SNB—90型泥浆泵安全阀的改进

根据河北地质六队制作水泥弹用于堵漏的经验，去年我队试制成功了用塑料管制作堵漏水泥弹，可以一次出成品，质量好，水泥弹表面光滑，制作方法简便。     

关井注水泥堵漏技术

对漏失严重的井，用常规的平衡法注水泥堵漏效果不甚理想，针对其缺点，根据平衡原理和地层破裂压力状况，提出注水泥堵漏时将钻杆下至漏层顶部以上一定高度，采取关井注水泥、替泥浆和不循环起钻，较好地解决了大漏井的堵漏问题，施工3口井均获成功。     

鹤岗煤层气HE-02井堵漏方法浅析

鹤岗煤层气项目HE-02钻井采用金刚石绳索取芯钻进，在侏罗系石头庙子组南岭砾岩层段，因构造原因，分别在238、272、292m处存在较大的漏失段，井液漏失严重。为保证正常钻进，先后采用了制球堵漏、镶嵌堵漏、快干水泥局部封堵、191^#树脂水泥封堵和水泥高压注浆封堵。经实践验证，在地层压力较大的承压漏水层段，前几种堵漏效果不明显，唯有水泥高压注浆封堵见效快，质量可靠。     

二次拟合法数学模型在水泥优选配方中的应用

一、问题的提出D_L型水泥减阻剂的研制成功为地质钻探水泥护壁堵漏施工中改善浆液流动性、调查可泵性、满足泵送灌注要求提供了理想的水泥外加剂。通过现场生产试用表明：D_L减阻剂的应用，不仅提高了钻孔护壁堵漏的成功率，而且为安全施工、缩短候凝时间、进而间接地提高钻速、降低成本提供了有利条件和保证。在生产实践和室内探索试验中，欲合理使用水泥外加剂，需要解决的一个重要问题乃是如何选用不同品种的水泥，其次为根据水泥护壁堵漏的不同目的和条件，达到在灌注施工中满足浆液各性能（流动度、可泵性、初终凝时间，以及不同时期的强度     

滕口水库岩溶坝基灌浆堵漏工程实践

根据汝州市滕口水库坝基渗漏特性的不同有针对性地实施堵漏施工,坝体坝基结合部采取多孔联合灌注、速凝封闭待凝方法;坝基断层裂隙带采取聚丙烯酰胺-惰性材料与水泥-聚丙烯酰胺复合浆液灌注方法;坝前渗漏点与深部绕坝渗漏带采取速凝砂浆灌注、间歇待凝方法,堵漏工程的实施有效解决了该水库存在的岩溶渗漏问题。     

浩布高矿区复杂地层钻进护壁堵漏技术

介绍了浩布高矿区复杂地层钻进中所采取的护壁堵漏技术措施。根据岩层及孔深情况采用了套管护壁堵漏、冲洗液护壁堵漏、水泥封孔护壁堵漏等措施,在实际工作中均收到了较好的效果。套管护壁堵漏简洁、护壁安全可靠;冲洗液护壁堵漏所用的人工钠土低固相泥浆对孔内坍塌、掉块具有较高的抑制功能;水泥封孔护壁堵漏效果好。套管护壁堵漏及水泥封孔护壁堵漏为绳索取心使用无固相钻井液钻进创造了条件,能有效地提高钻进效率。施工中根据钻孔实际情况所采取相应的堵漏措施,收到了良好的效果。     

水泥-粘土浆液护壁堵漏工艺研究及其工程应用

钻探工程中钻孔漏失常用纯水泥浆液进行堵漏,而针对矿区复杂地层钻进,漏失严重,易垮孔卡钻,为防止漏失及井内事故发生,必须使用高效的水泥堵漏浆液及合理的堵漏工艺。以道真新民铝土矿区为例,对水泥-粘土浆液护壁堵漏工艺进行研究,分析了水泥浆液中加入膨润土、水玻璃、减水剂后性能的变化规律,得出水泥堵漏浆液的优化配方。实际工程应用中取得了良好效果,大大提高了钻进效率。     

