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1.
José I. Barredo 《Natural Hazards》2007,42(1):125-148
There is a need for comprehensive, standardised and georeferenced information on floods for political and economic decision-making.
Relevant, accurate and up-to-date data is an important aspect for resource distribution, mitigation programmes, disaster monitoring
and assessment. Despite this, there is a lack of spatial and thematic accurate global data for floods. In Europe, historic
data on flood losses and casualties are neither comprehensive nor standardised, thus making long-term analyses at continental
level difficult. In this article, we present a map and catalogue of the major flood events of the last 56 years in the European
Union (EU), Bulgaria and Romania. This study is an effort to alleviate the lack of homogeneous and georeferenced information
on flood disasters for large periods in Europe. The objectives of this paper are to identify and classify the major flood
disasters of the last 56 years in the EU; to map the major flood disasters at pan-European scale with the support of a potential
flood hazard map and ancillary GIS datasets; and to give a picture of the current situation for major floods in the EU on
the basis of past events and current trends.
The Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) of the Centre of Research on Epidemiology of Disasters in Brussels (CRED) and United
States Office for Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA) and NATHAN of Munich Re are two of the main public global databases for
natural disasters. Information from EM-DAT and NATHAN on flood disasters producing more than 70 casualties and/or more than
0.005% of EU GDP in damage has been assessed for the production of the map and catalogue of major flood disasters in Europe.
相似文献
José I. BarredoEmail: |
2.
Almost annually, natural hazards such as floods and landslides cause a great deal of financial loss and human suffering in
Taiwan. In order to gain a better understanding of disaster preparedness, this paper examines several factors in relation
to hazard mitigation behavior: social economic status (education, income), psychological vulnerability (sense of powerless
and helpless), risk perception (perceived impact and control) and social trust. The statistical analysis reported here is
based on the “2004 National Risk Perception Survey of Floods and Landslides in Taiwan”. The main findings include: (1) in
comparison with general public, victims are less willing to adopt risk mitigation measures than the public, even though they
perceive larger impacts, worry more about the hazard, and pay more attention to hazard information; (2) trust, risk perception
and social economic status are positive predictors for mitigation intentions, whereas psychological vulnerability is a negative
predictor; and (3) psychological variables are stronger predictors for mitigation intentions than that of socio-economic variables.
In light of these findings, the policy implications and intervention strategy are also discussed.
相似文献
Shuyeu LinEmail: |
3.
A multicriteria approach for flood risk mapping exemplified at the Mulde river,Germany 总被引:6,自引:4,他引:2
In this paper we develop a GIS-based multicriteria flood risk assessment and mapping approach. This approach includes flood
risks which are not measured in monetary terms; it shows the spatial distribution of multiple risks, and it is able to deal
with uncertainties in criteria values and to show their influence on the overall flood risk assessment. Additionally, the
approach can be used to show the spatial allocation of the flood effects if risk reduction measures are implemented. The approach
is applied to a pilot study for the River Mulde in Saxony, Germany, heavily affected by the hazardous flood in 2002. Therefore,
a GIS database of economic, social and environmental risk criteria was created. Two different multicriteria decision rules,
a disjunctive and an additive weighting approach, are utilised for an overall flood risk assessment in the area. For implementation,
a software tool (FloodCalc) was developed supporting both, the risk calculation of the single criteria as well as the multicriteria
analysis.
相似文献
Volker MeyerEmail: |
4.
Dorian Speakman 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(1):111-127
A vulnerability index for the Fire Service in the UK has been designed to identify vulnerable locations during episodes of
severe floods. Taking recent case studies with the UK Fire Service, the patterns of vulnerability, in terms of demand on time
and resources, can be explained by investigating the environmental causes and their interaction with the adaptive capacity
of the response agencies.
相似文献
Dorian SpeakmanEmail: |
5.
Perception of flood risk in Danube Delta,Romania 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
For exposed and vulnerable communities, the perception of natural risk is an essential link in the analysis of man–environment
coping relationship and also an important parameter in the quantification of complex vulnerability as a central predictive
variable in the risk equation. The topic of flood risk in related perception is of considerable interest, as some recently
published papers have proven (Messner and Meyer 2005, 2006; Raaijmakers et al. 2008). The aim of the current study is to reveal the conscious and unconscious attitudes towards the flood risk for the inhabitants
of the Danube Delta/Romania. These attitudes, defined by different degrees of psychological vulnerability, represent the background
for a series of psycho-behavioural patterns that generate certain adjustment mechanisms and strategies. Application of a specially
designed questionnaire and the statistical analysis of the results revealed two psychological factors as essential in establishing
the psychosocial vulnerability degree of the interviewed subjects: (i) an internal control factor and (ii) an external control
factor. The persons characterized by inner control have a significantly reduced general anxiety level in comparison to individuals
with the control factor placed externally. As confidence diminishes, it increases the tendency of the individual to rely on
the external factors for support and security. The lack of resources (indicating lower resilience) and mistrust in the support
given emphasizes non-adaptive behaviours.
