湖相烃源岩中的火山—热液深源物质与油气生成耦合关系研究进展*

陆内湖相烃源岩系是中国含油气盆地广泛发育的一类组分复杂且富含有机质的细粒沉积岩。随着非常规油气资源需求量日益增加,该岩系被作为致密油或页岩油层系受到广泛关注。然而,其极细的粒度增加了精细岩石学、矿物学研究难度,使它长期被简单视为陆源沉积岩。研究发现,该岩系中发育丰富的火山喷发及热液喷流产生的深源物质,并与油气的生成和富集表现出了极强的耦合关系。因此,探索深源物质如何参与烃源岩形成并影响油气生成亟待深入研究。作者详细总结并探讨了国内外近年来关于湖相烃源岩成因以及火山—热液活动带来的深源物质与油气形成关系的现阶段新发现与认识。并结合笔者研究团队基于新疆三塘湖盆地二叠系芦草沟组烃源岩的新发现,采用精细的岩石学、矿物学方法,结合无机和有机地球化学等方法,初步开展了该耦合关系的机理研究。认为火山—热液深源物质参与了烃源岩的沉积与成岩作用,并与正常湖相沉积物共同影响着油气的形成。建议重新认识湖相烃源岩的物质组成,从而拓展陆相生油理论,同时为同类型非常规油气资源勘探开发提供理论指导。     

Garnet Types from the Cazadero Area, California

This is the third in a series of papers on glaucophane schistsfrom the Franciscan Formation near Cazadero, California. Previouspapers describe three distinct types of glaucophane-bearingFranciscan metamorphic rocks near Cazadero. The purpose of this study is to investigate the garnets presentin metamorphic types III (bedrock schists) and IV (tectonicblocks) as defined by Coleman & Lee (1963). Twenty-fourgarnet analyses are presented. Sixteen of these are from (aragonite-bearing)type III glaucophane schists, and eight are from type IV glaucophaneschists. Type IV rocks include California eclogites. Type III rocks include metabasalt, metachert, metashale, meta-ironstone,and metacarbonate that were formed under high pressure and relativelylow temperature. These rocks contain garnets that display awide range of composition, but the dominant molecules representedare consistently almandine, spessartine, and grossular. Type IV rocks are mainly metabasalts that were probably formedunder higher temperatures and pressures than type III rocks.There is a distinct difference between garnets from type IIIrocks and those from type IV (including eclogites); the lattercontainless spessartine and more pyrope, and the dominant moleculesare almandine and grossular. The four analyses of garnets fromCalifornia eclogites have an average pyrope content of aboutten molecular per cent, and they extend the range of compositionreported for eclogite garnets. Quantitative spectrographic determinations of minor elementsare listed for each of the garnets described. The values determinedfor some of the minor elements have a wide range and a capriciousdistribution over a few feet of outcrop area. As a group, both the garnets from type III rocks and those fromtype IV are pyralspites with large contents (as much as 35 molecularper cent) of ugrandite. This unusual admixture of the pyralspiteand ugrandite garnet series may have resulted in part from theconditions (high pressures and relatively low temperatures)under which the enclosing rocks were recrystallized.     

新疆包尔图铜矿赋矿变质岩特征及其地质意义

包尔图铜矿位于和硕县乌什塔拉北山区包尔图至库米什断裂带附近,铜矿体主要赋存于艾木太乌拉短轴背斜轴部附近的中元古界长城系星星峡群(Chxn)变质岩中,受断裂构造控制明显。本亚组地层自背斜轴部向两翼由角闪岩相逐步过渡到绿片岩相。矿区内的变质岩既具有中酸性火山岩类岩石化学的特点又具有沉积成因岩石化学的特点,为沉积岩与火成岩过渡类型。矿区内变质岩的地层学、岩相学及地球化学特征,表明其原岩应为一套海相中酸性、基性火山碎屑岩建造。研究区变质作用以区域变质作用为主,后期又叠加有动力变质作用,变质作用对该矿床的形成起到了重要的作用。     

湖南秀才洞铀矿岩浆岩地质与地球化学特征及成因浅析

湖南秀才洞铀矿位于诸广山北部的鹿井矿田,极具找矿潜力。为进一步查明秀才洞铀矿成矿条件,揭示岩浆岩与成矿作用关系及成矿成岩机制,本文开展了典型矿床地质特征研究,并对矿区典型岩浆岩进行了主量元素、微量元素地球化学分析。结果表明：矿区岩体属酸性岩,具富Si低Ca偏碱特征;微量元素地球化学显示花岗岩富集Nb、U、Th和Ta等高场强元素,贫Sr、Ba、V、Cr、Co、Ni等元素,具典型A型花岗岩特征。岩浆岩及矿石稀土配分曲线均为“平展型”,具强Eu负异常特征,岩浆岩及矿石具有一定的同源性,可以为同一成矿系统。矿体均产于围岩与花岗岩接触带附近,并受断裂构造控制,岩浆岩和地层均提供了一定的铀源。结合矿床特征、成矿地质特征及与岩体的空间关系认为秀才洞铀矿是花岗岩外接触带型铀矿。     