水泥护壁堵漏概况分析

水泥在钻探工程中的应用历史起码有五十多年了。各种钻井方法均有采用水泥进行固井(油井和水井)、堵漏、护壁、封孔、止水,甚至纠斜和处理井内事故等等。实践证明,泥浆和水泥是当前复杂地层钻进中护壁堵漏的最基本材料。特别是这几年来,我国岩心钻探工作中,使用水泥护壁堵漏得到很大发展,灌注成功率越来越高。在小口径金刚石钻孔中也正在逐步推广应用。我国水泥工业生产了许多新的水泥品种(如快硬早强水泥、矾土水泥等等)和新的水泥速凝早强剂(如红星一号、711型等),为岩心钻探注水泥护壁堵漏工作,提供了有     

PAM—粘土—地勘水泥交联堵漏的应用

我队从1682年在黄山东矿区开始探矿施工，主要困难是绝大部分钻孔严重漏失，几乎孔孔都是多层漏失，有的钻孔出现300米长孔段连续漏失。由于钻孔漏失严重，阻碍了探矿生产各项经济技术指标的提高。为解决漏失问题、近几年来我队采用了R型地勘水泥堵漏。但是对小裂隙、长孔段和漏失部位不明确的漏失地层，其堵漏效果不好。经PAM—粘土—地勘水泥交联堵漏，效果良好。     

用水泥弹堵漏

处理钻孔漏水是目前钻探工作中较复杂的一项工艺，往往占用较长的时间和耗用大量堵漏材料，为解决护壁堵漏问题，我们研制成一种货源充足、成本低、操作简便的水泥弹（见附图，φ75，长450毫米）堵漏方法，经四个钻孔的试验，取得了较好效果。     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin, Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr,Ga,Ni,Zn,Mo,Cu, Pb,Yb,Y,Nb,Ti,Sr,Ba,Mn,Sc,Co,V,Zr,Fe,Al,W,Se,Bi,Sb,As,Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated.The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups.Of these,concentrations of 12 elements(As,Bi,Cd,Co,Ga,Mo,Nb, Sb,Se,Sc,W and Yb)are below zero [(0.053-0.79)×10~(-6)];concentrations of seven elements(Cr,Ni, Pb,V,Y,Zr and Cu)are(1.0-6.0)×10~(-6);concentrations of four elements(Ti,Mn,Ba and Zn)are 10- 20×10~(-6);and concentrations of five elements(Si,Al,Fe,Mg and Sr)are(47.44-268.11)×10~(-6).The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina(Linné),Pitar-rudis(Poll),Nassarius reticulatus(Linné),Venerupis senescens (Coocconi),Mytilus galloprovincialis(Lamarck),Mytilaster lineatus(Gemelin in Linné)and Chlamys glabra.It was found that,in mollusk taxonomy,the elements have unique values.In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks.In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment.Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

中国煤中的九种金属元素

在煤的加工利用过程中,煤中金属元素进入大气、水体和土壤,以致污染环境,这是人们关心的事。本文将介绍镉、钴、铬、铜、锰、钼、镍、铅、锌等九种元素在我国煤中的分布和赋存情况。     

