面向测图的遥感影像压缩几何质量评价

卫星测图应用中,遥感影像压缩几何质量评价对于制定合理的星上压缩指标具有重要参考意义。该文从影像匹配精度评价、自动生成DSM/DEM的精度评价和摄影测量点定位精度评价方面进行几何质量评价,并分析影像压缩比与不同地形类别的重建影像质量间的关系。试验结果表明,对于国产星上SPIHT压缩算法,在压缩比4∶1的条件下,由重建影像立体像对自动生成的DSM可以满足1∶5万数字高程模型高程中误差最低要求;在压缩比2∶1的条件下,重建影像立体像对摄影测量点定位精度满足所有地形的1∶5万测图规范要求。     

利用FG5绝对重力仪进行南极长城站绝对重力测定

在南极地区进行重力测量是建立高程基准的基础,2005年,在南极长城站进行了绝对重力测量,观测仪器采用FG5绝对重力仪,经固体潮改正、海潮改正、极移改正及气压改正等,精度达±3×10-8m s-2,并同时利用2台LCR相对重力仪进行了重力垂直梯度测量和水平梯度测量。长城站绝对重力测量的实施,对于新一代卫星重力计划如CHAMP、GRACE和GOCE的地面校准及建立南极地区的高精度、高分辨率的大地水准面模型提供了基础数据。     

若尔盖湿地土壤重金属元素含量的遥感反演

土壤中的重金属元素对植物和动物具有一定的毒害作用,测量湿地土壤重金属元素含量,对评估湿地生态系统健康具有重要意义。以光谱分辨率的优势,高光谱遥感可以获取地物的连续光谱信息,可应用于土壤研究。以四川若尔盖国际重要湿地为研究区,在研究区中采集土样,测定土样的5种重金属元素含量;利用偏最小二乘回归(partial least squares regression,PLSR)方法,分析了环境一号卫星上搭载的超光谱成像仪(hyperspectral imaging radiometer,HSI)的地表反射率数据与实测的土壤重金属元素含量的关系;利用原始地表反射率及原始地表反射率曲线的一阶微分值和倒数的对数值,分别建立了预测土壤中5种重金属含量的3个回归模型。结果表明,土壤锌含量的平均值(62.83 mg/kg)最高,镉含量的平均值(0.18 mg/kg)最小;土壤锌含量与铅、铬含量显著相关,土壤铬含量与铜、铅含量显著相关;在3个回归模型中,利用一阶微分值所建立的模型的预测效果最好,土壤5种重金属含量的实测值与预测值都显著相关,其次是利用原始反射率所建立的模型,而利用倒数的对数值所建立的模型的预测结果相对最差,尽管如此,除了镉和铅含量外,其它重金属元素含量的实测值与预测值也都显著相关。利用高光谱遥感技术反演土壤某些重金属元素含量具有可行性,有利于实时掌握湿地土壤重金属含量及其对湿地生态系统健康的影响。     

劈窗算法中Planck方程展开式参数模型的拟合研究

地表温度是地球生态环境的重要指标,劈窗算法是目前利用遥感反演地表温度最为成熟的算法。为求解两个通道参数组成的热辐射方程组,需将Planck辐射方程线性展开以使各通道辐射值与亮温Ti直接相关,可通过引入中间参数Li与亮温Ti以不同的数学关系模型进行拟合。以MODIS数据源为例,对4种不同拟合关系进行分析比较,发现线性和幂函数模型具有较高的精度和稳定性,估计Li的误差范围为0.019~0.197。进一步分析这两个模型在地表温度反演中的误差及对参数的敏感性,结果显示幂函数模型在各种情况下都优于传统的线性模型劈窗算法。     

山东青州市耕地利用方式对土壤养分状况影响研究

通过调查山东省青州市不同耕地利用方式间土壤养分数据,利用数理统计处理软件对土壤养分数据进行处理分析,对耕地利用方式与土壤养分状况之间的关系进行了系统探讨。结果表明,不同耕地利用方式对土壤中有机质、大量元素以及中量元素都有显著的影响。对有机质和大量元素的影响程度为碱解氮>有效磷>全氮>速效钾>缓效钾>有机质;对中量元素的影响程度为交换性钙>交换性镁>有效硅>有效硫;土壤中的微量元素除有效锌、硼在不同耕地利用方式间有差异性外,耕地利用方式的变化对有效锰、铜、铁以及氯离子均没有显著的影响。     

