Geochemical Characteristics of Volcanic Rocks of the Laochang Ag Polymetallic Deposit,Lancang,Yunnan Province,China

In terms of major element, trace element and REE geochemical characteristics ofvolcanic rocks in the area studied and by making use of the TiO2-K2O-P2O5,The-Hf-Ta and Zr-Nb-Y trianglar diagrams and the environmental discrimination diagrams of incompatible ele-ment distribution pattems,the authors have drawn some conclusions that are different from those by previous workers.It is concluded that volcanic rocks in the Laochang Ag polymetallic deposit at Lancang,Yunnan belong to continental within-plate alkali basalts, and that their geotectonic setting seems to be at the northeastern margin of East Gondwana Land.     

Isotope Geochemistry of the Dongchuan Copper Deposit,Yunnan,SW China： Stratigraphic Chronology and Application of Lead Isotopes in Geochemical Exploration

In this paper the Pb-Pb isochron method was used to determine the isotopic ages of the Luoxue Formation dolomites (1716 ±56 Ma), the Heishan Formation carbonaceous slates ( 1607 ±128 Ma) of the middle sub-group of the Kunyang Group and the Dayingpan Formation carbonaceous slates (1258 ±70Ma) of the upper sub-group of the Kunyang Group. The age of the middle sub-group of the Kunyang Group is about 1800 – 1600 Ma, belonging to the Late Paleo-Proterozoic, and that of the Dayingpan Formation in the upper sub-group of the Kunyang Group is about 1200 – 1300 Ma, belonging to the Middle Proterozoic. In addition, the Pb isotope chemical exploration techniques were used to study systematically the Pb isotopic compositions of rocks and ores across the No. 14 vein in the middle segment of the No. 1 pit of the Tangdan copper deposit and the result showed that the Pb isotope V₁ values are negatively correlated with the copper contents. It is the first trial to use the systematic section method to conduct Pb isotope chemical exploration. This research project was financially supported jointly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49702022, 40073001) and the State 973 Program (No.G1999043215).     

Geochronology of and Nd—Sr—Pb Isotopic Evidence for Mantle Source in the Ancient Subduction Zone beneath Sanshui Basin,Guangdong Province,China

The available petrochemical data indicate that volcanic rocks in the Sanshui basin of Guangdong Prov-ince are characteristic of the island-arc tholeiite-calc-alkaline series.Their K-Ar ages range from 43 to 64 Ma,corresponding to Early Tertiary.The Nd-Sr-Pb isotopic correlations give two binary mixing trends,indicating a mixed source of Leiqiong depleted mantle,seawater and altered sediments pertaining to subduction.Our studies have confirmed the existence of an ancient subduction zone beneath the South Chi-na continent,which is considered to have resulted from the suturing of various terrains in southern China.     

Chemical and Isotopic Characteristics of Gabbroic Xenoliths from Hannuoba,China

Nine pieces of gabbroic xenoliths from Hannuoba were examined for their major and trace elements and Nd,Sr and Pb isotopes.The results show that the gab-broic xenoliths are of more mafic basaltic composition .Their abundances show narrow variations in major elements.The trace element contents are highly variable in contrast with those of host basalts and lherzolite xenoliths.The gabbroic xenoliths are rich in Nd(0.51159-0.51249),Sr(0.70491-0.70768) and low in radiogenic Pb(16.283-17.046, 15.191-15.381 and 36.999-37.476),significantly different from basalts and lherzolites in isotopic space.The calculated Nd and Pb model ages are about 3.0-3.5 Ga.The rocks have relatively low equilibrium T(-850℃) and P(0.8-0.9 Gpa).They could be inter-preted to be the product of upper mantle melting at the boundary between the lower crust and the upper mantle.Their chemical and isotopic variations can be ascribed to different degrees of melting,segregation and long-term evolution.     

Tectonic Environments of Cenozoic Volcanic Rocks in China and Characteristics of the Source Regions in the Mantle

Extensive volcanism is one of the important features of Cenozoic geology in China.Based on temporal-spatial distribution,the volcanism was associated with three major different geological settings:1)the continental rift basalts in Northeast and North China;2)the tension-fault basalts on the continental margins of Southeast China; and 3) the collision-zone high-K volcanics in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its vicinities.The characteristics of “depletion in the south and enrichment in the north“of the China continental mantle are strongly supported by isotopic evidence.The Cenozoic continental cal characters,into the following geochemical provinces:1)the depleted mantle in South China;2)the primary mantle in Northeast and NorthChina; 3)the hybrid and transi-tional mantle in the region of Shandong ,Anhui,Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang;4)the depleted mantle around the Bohai Bay and the Lower Liaohe River;5)the K-metasomatic enriched mantle in the northern part of Northeast China;and 6)the re-cycled enriched mantle in the ancient subduction zone in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and its surround-ings.These geochemical characteristics on a regional scale must be a reflection of the nature of lithosphere evolution.     