黑龙江省漠河地区火山岩特征及金矿化

漠河地区火山岩分布较广泛,共有３期火山活动。以中基性岩为主,夹有中酸性岩,目前已发现４处与中酸性火山活动有关的岩金矿（化）点,产出受ＮＮＥ,ＮＥ向及环形断裂控制,成矿时代为燕山晚期,属澡－低温火山热液型。     

徐宿弧安徽北段地区矽卡岩型Au-Fe-Cu矿床以及有关的中酸性侵入岩年代学研究

徐宿弧安徽北段地区中酸性岩体由多期次岩浆活动形成,部分岩体中发育一系列矽卡岩型(Fe)-Au-Cu-(Mo)和Fe矿床.对该区域内王场矽卡岩型铁矿床成矿岩体(闪长玢岩)和区内最大的矽卡岩型金矿床(杨桥孜Au-Cu矿床)中的辉钼矿进行了测年研究,获得王场闪长玢岩锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb加权平均年龄为132.1±1...     

西藏措勤盆地下白垩统碳酸盐岩储层特征及评价

本文是以措勤盆地碳酸盐岩为研究对象,利用野外地质实测资料和室内分析化验资料,分析碳酸盐岩储层的岩性特征、储集空间、储层类型、储集性能。对朗山组、川巴组的碳酸盐岩储层进行了评价。认为郎山组厚度大,溶蚀、裂缝发育,在区域上相对稳定,是该区的重点储层,多巴组的储层次之。以此弥补该地区的碳酸盐岩储层研究的空白。     

加拿大拉布拉多铀矿化类型和铀矿勘探潜力

拉布拉多(Labrador)地处加拿大地盾东部边缘,其U矿化类型多样,但最重要的是赋存于变质火山岩和沉积岩内的矿化,主要分布于Makkovik省中心矿带区(CMB)的古元古代表壳岩和侵入岩中。该区矿化有岩浆型(伟晶岩和酸性火山岩)、后生--热液型(有些类似于Fe氧化物--Cu--Au(IOCG)型矿床)、剪切带型(可能是变质--交代成因)和砂质沉积岩中的层状矿化,但未发现典型的不整合型。根据其矿化类型,结合已发现矿床的成矿地质特征和矿化地质资料分析,得出该区的一些成矿远景区有较大的勘探潜力,圈定White Bear湖U矿勘查战略选区和Nash湖U矿勘查战略选区。     

新疆西天山尼新塔格铁矿床地质特征与矿床成因

尼新塔格铁矿床所属的西天山阿吾拉勒成矿带赋存有多个中-大型铁矿,近年来这些铁矿床的成因类型以及它们之间的联系已成为该地区的一个研究热点。为了探讨尼新塔格铁矿床的矿床成因并进一步揭示其成矿过程,本文对该矿床进行了系统的矿物学、岩石学、岩相学及地球化学研究。工程勘探资料显示该矿床赋矿围岩主要为下石炭统大哈拉军山组玄武粗面安山岩、粗面安山岩及安山质火山碎屑岩。根据对围岩蚀变、矿石组构、矿物共生组合的观察,将矿床的形成过程划分为矿浆期和热液期两个主要成矿期。稀土、微量元素地球化学特征显示尼新塔格铁矿区内的矿石与熔岩围岩具有同源性。岩相学及地球化学研究表明,成矿物质主要来源于岛弧环境下形成的玄武质岩浆。综合以上特征,认为尼新塔格铁矿床是由石炭纪岛弧环境下形成的玄武质岩浆分异演化的产物,在成因类型上应属火山岩型岩浆-热液复合成因磁铁矿矿床。     

The phosphate-containing interlayers of the Bazhenov Formation as potential reservoirs

The possible reservoir type of the Bazhenov Formation relative to the intervals enriched in phosphates (apatite varieties) is described in this work. The phosphate rocks are characterized by a highly developed pore space; their porosity can reach up to 14%. Along with this, these rocks have explicit geochemical characteristics of oil-reservoir rocks in comparison with other rock samples in the well. As an example, the productivity index and oil-saturation index for phosphates are twice as high as the background values. The composition of such rocks can slightly vary: fluorine can be observed in phosphate minerals, while the rock is always enriched in organic matter (>8 wt %).     