利用高精度GPS动态监测沟蚀发育过程

基于5次连续模拟降雨试验对坡面沟蚀发育过程的模拟和ArcGis9.0空间分析功能,利用高精度GPS动态监测坡面沟蚀发育过程,估算沟蚀发育不同阶段的侵蚀量,分析误差产生的原因及提高精度的途径.结果表明,在高精度GPS测量生成的沟蚀发育不同阶段的5期图像上展现的侵蚀形态与实拍相片完全一一对应,完美反映了坡面侵蚀形态的空间分布及其变化.高精度GPS测量能很好地估算坡面侵蚀量,侵蚀量估算值与实测值之间的误差随沟蚀形态的发育而逐渐减少,5次测量估算的侵蚀量平均误差为7.38%.GPS测量过程中所产生的误差可以通过划分统一测量区域,适当增加测量点,特别是增加对沟壁和沟床的测量点及后期数据处理进行纠正.     

利用IKONOS立体像对提取南极菲尔德斯半岛地区DEM及其精度分析

本文讨论了IKONOS立体像对提取南极菲尔德斯半岛地区的DEM及其精度情况。由于IKONOS不提供基于共线模型所需的卫星星历参数,而提供基于有理函数(RPC)的近似模型,因此点位精度和高程精度主要由RPC模型精度来决定。直接使用RPC模型对参考级(Reference)产品进行DEM提取,其点位精度和高程精度为25m(CE90)、22m(LE90),这种精度不能满足高精度制图的要求。为了提高精度,利用中国第23次南极考察队(2006/2007)采集的控制点对RPC模型进行修正。通过对比分析表明DEM精度明显提高,影像和DEM分别能满足1∶5000比例尺遥感平面图制图要求和1∶10000比例尺地形图制图要求。     

土壤光谱特征分析及盐渍化信息提取——以新疆渭干河/库车河绿洲为例

土壤盐渍化严重制约土地生产力,实时监测土壤盐渍化有利于农业正常生产。选择新疆渭干河—库车河绿洲的光谱反射率数据,研究不同程度盐渍化土壤的光谱特征;并对绿洲所在的库车县的环境与灾害监测预报小卫星的高光谱数据进行盐渍化信息提取。提取步骤为：首先对土壤光谱反射率数据进行14种形式的变换,再与土壤含盐量进行相关分析、逐步回归分析,建立估算不同盐渍化程度的土壤含盐量方程,用均方根误差验证方程的精度;其次,建立植被和土壤波谱库;最后,在波谱库的数据基础上,使用波谱角分类法（SAM）对环境与灾害监测预报小卫星的高光谱数据进行分类。用同步实测数据对分类效果进行精度评价,效果较好,这一结果为今后该区域的高光谱应用奠定了基础,对区域农民耕作方式提出了警示,为区域可持续发展实践提供了参考。     

基于直升机平台的南极非量测数码航空摄影测量技术研究

使用直升机作为飞行平台并应用哈苏H1D非量测数码相机进行南极中山站和拉斯曼丘陵地区摄影测量。通过对非量测相机标定,获取相机的内方位元素,从而可进行航空摄影测量。两个区域的具体试验表明基于直升机平台和非量测数码相机的航空摄影测量可应用于南极等困难地区的地形图测绘。     

基于Sentinel-1A数据在广东省近海海面风场反演应用

采用基于风条纹提取风向的方式,利用地球物理模式函数,基于Sentinel-1A数据,通过CMOD5模型反演2017年3、5、7、12月份广东省近海海域风场。将反演结果与实测数据对比,风速普遍比实测风速大,风速反演的平均绝对误差为1.98 m/s,均方根误差为2.74 m/s,相关系数为0.8。其中3、5、7月的风速较为接近,且平均绝对误差和均方根误差都＜2 m/s,而12月份平均风速＞8 m/s,实测数据与卫星过境时间不完全匹配,导致平均绝对误差和均方根误差都偏大。哨兵一（Sentinel-1A）影像反演结果整体上与实测数据相一致,验证了COMD5反演模型适用于广东省近海高分辨率海洋风场反演,可为下一步估算广东省风能资源储量提供可能。     