Geochemical Features and Formation of the Auriferous Cherts in the Mojiang Gold Deposit,Yunnan

Auriferous cherts in the Middle Carboniferous Jinchang Formation are the dominant host rocks of auriferous quartz veins and mixed orebodies comprised of gold-bearing quartz veins and cherts in the Mojiang gold deposit.The rocks exhibit sedimentary texture and structure and are composed of hot-water deposited minerals.The FeO,Fe2O3,Au and Ag contents of the auriferous cherts are high;the Cr,Ni and Co contents are also high but significantly variable;MnO/TiO2 and TFe/TiO2 ratios are relatively higy.As viewed from a few diagrams that distinguish different chert formations,the auriferous cherts are in or near the range of hot-water deposited cherts.Because the correlation coefficients between Au contents and those of Cr, Ni of the rocks are negative,a great Au amount in the cherts might not be brought about by later hydrothermal alterations.The rare-earth elements,O and Si isotopic compositions of the auriferous cherts demonstrate that the cherts belong to hot-water deposited rocks.The later hydrothermal alterations made the petrochemical compositions of the cherts deviate from the characteristics of hot-water deposition.In general,the geological and geochemical features of the auriferous cherts demonstrate that the rocks were formed by hot water deposition.     

A Study of REE and Pb,Sr and Nd Isotopes in Garnet—Lherzolite Xenoliths from Mingxi,Fujian Province

The REE and Pb, Sr, Nd isotopes in three xenoliths from limburgite and scoria-breccias, including spinel-lherzolite, spinel-garnet-lherzolite and phlogopite-gamet-lherzolite, were analysed. The REE contents of the xenoliths are 1.3 to 3.3 times those of the chondrites with their REE patterns characterized by weak LREE depletion. The¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd values of whole rocks and minerals range from 0.51306 to 0.51345 with εNd=+ 8.2− +15.8,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴ Pb < 18.673, and²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb < 15.574. All this goes to show that the upper mantle in Mingxi at the depth of 67–82 km is a depleted mantle of MORB type, with⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶ Sr ratios 0.70237–0.70390. In Nd-Sr diagram the data points of whole rocks are all out of the mantle array, implying that the xenoliths from Mingxi have more radiogenic Sr isotopes than those of the mantle array.     

Sr,Nd,Pb Isotope Geochemistry and Magma Evolution of the Potassic Volcanic Rocks,Wudalianchi,Northeast China

Wudalianchi volcanic rocks are the most typical Cenozoic potassic volcanic rocks in easten China.Compositional comparisons between whole rocks and glasses of various occurrences indicate that the magma tends to become rich in silica and alkalis as a result of crystal differentiation in the course of evolu-tion.They are unique in isotopic composition with more radiogenic Sr but less radiogenic Pb.^87Sr/^86Sr is higher and ^143Nd/^144Nd is lower than the undifferentiated global values.In comparison to continental pot-ash volcanic rocks,Pb isotopes are apparently lower.These various threads of evidence indicate that the rocks were derived from a primary enriched mantle which had not been subjected to reworking and shows no sign of incorporation of crustal material.The correlation between Pb and Sr suggests the regional heterogeneity in the upper mantle in terms of chemical composition.     

Geochemistry of meta-volcanic rocks from the Longbohe Cu deposit, Yunnan Province, China： Implications for the genesis and tectonic setting

The Longbohe Cu deposit, which is located in the southern part of the Honghe ore-forming zone, Yunnan Province, China, belongs to a typical ore field where volcanic rocks are of wide distribution and are associated with Cu mineralization in time and space. The volcanic rocks in the ore field, which have experienced varying degree of alteration or regional metamorphism, can be divided into three types, i.e., meta-andesite, meta-subvolcanic rock and meta-basic volcanic rock in accordance with their mineral assemblages. These three types of volcanic rocks in the ore field are relatively rich in Na and the main samples plot in the area of alkali basalts in the geochemical classification diagram. With the exception of very few elements, these three types of volcanic rocks are similar in the content of trace elements. In comparison to the basalts of different tectonic settings, the meta-volcanic rocks in the ore field are rich in high field strength elements (HFSE) such as Th, Nb, etc. and depleted in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) such as Sr, Ba, etc. and their primary mantle-normalized trace element patterns show remarkable negative Th and Nb anomalies and negative Sr and Ba anomalies. These three types of volcanic rocks are similar in REE content range and chondrite-normalized REE patterns with the exception of Eu anomaly. Various lines of evidence show that these three types of volcanic rocks in the ore field have the same source but are the products of different stages of magmatic evolution, their original magma is a product of partial melting of the metasomatically enriched mantle in the tensional tectonic setting within the continent plate, and the crystallization differentiation plays an important role in the process of magmatic evolution.     