相似文献
Iuliana ArmaşEmail: |
6.
Mediterranean flash flood transfer through karstic area 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Vincent Bailly-Comte Hervé Jourde Axel Roesch Séverin Pistre 《Environmental Geology》2008,54(3):605-614
Karstic aquifers influence flash floods propagation in Mediterranean countries. Near Montpellier, Southern France, discharge
data are recorded on the Coulazou River upstream and downstream of the Aumelas Causse. Two gauging stations are used to describe
the hydrodynamics of this binary karstic system. The first station characterizes the non-karstic catchment area. The second
one is representative of the karstic part of the watershed. Records since April 2004 are used to understand how the river
interacts with a karstic aquifer. Hydrograph analysis of three flash flood events is described. Corresponding discharge time
series recorded at the two gauging stations are used to describe the modification of the hydrographs by auto- and crosscorrelations
analyses. Finally, linear system analyses are used to provide the transfer functions of this binary karstic system according
to the three flood events characteristics (initial conditions, volume, spatial distribution of rainfall, etc.). Theses functions
summarize the hydrodynamic behaviour of the system: their shapes are indicative of the dynamics of the storage, the release
and the contribution to surface waters.
相似文献
Vincent Bailly-ComteEmail: |
7.
Consideration of natural hazards in the design and risk management of industrial facilities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Recent chemical accidents precipitated by natural disasters have prompted governments in the United States, Japan, and Europe,
among other countries, to re-evaluate current practices in the design and risk management of industrial facilities. This paper
presents an overview of natural hazard design considerations and external events risk management requirements in the industrial
sector, with particular emphasis on industrial practices in the United States, Japan, and Europe. The analysis shows that
although regulations exist to ensure industrial plant structures are built to resist natural hazards (up to the design level),
there are few laws to address the performance of non-structural elements and safety and emergency response measures during
a natural disaster. Laws usually also refer to natural hazards only indirectly, and provisions to prevent or respond to simultaneous
disasters from single or multiple sources concurrent with the natural disaster are usually not present.
相似文献
Ana Maria CruzEmail: |
8.
Methods for the estimation of loss of life due to floods: a literature review and a proposal for a new method 总被引:9,自引:5,他引:4
This article deals with methods for the estimation of loss of life due to flooding. These methods can be used to assess the
flood risks and to identify mitigation strategies. The first part of this article contains a comprehensive review of existing
literature. Methods have been developed for different types of floods in different regions. In general these methods relate
the loss of life in the flooded area to the flood characteristics and the possibilities for evacuation and shelter. An evaluation
showed that many of the existing methods do not take into account all of the most relevant determinants of loss of life and
that they are often to a limited extent based on empirical data of historical flood events. In the second part of the article,
a new method is proposed for the estimation of loss of life caused by the flooding of low-lying areas protected by flood defences.
An estimate of the loss of life due to a flood event can be given based on: (1) information regarding the flood characteristics,
(2) an analysis of the exposed population and evacuation, and (3) an estimate of the mortality amongst the exposed population.
By analysing empirical information from historical floods, new mortality functions have been developed. These relate the mortality
amongst the exposed population to the flood characteristics. Comparison of the outcomes of the proposed method with information
from historical flood events shows that it gives an accurate approximation of the number of observed fatalities during these
events. The method is applied to assess the consequences for a large-scale flooding of the area of South Holland, in the Netherlands.
It is estimated that the analysed coastal flood scenario can lead to approximately 3,200 fatalities in this area.
相似文献
A. C. W. M. VrouwenvelderEmail: |
9.
This article examines the spatial dependence among housing losses due to tornadoes using data from the May 1999 Oklahoma City
tornado. In order to examine the existence of spatial dependence and its impacts on the damage analysis, we compare an estimation
based on a traditional ordinary least square model with the general spatial model. The results show that housing damage in
this disaster area is highly correlated. Monetary losses not only depend on the tornado that struck residences, but are related
to the damage magnitudes of neighboring houses. Average losses as well as the loss ratio increase with the Fujita Scale damage
rating. We conclude that the general spatial model provides unbiased estimates compared to the ordinary least square model.