Selenium and heavy metals content in some Mediterranean soils

The study of metal contents in industrial, agricultural or/and polluted soils compared with natural or unpolluted soils is currently necessary to obtain reference values and to assess soil contamination. Nonetheless, very few works published appear in international journals on elements like Se, Li and Sr in Spanish soils. This study determines the total levels of Se, Li, Sr, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, V, Zn, Fe, Mn and Ba in 14 natural (unpolluted) soils (Gypsisols, Leptosols, Arenosols and Acrisols), 14 agricultural soils (Anthrosols, Fluvisols and Luvisols), and 4 industrial–urban affected-surface soil horizons (Anthrosols and Fluvisols) of Eastern Spain. The geochemical baseline concentrations (GBC) and reference values (RV) have been established, and the relationships among elements and also between soil properties and elemental concentrations have been analysed. The RV obtained in this study were (mg kg⁻¹): Se 2.68, Li 115, Sr 298, Cd 0.97, Co 35, Cr 217, Cu 46, Ni 50, Pb 137, V 120, Zn 246, Fe 124,472, Mn 2691, and Ba 743. The RV for Se and Li were used as a preliminary approach to assess soil contamination in Spanish soils. The results confirm human impact on Sr, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn soil concentrations, but evidence no deviation from natural Se, Li, Co, V, Fe, Mn and Ba concentrations. The results obtained from the statistical analysis reveal significant correlations between some elements and clay and soil organic matter (SOM) contents, indicating that metal concentrations are controlled by soil composition. One particularly interesting finding is the high correlation coefficients obtained between SOM and Se, Cd, Cr, V, Fe, and Mn, and between clay and Cd, Zn, V, Fe and Mn. Once again, these facts confirm the role of SOM and clay minerals in soil functions and that soil is an ecosystem element responsible for maintaining environmental quality.     

Synthesis and Preliminary Characterisation of New Silicate, Phosphate and Titanite Reference Glasses

Eleven synthetic silicate and phosphate glasses were prepared to serve as reference materials for in situ microanalysis of clinopyroxenes, apatite and titanite, and other phosphate and titanite phases. Analytical results using different micro-analytical techniques showed that the glass fragments were homogeneous in major and trace elements down to the micrometre scale. Trace element determinations using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), multi-collector inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS), laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and secondary ionisation mass spectrometry (SIMS) showed good agreement for most elements (Li, Be, B, Cs, Rb, Ba, Sr, Ga, Pb, U, Th, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Zr, Hf, Ta, Nb) studied and provide provisional recommended values.     

Geological characteristics of the Sizhuang gold deposit in the region of Jiaodong, Shandong Province——A study on tectono-geochemical ore prospecting of ore deposits

Tectono-geochemical samples were systematically collected from 5 drillcores along the No. 304 explora-tion line and at the -310 m level under the pit in the mining area, totalling 705 samples from the metamorphic rocks, granites, altered rocks and orebodies, and were determined for their contents of 20 kinds of elements including Au, Ag, As, Sb, Hg, Cu,,Pb, Zn, Sn, Bi, Mo, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, Ba, Rb, Sr, etc. By using the Surfer software the geochemical exploration line profile maps for the 20 kinds of elements and the curves for the element geochemical contents of individual ore vein groups were established. In conbination with the geochemical map analytical method and Gregorian’s zoning index calculation method, the vertical, longitudinal and lateral zonation sequences of the elements were ascertained and the geochemical three-dimentional zonation model of the primary halos was estab-lished on the basis of the analysis of metallogenic structures and alteration zonation. Coupled with the results of analysis of the geology and geochemistry data, it may be concluded that the process of alteration of granites in the mining area is also accompanied with the process of gold enrichment and mineralization. With the intensification of alteration of granites from granite →potash feldspathization granite →sericite-quartz alteration granite, seric-ite-quartz rocks →beresitized granite, pyrite sericite-quartz rock, silicified granite →gold ore, the contents of thio-phile ore-forming elements such as Au, Ag, As, Cu, Bi, Mo, Pb, Sb, Hg, and Sn tended to increase. Factor analysis of trace elements indicated: factor F2 (Au, Ag, Cu, Sn, As) represents the element association brought in at the main stage of hydrothermal metallogenesis; factor F4 (Bi, Sb) and factor F5 (Pb, Zn) represent the ore-forming element association supperposed during the late stage of Au-bearing sulfides. By using the Gregorian’s zoning index and map analysis method we have ascertained the primary halo axial zonation sequence (form frontal halo →tail halo): Pb, Zn, Mn, Ba, Sr, Rb, As, Sb, Ag, Cu, Sn, Mo, Au, Bi, Hg, Ti, Cr, V, Ni, and Co. The geochemical anomalies in the mining area display a tendency of lateral plunging to WS, which is consistent with the lateral plunging of orebodies and mineralization alteration zone. Comprehensive analysis of the results of investigations on ore-controlling structures, mineralization-alteration zonation and geochemical zonation of the primary halos indicates that the gold orebodies in this area are still of greater extension.     