Study on the Sr,Nd,Pb and O Isotopes of Basic Dyke Swarms in the Wudang Block and Basic Volcanics of the Yaolinghe Group

The Sr,Nd and Pb isotopic characteristics of the Wudang basic dyke swarms and basic volcanics of the Yaolinghe Group show that they were derived from the same multi-component mixing source in the mantle.The Wudang basic dyke swarms have(^87Sr/^86Sr)i=0.6905-0.7061,εNd(t)=-1.9-5.0,△^208Pb/^204Pb=35.49-190.26,△^207Pb/^204Pb=Th/Ta and a wide range of La/Yb ratios;and the basic volcanics of the Yaolinghe Group have(^87Sr/^86Sr)i=0.6487-0.7075,εNd(t)=0.11-3.94，△^208Pb/^204Pb=-81.58-219.95,△^207Pb/^204Pb=4.44-16.68and higher Th/Ta and La/Yb ratios,indicating that their source is a mixture of DM and EMⅡ,and the basic volcanics of the Yaolinghe Group were contaminated by crust materials en rout to the surface.Based on the geochemical features of continental tholeiitic basalts and being products of differen tacies derived from the same source,it can be concluded that an important rifting event in the South Qinling basement block occurred during Neoproterozoic,followed by a setting of oceanic basic in the Early Paleozoic.     

金平龙脖河铜矿区变钠质火山岩系地球化学研究:Ⅱ.Nd、Sr、Pb同位素特征与年代学

多种同位素方法定年结果证实了云南金平龙脖河铜矿区变钠质火山岩系形成于元古古。（1596±140）Ma的Pb-Pb等时年龄表明其形成时代应与大红山群变钠质火山岩相当,属中元古代。（1330±150）Ma的Sm－Nd等时年龄应代表了这套火山岩发生钠交代细碧岩化作用的时间,与哀牢山岩群和瑶山岩群的大理岩沉积时间相近。火山岩的Rb-Sr年龄和铜矿石的Pb-Pb年龄记录了晋宁期强烈的动力变质和铜的强力改造成矿事件。该区变钠质火山岩系与大红山群变钠质火山岩系在形成时代、岩石组合、同位素体系特征以及改造成矿时代上的相似性,使该区成为寻找大红山式钢铁矿床的极有利地区。     

云南金平龙脖河铜矿区变钠质火山岩组分迁移及与成矿的关系

金平龙脖河铜矿位于哀牢山-金沙江构造带的东南端。赋矿围岩为变钠质火山岩,成矿主要类型为构造破碎蚀变岩型铜矿;围岩蚀变以绿泥石化、碳酸盐化、硅化、磁铁矿化等为主。通过对产于变钠质火山岩中不同蚀变程度和矿化程度岩、矿石的地球化学组分进行对比,计算不同岩、矿石体积的变化和组分的迁移。计算结果表明：从弱矿化变钠质火山岩到强矿化变钠质火山岩,随蚀变和矿化的增强,岩石体积分别扩容了14%、12%;组分SiO2、HREE及成矿物质Cu和S等的含量具有逐渐增加的趋势,微量元素中亲铁元素Cr、Ni也有不同程度的迁入富集;而组分CaO、MnO和LREE等的含量则逐渐降低,说明成矿过程中SiO2、HREE及成矿物质Cu和S等是由流体带入的,而CaO、MnO和LREE等则是由流体从围岩中带出的,以及成矿物质主要来源于深部流体。     