In order to construct appropriate home insurance policies for tornado disasters or to improve the damage resistance capabilities
of houses, it is necessary for insurance underwriters and builders to consider spatial correlation of tornado damage.
相似文献
Yongsheng Wang (Corresponding author)Email: |
10.
The present state-of-the-art for natech risk and management is discussed. Examples of recent natechs include catastrophic
oil spills associated with Hurricane Katrina and hazardous chemical releases in Europe during the heavy floods of 2002. Natechs
create difficult challenges for emergency responders due to the geographical extent of the natural disaster, the likelihood
of simultaneous releases, emergency personnel being preoccupied with response to the natural disaster, mitigation measures
failing due to the effects of the natural disaster, and others. Recovery from natechs may be much more difficult than for
“normal” chemical accidents, as the economic and social conditions of the industrial facility and the surrounding community
may have been drastically altered by the natural disaster. Potential safeguards against natechs include adoption of stricter
design criteria, chemical process safeguards, community land use planning, disaster mitigation and response planning, and
sustainable industrial processes, but these safeguards are only sporadically applied. Ultimately, the public must engage in
a comprehensive discussion of acceptable risks for natechs.
相似文献
Ana Maria CruzEmail: |
11.
Melt inclusion formation mechanisms and compositional effects in high-An feldspar and high-Fo olivine in anhydrous mafic silicate liquids 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Important aspects of melt inclusion formation and potential compositions effects have been addressed through a series of experiments using anorthite/fosterite saturated anhydrous mafic liquids. Experimental charges were cooled from 1,300 to 1,230 and 1,210°C at rates of 1–10°/min followed by 0–24 h isothermal periods. Hopper and skeletal crystal morphologies with variable degrees of completeness developed during the cooling period. Planar overgrowth of these textures during isothermal periods led to the formation of inclusions, the majority of which formed after 6 h of isothermal run time. We suggest that the change in morphologies is related to a decrease in growth rates and changes in dominant growth mechanisms. In general, inclusion compositions were uniform and similar to the host glass, indicating that with the isothermal times required for most inclusions to form, a boundary layer was not entrapped that could be detected within the limits of our analyses.
相似文献
Edward KohutEmail: Phone: +1-541-7373023Fax: +1-541-7371200 |
Roger L. NielsenEmail: Phone: +1-541-7371235 |
12.
Concern for natural hazard-triggered technological disasters (Natech disasters) in densely populated and industrialized areas
is growing. Residents living in urban areas subject to high natural hazard risk are often unaware of the potential for secondary
disasters such as hazardous materials releases from neighboring industrial facilities, chemical storage warehouses or other
establishments housing hazardous materials. Lessons from previous disasters, such as the Natech disaster during the Kocaeli
earthquake in Turkey in 1999 call for the need to manage low frequency/high consequence events, particularly in today’s densely
populated areas. However, there is little guidance available on how local governments and communities can assess Natech risk.
To add to the problem, local governments often do not have the human or economic resources or expertise to carry out detailed
risk assessments. In this article, we propose a methodology for preliminary assessment of Natech risk in urban areas. The
proposed methodology is intended for use by local government officials in consultation with the public. The methodology considers
possible interactions between the various systems in the urban environment: the physical infrastructure (e.g., industrial
plants, lifeline systems, critical facilities), the community (e.g., population exposed), the natural environment (e.g., delicate
ecosystems, river basins), and the risk and emergency management systems (e.g., structural and nonstructural measures). Factors
related to vulnerability and hazard are analyzed and qualitative measures are recommended. Data from hazardous materials releases
during the Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999 are used as a case study to demonstrate the applicability of the
methodology. Limitations of the proposed methodology are discussed as well as future research needs.
相似文献
Norio OkadaEmail: |
13.
Spatial and temporal knowledge representation 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Antony Galton 《Earth Science Informatics》2009,2(3):169-187
Knowledge Representation (KR) originated as a discipline within Artificial Intelligence, and is concerned with the representation
of knowledge in symbolic form so that it can be stored and manipulated on a computer. This article surveys that part of KR
that is concerned with the representation of space and time, with particular reference to the use of such representations
in geographical information science.
相似文献
Antony GaltonEmail: |
14.