Comparison of satellite and air photo based landslide susceptibility maps

Landslide susceptibility maps can be prepared in a variety of ways. Many geoscientists favour the use of an overlay model approach in which several map layers are combined by some arithmetic rules to determine the potential for sliding in an area or region. The resulting susceptibility maps, although based on a subjective weighting of relevant factors, can often be of high accuracy and utility. In order to obtain the relevant input data for this type of analysis, remotely sensed data are often used. To date, susceptibility mapping, just as the mapping of historic and individual landslides, has tended to require higher-resolution imagery. This has somewhat limited the application of landslide susceptibility mapping. While high-resolution air photo or satellite imagery is superior to lower resolution imagery for the purpose of mapping of historic and individual landslides, such higher levels of resolution may not be required for the development of landslide susceptibility maps. In order to determine if medium-resolution satellite imagery, such as SPOT or ASTER, could provide the needed data for landslide susceptibility mapping, a comparison was undertaken of landslide susceptibility model output resulting from the use of stereo NAPP aerial photography versus the use of data obtained from stereo SPOT imagery. The test area selected for this study consisted of two watersheds, Pena Canyon and Big Rock Canyon, situated west of Santa Monica, California, USA, along the Pacific Coast Highway. Both watersheds have a long and well-documented history of landslide activity and sufficient geologic variability and complexity to provide a good test site. The specific overlay model used in this evaluation required input data consistent with the needs of many other models of this type. The model output derived from the two different data sources and presented here in the form of susceptibility maps were virtually identical. Statistical and difference analysis confirmed that both methods of obtaining input data provide similar results and successfully identified landslide prone areas. These results suggest that satellite imagery, in this instance, SPOT images, could potentially be used in lieu of conventional air photos, to evaluate landslide susceptibility. In many situations, especially in the case of remote locations and/or developing countries, this capability should result in substantial savings in terms of time, financial resources, and overall viability.     

三峡库区土地资源的多源信息综合制图法

本方法用来编制1:10万长江三峡库区土地资源评价图,以卫星数据计算机监督分类为基础,配合以野外调查和遥感、非遥感的资料。把这些资料作为多源信息,加以综合后,编制出的土地资源评价图,经实地校核,与SPOT卫星像片、卫星数据计算机监督分类图相套合,准确率分别为88,91,93(％)。     

Mapping Systems and GIS: A Case Study using the Ghana National Grid

The problem of incompatible projections and conversion between mapping systems is of general concern to those involved in the collection of natural resources data. The Ghana National Grid (GNG) is an example of a mapping system that is not defined in image processing and GIS software and for which the transformation parameters are not readily available in the literature. Consequently, integrating GNG topographic map data within a GIS with data derived from other sources can be problematic. In this paper a practical solution for deriving the required transformation parameters to convert from the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) to the GNG system is demonstrated. The method uses a single geodetic control point, available 1:50 000 topographic maps and a SPOT satellite panchromatic image geo-referenced to GNG. The resultant parameters are applied to road survey data in Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) format for overlay with the SPOT image. Despite the approximations made in applying the method, when compared against official estimates of the datum transformation parameters, this relatively simple procedure resulted in estimates that appear acceptable in regard to combining data sets at a nominal scale of 1:50000.     

应用“北京一号”遥感数据计算官厅水库库滨带植被覆盖度

“北京一号”卫星是拥有多方面技术优势的一颗对地观测小卫星。本文在运用“北京一号”、SPOT5、QuickBird遥感图像对官厅水库库滨带植被覆盖度进行综合监测的基础上,对三种不同分辨率的遥感图像进行基于统计的尺度转换,并应用尺度转换的结果修正了“北京一号”图像提取的植被覆盖度。经检验,运用SPOT5和QuickBird图像对“北京一号”图像进行像元分解,将统计结果与“北京一号”图像的提取信息建立统计模型,应用该统计模型可以有效地提高“北京一号”图像提取植被覆盖度的精度。对湿生植被进行样方调查,结果证明运用像元分解和统计模型的方法使“北京一号”提取植被覆盖度的精度较运用植被指数转换模型的计算精度提高了22.7%。应用该方法可以更有效地运用“北京一号”遥感数据进行连续、大面积的植被监测。     

Road network detection from SPOT imagery for updating geographical information systems in the rural–urban fringe

Abstract

Visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite data has been useful for mapping linear features, such as roads and updating land-use changes. However, it would be beneficial to map new road networks digitally from satellite data to update digital databases using semi-automated techniques. In this paper, an algorithm called Gradient Direction Profile Analysis (GDPA) is used to extract road networks digitally from SPOT High Resolution Visible (HRV) panchromatic data. The roads generated are compared with a visual interpretation of the SPOT HRV multispectral and panchromatic data. The technique is most effective in areas where road development is relatively recent. This is due to the spectral consistency of new road networks. As new road networks are those of most interest to the land manager, this is a useful technique for updating digital road network files within a geographical information system of urban areas.     

Applications of multivariate statistical analysis in remote sensing of agriculture

Rasmussen, Kjeld & Olesen, Henrik Hagen: Applications of multivariate statistical analysis in remote sensing of agriculture. Geografisk Tidsskrift 88:100–107. Copenhagen 1988.

Applications of satellite remote sensing to agriculture involve two main objectives, the identification and mapping of crops, including estimation of acreages, and monitoring of plant growth or production factors, aiming at estimation/prediction of yields.