云南普朗印支期超大型斑岩铜矿床：岩石学及年代学特征

普朗斑岩铜矿位于云南西北晚三叠世义敦岛弧南段的滇西中甸弧内。义敦岛弧北部产有著名的呷村式黑矿型块状硫化物矿床,南部大量发育斑岩型铜矿床,普朗斑岩铜矿床即是其中的典型代表。普朗矿床由南、北两个复式岩体(矿段)组成,两个矿段均由一系列NW向构造控制的石英闪长玢岩、石英二长斑岩小岩株组成,是普朗铜矿区的主体,探明铜矿石量1．6亿吨,铜平均品位0．57%,铜金属量114万吨,伴生金金属量28．80吨,金品位0．18g/t;钼6399吨,品位0．004%。普朗斑岩铜矿床远景储量400万吨以上,为一个具有超大型规模远景储量的斑岩型铜矿床。普朗斑岩体容矿围岩SiO_2＞56%,MgO 1．34%～2．73%,Sr 661×10~(-6)～909×10~(-6),Y 10．78×10~(-6)～17．92×10~(-6),Yb 1．07×10~(-6)～1．87×10~(-6),LREE富集,δEu 0．83～0．93,Sr/Y比值22～64,K_2O/Na_2O比值0．52,具有与洋壳俯冲产生的埃达克岩(Ⅰ型埃达克岩)相似的地球化学特征。普朗斑岩铜矿形成于印支期,在我国斑岩铜矿床中具有其特殊性(不同于青藏高原喜马拉雅期斑岩铜矿带,如冈底斯斑岩铜矿带、玉龙斑岩带等;也不同于古亚洲成矿域的海西期斑岩铜矿带,如土屋-延东斑岩铜矿带,以及中国东部的燕山期斑岩铜矿带,如德兴斑岩铜矿),无论对中甸岛孤带的基础地质还是矿产资源评价预测的研究,该类矿床都具有重要的意义。普朗斑岩铜矿床含矿黑云石英二长斑岩的钾硅酸盐化(黑云母化和钾长石化)的成矿热液活动时间为235．4±2．4Ma～221．5±2．0Ma之间,石英-辉钼矿阶段的辉钼矿成矿(Re-Os)年龄大致为213±3．8 Ma;对矿区主矿体的热液黑云母单矿物的~(40)Ar/~(39)Ar测年,无论是含铜钼的矿化岩体,还是仅含铜的斑岩体,其成矿年龄(坪年龄)变化于为214．58±0．91Ma至216．0±1Ma之间,与辉钼矿Re-Os年龄非常接近,为晚三叠世诺利期。这表明普朗斑岩铜矿床的成矿作用在印支期完成。     

滇西北红山铜矿床成矿流体地球化学特征及矿床成因

红山铜矿床为滇西北地区一大型斑岩-矽卡岩型铜多金属矿床,它产于印支期石英闪长玢岩及燕山期石英二长斑岩体内及其周边地层中,其形成经历了多期次热液叠加成矿作用过程.流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温及碳、氢、氧稳定同位素综合研究表明,矿区早期成矿流体为中高温、高盐度NaCl-H2O体系热液,主要来源于印支晚期岛弧型岩浆活动,对区内矽卡岩型矿化形成起了重要作用;晚期成矿流体为中高温、高盐度NaCl-CO2-H2O体系热液,主要来源于隐伏的燕山期后造山伸展型花岗质岩浆侵入体,形成了区内斑岩型Cu、Mo及相关的Pb、Zn多金属矿化.因此,红山铜矿床是两期岩浆热液叠加成矿作用结果.     

云南六苴砂岩型铜矿床地球化学异常模式

云南六苴铜矿床是楚雄陆相红层盆地砂(页)岩型铜矿的典型代表.矿体(平均品位1.34%)赋存于K2ml1中紫色砂岩与浅色砂岩交互带,从紫色砂岩到浅色砂岩,依次呈现赤铁矿、辉铜矿、斑铜矿、黄铜矿、黄铁矿水平分带.采集9个钻孔岩芯样品,分析其主元素与微量元素地球化学异常特征,指示成矿元素组合为Cu-Ag-As-Sb-Hg.K2ml1中铜矿体,从上至下具有v-Ni-Cu-Ag-Hg-(As-Sb)-Pb-(Zn)-V-(Ni)垂向分带;由西(全紫带)至东(全浅带)具有Sb-Hg-v-Cu-As-Sb-Ag-Co-Ni-Pb-Zn横向分带.通过不同剖面地球化学异常特征对比,建立矿床的地球化学异常模式:Co-Ni-V组合异常位于矿体上方,Pb-Zn组合异常位于矿体下方,矿体处元素组合异常为Cu-Ag-As-Sb-Hg.出现Cu-Ag-As-Sb-Hg组合异常,Cu/Ag>315、Cu/(Pb Zn)>320、Cu/(As sb Hg)为1000-5800时,矿体较富,品位稳定;出现Pb-Zn-Co-(Ni)组合异常,Cu/Ag<105、Cu/(Pb Zn)<7、Cu/(As Sb Hg)<36时无矿;出现Sb-Hg-V组合异常,Cu/(As Sb Hg)>5800时则无矿.Cu、Ag、As、Sb、Hg含量及元素对比值沿矿床走向从北向南降低,预示"矿化能力"减弱或矿体中心位置偏移.该地球化学异常模式为深部成矿预测提供了重要依据.     