Geochemical and mineralogical properties of sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments in Finland

 The geochemical and mineralogical characteristics of bulk samples and various size fractions of sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments in the Petalax area, western Finland, were studied with ICP-AES (aqua regia digestion and "total" digestion) and X-ray diffraction. The sediments, which are dominated by particles <0.06 mm (clay and silt size), are composed of phyllosilicates (micas, kaolinite, chlorite, vermiculite), quartz, feldspars, amphiboles, organic matter, and secondary S minerals. The chemical analyses show that Na, Ca, and Sr are enriched in the silt and sand fractions, that Zr is enriched in the silt fraction, and that the concentrations of all other studied metals (Al, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Nb, Ni, Sc, Th, Ti, V, Y, and Zn) increase from the sand to the clay fraction. Sodium, Ca, and Sr occur largely in poorly dissolved feldspars, which explains the distribution of these metals in the sediments. The increase in the concentrations of most metals in the clay fraction is interpreted to be the result mainly of an increase in phyllosilicates in this size fraction. A geochemical comparison between the sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments and glacial till shows that the former are enriched in several potentially toxic metals. It is therefore argued that the hydrological and ecological problems associated with the sulfide-bearing sediments are related not only to the production of acidity in oxidized layers, but also to mobilization and dispersion of toxic metals. Strategies to minimize damage of freshwater systems in areas covered with sulfide-bearing fine-grained sediments are suggested. Received: 20 February 1997 · Accepted: 25 August 1997     

Abundances and modes of occurrence of trace elements in the Çan coals (Miocene), Çanakkale-Turkey

This study presents the concentrations and modes of occurrence of trace elements in 81 coal samples from the Çan basin of northwestern Turkey. The concentration of trace elements in coal were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Additionally, traditional coal parameters were studied by proximate, ultimate, X-ray diffraction, and petrographic analyses. Twenty trace elements, including As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Co, F, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se Sn, Th, Tl, U, V, and Zn, receive much attention due to their related environmental and human health concerns. The Çan coals investigated in this study are lignite to sub-bituminous coal, with a broad range of ash yields and sulphur contents. The trace element concentrations show variety within the coal seams in the basin, and the affinities vary among locations. The concentrations of B, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, Co, F, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, Tl, and Zn in Çan coals are within the Swaine's worldwide concentration range, with the exception of As, Th, U, and V. On the other hand, compared with world coals, the Çan basin coals have higher contents of As, B, Cu, Co, Mo, Pb, Th, U, V, and Zn. Based on statistical analyses, most of the trace elements, except for U, show an affinity to ash yield. Elements including As, Cd, Hg, Se, Cu, Mo, Ni, and Zn, show a possible association with pyrite; however, the elements Se, B, and Mo can be have both organic and inorganic associations.     

Taxonomical and Biogeochemical Investigation of Elements in Holocene Mollusk Shells in the South and Southwestern Marmara Basin,Turkey