Deterministic models of the interaction of electromagnetic radiation and plant canopies are used to relate the measured reflected or emitted radiation to crop type and agronomically relevant parameters. The great natural variation of reflectance properties of crops does, however, call for use of a statistical approach. The high dimensionality of the data-sets involved, very often more than ten, requires the use of multivariate techniques.

This paper will deal with the use of multivariate statistical techniques for both crop identification and crop monitoring based on high-resolution satellite remote sensing data, such as those produced by Landsat MSS and -TM and SPOT. Emphasis will be placed upon use of statistical methods in classification and on removal of redundancy in multi-dimensional data-sets. The relative merits of deterministic and statistical methods will be discussed as will the possibilities of incorporating spatial information into statistical methods.     

面向对象方法在SPOT5遥感图像分类中的应用--以北京市海淀区为例

SPOT5图像的空间分辨率高,局部异质性较大,采用基于像元的传统方法分类精度低,难以满足实际应用的需要。以北京市海淀区SPOT5图像为例,应用面向对象方法对其进行分类试验,并将该方法与传统基于像元方法的分类结果进行对比分析。结果表明:利用面向对象方法对SPOT5遥感图像进行分类,不仅使分类结果具有丰富的语义信息,有效抑制“椒盐现象”的发生,还可以显著提高分类精度。     

VEGETATION MAPPING USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS

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海岸带地区SPOT卫星影像大气校正方法比较及精度验证

为获得反演海岸带地区地表真实反射率的最佳大气校正方法,分别利用DOS、6S及FLAASH三种模型对SPOT卫星影像进行大气校正,对比分析校正前后影像的典型地物光谱曲线及NDVI指数的变化情况,并对结果进行精度验证。研究表明:三种大气校正模型均能有效去除大气对遥感影像的影响,获取较为准确的地表反射率信息;对比河流、水库、海水、植被、城镇、裸地等六种典型地物校正前后的光谱曲线,与DOS及6S模型相比,FLAASH模型校正结果中各地物反射率差别较大、特征明显,能较好的还原地表真实情况;NDVI指数检验显示,FLAASH模型对地物NDVI响应更强烈,在地物光谱响应特征分析等方面具有更强的优势,是三种模型中最适宜海岸带地区SPOT影像的大气反演方法。研究方法及结论可为同类研究提供参考与借鉴。     

Assessment of land-use and land-cover changes from 1965 to 2014 in Tam Giang-Cau Hai Lagoon,central Vietnam

This study integrates the use of multi-source and multi-resolution remote sensing, topographic and field-based datasets to quantify land-use and land-cover (LULC) changes along a coastal stretch of Thua Thien Hue Province (central Vietnam). The LULC change analysis involves the Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon, the largest lagoon system in Southeast Asia, which is running nearly 70 km along the coast and having about 22,000 ha of water surface.The LULC change analysis was performed by computer-aided visual interpretation for 5 years (1965, 1989, 2000, 2006 and 2014) using satellite imagery from LANDSAT MSS, TM, ETM+ and 8, ASTER and SPOT5. National topographic maps were also used for the 1965 and 2000 years.To adequately represent the LULC features and peculiarities of central Vietnam coastal areas, an adapted CORINE Land Cover nomenclature was used where new 3rd and 4th level classes were adopted. Due to their intrinsic relative high spatial and radiometric resolution, SPOT5 images from 2006 were assumed as a reference for interpretation keys and first delineation. Changes were mapped by editing those vectors representing features which underwent LULC change prior or after 2006. Spatial and temporal changes were analyzed by post-classification approach and validated by ground truth information. High detail object-based classification was finally performed to infer the capability of medium spatial resolution imagery for extracting cadastral scale pond maps. The accuracy of classification was checked by a polygon by polygon comparison with an existing aquaculture facility inventory.Five LULC maps were obtained by applying a legend of 21 classes including two newly defined: “Aquaculture ponds” and “Mangrove forest”. The overall classification accuracy of the LULC map is 85% while the KHAT statistics 0.81 for the year 2006. Accuracy of the object-based aquaculture facilities classification is 84% or better for the SPOT5 imagery and 47.9% for the ASTER imagery. The study provides a synoptic LULC representation for the largest lagoon system of Southeast Asia and delivers quantitative estimates of main changes occurred during the last 50 years. Moreover, it reveals the adaptability of the CORINE Land Cover method outside European environment. Finally, SPOT5 provides good results to map aquaculture features at cadastral scale, even if in some circumstances (e.g. tidal areas), the integration with higher spatial resolution multispectral sensors should be envisaged.