滇西南翁孔坝铜多金属矿床火山岩系地质特征及其与铜的成矿关系

翁孔坝铜多金属矿床是近年来在澜沧江构造带南段的云县-景洪火山弧上新发现的铜多金属矿床，与中三叠世陆相火山岩系密切相关，且具有较大的找矿潜力。文章在野外详细调查的基础上，结合赋矿火山岩岩石学特征，对矿区内火山岩系进行了系统研究，将其细分为5个喷发旋回，9个岩性段(T₂s^3-1～T₂s^3-9)，认为该矿床具有火山沉积-成岩成矿期和改造成矿期两期成矿作用，为陆相火山沉积-改造型铜多金属矿床。其中，火山岩成矿作用为成矿提供了物质来源，具有明显的岩性/岩相组合控矿特征，笔者综合认为该套火山岩系是矿床主要的控矿因素之一，进而初步建立了其与铜成矿的“时-空-成因”关系图。     

云南中甸红牛-红山矽卡岩型铜矿床矿物学特征与成矿作用

红牛-红山矿床位于西南三江成矿带的中甸岛弧,是形成于晚燕山期的矽卡岩型铜矿床。矿区与成矿作用密切相关的石英二长斑岩中角闪石和黑云母斑晶的出现以及较高的含F量(分别为1.49%和2.62%),表明其岩浆为富H2O富挥发分熔体;石英斑晶具有港湾状、浑圆状的溶蚀表面和钾长石细晶外壳,并且显示了典型的骸晶状结构指示了其岩浆经历了快速上升侵位过程和岩浆热液的自交代作用;钻孔中岩浆热液角砾岩和大量石英细脉的出现暗示了岩浆在快速上侵过程中发生了隐爆作用,形成并出溶了含有大量F、Cl等组分的高盐度超临界流体。矽卡岩阶段石榴子石和透辉石具有明显的三个期次:早期细粒的钙铝榴石(And22-57)和角岩中的透辉石(Hd7-27)形成于少量高温气液岩浆流体与围岩的扩散交代作用;中期粗粒的钙铁榴石(And75-98)和次透辉石-钙铁辉石(Hd10-99)形成于大量高温、低氧逸度的岩浆流体与围岩的渗滤交代作用;晚期的钙铝榴石脉(And14-60)和钙铁辉石脉(Hd31-58)形成于低温、高氧逸度的早期交代残留溶液。矽卡岩矿物的生成,使碳酸盐围岩丢失CO2,矿物体积减少,孔隙度和渗透性增加,为成矿提供了条件。退化变质阶段的透闪石、阳起石、绿帘石、绿泥石等交代早期矽卡岩矿物,消耗了成矿流体中大量的CO2和H2O,生成含水矿物以及石英、方解石,使围岩裂隙愈合,孔隙流体压力增加,导致成矿流体沸腾,形成大量黄铜矿、磁黄铁矿、黄铁矿、辉钼矿化。石英-硫化物阶段,由于成矿流体超压→流体沸腾,裂隙生成→减压排泄,裂隙愈合→流体超压的循环,在此过程中围岩经历了多次破裂和裂隙的愈合,直至整个成矿体系完全开放,并与大气水发生混合,使成矿流体中剩余金属最终沉淀。     

滇东南八布杨万铜矿床硫化物Re-Os同位素年龄及其地质意义

滇东南八布地区发育一套晚古生代超镁铁质-镁铁质杂岩,是认识古特提斯分支洋构造演化的重要窗口,而其中以火山岩为赋矿围岩的杨万铜矿床,被视作区域找矿的突破点。目前,对这套超镁铁质-镁铁质杂岩的构造属性及赋存铜矿床的成矿时代及成因联系还存在争议。通过对杨万铜矿床中黄铜矿和黄铁矿进行Re-Os同位素定年,获得Re-Os等时线年龄为269±3 Ma,表明该矿床形成于早中二叠世,与火山岩(～270 Ma)大致同时;而初始187Os/188Os值为0.31±0.17,暗示成矿时存在热液流体与古海水的相互作用。区内玄武岩围岩和其它超镁铁质-镁铁质岩石的地球化学特征对比分析显示,八布超镁铁质-镁铁质杂岩为一套N-MORB型蛇绿岩组合,代表了古特提斯分支洋盆的洋壳残片。杨万铜矿床应划归为与古特提斯分支洋裂解有关的火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)矿床,其周边地区具有较好的找矿潜力。