则相反,其原因是临安的大气透明系数较低,大气浑浊度较高。2006—2011年,临安站的大气向下长波辐射呈下降趋势,达到了0.01的显著性水平,且其多年平均值 (363.7±59.3 W·m-2) 显著高于龙凤山站 (274.9±77.6 W·m-2);龙凤山站晴空太阳总辐射呈增加趋势,达到了0.1的显著性水平。     

两种太阳总辐射分钟级预报方法的比较

利用2010年9月1月至2011年8月31日中国气象局风能太阳能资源中心吐鲁番太阳能试验站水平太阳总辐射逐分钟观测资料,对统计外推法（简称外推法,TRD）和动态神经网络法（简称神经网络法,NNN）两种太阳总辐射分钟级预报方法进行比较。结果表明：从全年平均角度来看,外推法略优于神经网络法。两种预报方法的预报效果都主要依赖于天气形势,晴天预报效果最好,阴雨天气次之,多云和扬沙天气预报效果较差。外推法能较为准确地反映起报时刻影响辐射观测的云、气溶胶、沙尘等状况,并将这种影响持续至滚动预报的第一步或第二步;而神经网络法在预报阴雨、多云等复杂天气形势下预报要素的非趋势性变化规律方面略优;外推法预报日出后3 h和日落前3 h的太阳总辐射变化明显优于神经网络法;而神经网络法预报太阳总辐射突然变化特征时略优于外推法。     

近44年四川太阳辐射时空变化特征

利用四川144个气象站1971~2014年的逐月日照时数数据和四川6个辐射站的逐月太阳总辐射数据,以气候学模拟的方法,计算了四川144个气象站的逐月太阳总辐射值。基于44年四川太阳辐射的平均分布和EOF分析的第一模态,将四川分成3个区域,并研究了四川太阳辐射的时空变化。结果表明:(1)四川年太阳总辐射从东南往西北随海拔升高呈阶梯式增加,结合年太阳总辐射EOF第一模态可把四川分为3个区域,分别是川西高原、攀西地区和四川盆地;(2)川西高原年总辐射随时间呈先下降后趋于平稳的变化,攀西地区年总辐射随时间的变化是先下降后上升,四川盆地总辐射变化不大,有缓慢下降趋势;(3)20世纪70年代四川大部分地区太阳总辐射是正距平,80年代除川西高原和雅安地区外基本是负距平,90年代是负距平,2001~2014年除攀西地区外基本是负距平。      

Calculation of solar albedo and radiation equilibrium over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and analysis of their climatic features

1.IntroductionTopreciselyestimatethevaluesofalbedosatsurfaceandatmospherictop.surfacetotalradiationandearth--atmosphereoutgoinglongwaveradiationiscrucialtocalculatingradiationbalanceatsurfaceandatmospherictopandexploringoftheeffectoftheQXPatmosphericheatsourcesonatmosphericcirculations.Using1958--1960observationsofsurfacetotalradiation,albedoandsurfacemeteorologicalobservationsoverChina.ChenandGongetal.(1964.1965)investigated,throughanatmosphericradiationcalculationscheme.thedistributionchar…     

Estimating effective net radiation for a mountainous Watershed

Net radiation estimates are frequently required in watershed research, e.g., in calculating evapotranspiration and snowmelt. In mountainous areas, the effective net radiation, i.e., the horizontal projection of the flux through a surface parallel to the slope, is a more accurate measure of the available energy than that measured with a horizontal sensor. In a non-homogeneous area, however, a basin average of effective net radiation is difficult to estimate.The annual curves for net and global solar radiation under clear skies at one point in the Marmot Creek Experimental Watershed in Alberta, Canada, show variations from 55 to 650 ly day^-1 for net radiation, and from 100 to 760 ly day^-1 for global radiation. A factor to convert measured net radiation at the point to a basin average of effective net radiation is obtained by comparing these curves with that for effective clear sky global radiation for the basin, and by considering the ratio of net to global radiation over the various types of vegetation in the basin. This conversion factor varies throughout the year with the elevation of the Sun and the basin albedo, ranging from a maximum of 1.27 in December to a minimum of 0.93 in April, and averaging 1.06 for the year.     

伊宁地区大雾的时空分布特征

通过对1994-2006年13a伊宁地区气象资料的分析,对伊宁地区大雾的气候学、天气学特征进行了统计;阐述了辐射雾、平流雾两种主要类型的雾的特点;同时,从天气学角度出发,对辐射雾的气象要素特征和平流雾形成的高低空环流形势进行了总结描述;结果表明：伊宁地区为雾多发地区,雾的年、季、月、日变化特征明显,影响飞行的辐射雾与平流雾出现概率相当,总结出了产生雾的几种典型天气形势,为预报员及时准确预报大雾提供参考,同时指出地形对雾的出现及范围有一定的影响。