The regionalization of urban natural disasters in China 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jing-ai Wang Pei-jun Shi Xiang-sheng Yi Hui-cong Jia Lai-yin Zhu 《Natural Hazards》2008,44(2):169-179
An integrated urbanization level (CL) index and an integrated natural disaster intensity (QC) index were developed on the
basis of Disaster System Theory and China Natural Disaster Database for integrated urban disaster risk assessment. Integrated
quantitative assessments of the urban socio-economic system and the intensity of hazards in China were carried out by the
Model-Tupu (map series) and inter-feedback process using digital map technology. On the basis of this assessment, China can
be regionalized into three regions, namely, coastal urban disaster region, eastern urban disaster region and western urban
disaster region, 15 sub-regions and 22 units. These results can provide a scientific basis for determining a city’s disaster
risk management and natural disaster relief regionalization in China.
相似文献
Pei-jun ShiEmail: |
15.
Space Physics Interactive Data Resource—SPIDR 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mikhail Zhizhin Eric Kihn Rob Redmon Dmitry Medvedev Dmitry Mishin 《Earth Science Informatics》2008,1(2):79-91
SPIDR (Space Physics Interactive Data Resource) is a standard data source for solar-terrestrial physics, functioning within
the framework of the ICSU World Data Centers. It is a distributed database and application server network, built to select,
visualize and model historical space weather data distributed across the Internet. SPIDR can work as a fully-functional web-application
(portal) or as a grid of web-services, providing functions for other applications to access its data holdings.
相似文献
Mikhail ZhizhinEmail: |
16.
David R. Legates 《GeoJournal》2007,70(1):15-19
An Inconvenient Truth (AIT) has earned Al Gore an Oscar and a share of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize and has been widely acclaimed by the mass media.
However, significant errors exist in the film, owing to alarmism and exaggeration. As this forum does not provide for a detailed
examination of these errors, this paper will focus only on the portrayal of the hydrologic cycle by AIT—precipitation and
floods, soil moisture and droughts, and storminess. AIT argues that precipitation and intense rainfalls, floods, droughts,
and the total number, intensity, and duration of tropical cyclones have all increased due exclusively to anthropogenically-driven
climate change; indeed, AIT paints a picture of near scientific certainty with an overwhelming bias toward catastrophe scenarios.
A closer look at the science, however, reveals that the data do not support these claims and that the scientific community
is divided as to what the impact of anthropogenic climate change on the hydrologic cycle will be. Thus, the film gives a false
impression of both the current state of climate change and that ‘the science is settled’.
相似文献
David R. LegatesEmail: |
17.
This paper describes an application of the geographic information system (GIS) technology to a ground stability assessment
in the karst area of Dzerzhinsk, Russia. In the stability analysis, the groundwater level changes in the karst aquifer could
cause suffosion sinkholes when the gravitational force was greater than the soil strength. The GIS technology was used to
combine various data and to delineate the zones of potential gravitational collapse and suffosion collapse in the area.
相似文献
V. V. TolmachevEmail: |
18.
An increasingly utilized strategy for expanding conservation in the developing world has been the promotion of protected areas
that supersede national borders. Alternatively known as transfrontier biosphere reserves, transfrontier or transboundary conservation
areas, or Peace Parks, these protected areas are aggressively advanced by conservation agencies for their purported ecological
and economic benefits. This article provides a comparative assessment of two case studies to understand the various impacts
of transboundary conservation. The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park, which unites protected areas in South Africa, Mozambique
and Zimbabwe, is contrasted with efforts to protect jaguars along the United States–Mexico border. We argue that while these
cases are promising for the purposes of biodiversity protection, they demonstrate that transboundary conservation can minimize
political context, contributes to the hegemony of international conservation agendas, and remains closely linked to economic
neoliberalism and decentralization in the developing world.
相似文献
Brian KingEmail: |
19.
The aim of this paper is to use an economic framework to derive decision making rules for river basin management with a focus on groundwater resources. Using an example from northern Nigeria, the paper provides an example of how decision making for sustainable water resources management may be facilitated by comparing net benefits and costs across a river basin. It is argued that economic tools can be used to assess the value of water resources in different uses, identify and analyze management scenarios, and provide decision rules for the sustainable use and management of surface and ground water resources in the region.
相似文献
Gayatri AcharyaEmail: |
20.
Predicting environmental conditions to minimise salt damage at the Tower of London: a comparison of two approaches 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Clifford A. Price 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(2):369-374
The paper compares the results of two studies of salt damage at the Wakefield Tower, Tower of London. The first, in 1993,
was based on semi-quantitative salt analysis and hygroscopicity measurements. The second was based on quantitative analysis
and a thermodynamic model, ECOS. Both studies aimed to predict environmental conditions that would minimise salt damage to
the interior stonework. Their predictions are markedly different, and this paper examines the reasons for the differences.
It is shown that hygroscopicity alone is not a reliable indicator of crystallisation from mixed salt solutions.
相似文献
Clifford A. PriceEmail: |