Concentrations of some heavy metals and trace elements such as Cr, Ga, Ni, Zn, Mo, Cu, Pb, Yb, Y, Nb, Ti, Sr, Ba, Mn, Sc, Co, V, Zr, Fe, Al, W, Se, Bi, Sb, As, Cd in recent mollusk shells and factors affecting their distribution and deposits collected from various depths in the southern and southwestern parts of the Marmara Sea are investigated. The distribution of the elements in the shells is categorized into four groups. Of these, concentrations of 12 elements （As, Bi, Cd, Co, Ga, Mo, Nb, Sb, Se, Sc, W and Yb） are below zero [（0.053-0.79）×10^-6]; concentrations of seven elements （Cr, Ni, Pb, V, Y, Zr and Cu） are （1.0-6.0）×10^-6; concentrations of four elements （Ti, Mn, Ba and Zn） are 10- 20×10^-6; and concentrations of five elements （Si, Al, Fe, Mg and Sr） are （47.44-268.11）×10^-6. The taxonomic characteristics of the 29 elements were studied separately in mollusk shells such as Chamalea gallina （Linn6）, Pitar rudis （Poli）, Nassarius reticulatus （Linn6）, Venerupis senescens （Coocconi）, Mytilus galloprovincialis （Lamarck）, Mytilaster lineatus （Gemelin in Linne） and Chlamys glabra. It was found that, in mollusk taxonomy, the elements have unique values. In other words, element concentrations in various mollusk shells depend mainly on the taxonomic characteristics of mollusks. In various bionomic environments different element distributions of the same species are attributed to the different geochemical characters of the each environment. Data obtained in this study indicate that the organisms are the most active and deterministic factors of the environment.     

内潮汐沉积研究及其存在的问题

内潮汐沉积是深水沉积研究中的一个非常年轻的研究领域,自1990年发现首例内潮汐沉积以来,沉积学工作者做了 大量不懈的努力,不仅发现了一系列内潮汐沉积实例,而且还对已发现的内潮汐沉积的特征、垂向序列和沉积模式进行了 总结,同时还认为内潮汐沉积可能成为油气潜在的良好储层。但是到目前为止,发现的内潮汐沉积的研究实例十分有限, 因此,内潮汐沉积研究中还存在一系列的尚待解决的问题。首先是内潮汐沉积的鉴别标志和识别方法尚不完善;其次是目 前尚缺少现代内潮汐沉积的典型实例研究,难以全面认识内潮汐对沉积作用的影响;第三是沉积学研究尚未将海洋物理学 的相关研究成果应用在内潮汐沉积的研究中,也未开展相关的内潮汐沉积实验模拟研究,更未利用地层记录中内潮汐沉积 特征反演内潮汐的物理特征,从而制约了内潮汐沉积的形成过程、形成机理、形成条件和形成环境的研究;第四是对内潮 汐沉积的研究意义认识不足。在下一步的研究中,应结合海洋物理学的相关研究成果对现代内潮汐沉积进行观察和研究, 同时开展相关的内潮汐沉积的实验模拟研究,并对古代内潮汐沉积进行反演研究。此外,还应将理论研究与油气等资源研 究相结合,从而更好地促进内潮汐沉积研究的发展。     

Determination of major and trace elements in European bottled mineral water — Analytical methods

A total of 1785 European bottled water samples were analyzed using standard laboratory methods. The bottled water samples were purchased in 2008 at supermarkets throughout 40 European countries. The samples were analyzed for 71 chemical parameters (As, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Dy, Er, Eu, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ge, Hf, Hg, Ho, I, K, La, Li, Lu, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Te, Th, Ti, Tl, Tm, U, V, W, Y, Yb, Zn, Zr, Br⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, F⁻, NH₄⁺, NO₂⁻, NO₃⁻, PO₄³⁻, SO₄²⁻, SiO₂, pH, and EC) by quadrupole inductively coupled emission spectroscopy (ICP-QMS, trace elements), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES, major elements), ion chromatography (IC, anions), atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS, Hg), titration (alkalinity), photometric methods (NH₄⁺), potentiometric methods (pH), and conductometric methods (specific electrical conductivity, EC). A very strict quality control procedure was followed by analysing blanks, international reference materials, an internal project standard, and duplicate analyses, as well as by analysing 23 elements by both ICP-QMS and ICP-AES. Analysis of marketed bottled water from springs, wells or boreholes, apart from the evaluation of its quality with respect to inorganic elements, it may provide a cheap alternative to obtain a first impression about groundwater chemistry at the European scale.