辽宁朝阳南部蛇纹石石棉矿床成因探讨

本区蛇纹石石棉矿床,前人多认为属岩浆期后中一低温热液交代矿床。笔者通过实地考察,室内分析、鉴定,认为本区蛇纹石石棉矿床属改造型层控矿床。一、成矿地质条件及矿(化)带基本特征本区位于朝阳市西南部,北起灵山庙—谢家杖子,南至上柳树杖子,东起吴大成沟一大柏山,西至波针沟,面积约45km~2。其大地构造位置处于华北地台燕山台褶带北段,朝阳—建昌复背斜中段西翼。区域构造由苏家店—柳树杖子背斜及长茂河子—马家店向斜组成,总体方向北东;主要断层方向与褶皱构造线方向一致。     

山东汤头盆地钾质及钠质火山岩的年代学与地球化学:对华北克拉通岩石圈减薄的启示

山东汤头盆地位于沂沭断裂带南段,盆地内广泛发育以粗安质岩石为主体的晚中生代火山岩,这套岩石主要可归为碱性系列,按化学组成可进一步区分为钾质和钠质二种类型。钾质火山岩的主要岩性为黑云母粗安质火山碎屑岩和潜火山岩,钠质火山岩主要为辉石粗安质潜火山岩,其中钾质火山岩是盆地内火山岩的主体。锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年获得钾质和钠质火山岩的成岩年龄分别为124.0±1.3Ma和106.4±4.0Ma,表明钠质火山岩较钾质火山岩形成晚。在化学组成上,钾质火山岩较钠质火山岩全碱含量更高,二者的K2O+Na2O含量分别为11.02%～11.37%和8.75%～8.93%。它们均富轻稀土和大离子亲石元素,但钾质火山岩较钠质火山岩稀土总量更高,且更富轻稀土,二者的∑REE值分别为360.1×10-6～417.0×10-6和232.3×10-6～291.0×10-6,(La/Yb)N比值分别为62.02～64.66和40.32～40.52。钾质火山岩的Cs、Rb、Ba、Th、U、Pb等大离子亲石元素和Zr、Hf等高场强元素均较钠质火山岩富集,但Sr、Ti的含量偏低。钾质与钠质火山岩均具有富集的Sr-Nd同位素组成特征,但钠质火山岩的ISr值偏低、而εNd(t)值偏高,二者的ISr和εNd(t)值分别为0.7107～0.7119和-15.48～-16.96,以及0.7098和-10.03。元素和Sr-Nd同位素组成的系统分析表明浅部地壳混染对火山岩地球化学特征未产生显著影响,二类火山岩地球化学特征的变异应主要受控于岩浆源区组成的不同,而不是岩浆演化过程的差异所致。二元混合模拟指示二类火山岩均最可能起源因华北克拉通下地壳拆沉而形成的富集地幔的熔融,但钠质火山岩源区含有较高比例的亏损软流圈地幔组分。根据对火山岩地质与地球化学特征的综合分析,表明郯庐断裂持续的引张促使岩石圈减薄,并诱发深部软流圈熔体上涌,这一上涌的软流圈熔体随后又与原先富集的岩石圈地幔混合,从而导致晚期的钠质火山岩源区中含有较高的亏损软流圈地幔组分。火山岩成分由钾质向钠质演化,是软流圈地幔上涌并置换原有岩石圈地幔,最终导致华北克拉通减薄的直接响应。     

Late Archaean Ti–rich,Al–depleted komatiites and komatiitic volcaniclastic rocks from the Murchison Terrane in Western Australia

Greenstone belts in the northern Murchison Terrane of the Yilgarn Craton contain an extensive suite of 2.9–3.0 Ga, porphyritic komatiites and komatiitic volcaniclastic rocks. These unusual Ti–rich Al–depleted komatiites have been sampled at Gabanintha and are characterised by higher incompatible‐element abundances than most suites of Barberton‐type Al–depleted komatiites. They form a petrogenetically related group with similar Ti– and incompatible‐element‐rich, Al–depleted porphyritic komatiites and komatiitic volcaniclastic rocks from Karasjok in Norway, Dachine in French Guiana and Steep Rock‐Lumby Lake in Canada (here called Karasjok‐type komatiites). Their Al–depletion results from magma generation at depths of >250 km in the presence of residual majorite‐garnet. The porphyritic textures and abundance of amygdales and volcaniclastic rocks typical of this type of komatiite are features of hydrous ultramafic magmas. The incompatible‐element‐rich ultramafic rocks from Dachine contain diamonds that were most likely picked up as parent magmas interacted with mantle lithosphere that had been hydrated and chemically modified. Consequently the interaction of Karasjok‐type komatiite magmas with thick, island arc or continental mantle lithosphere may have resulted in their elevated water and incompatible‐element contents. The occurrence of Karasjok‐type komatiite lavas and volcaniclastic rocks in the northern Murchison Terrane suggests that during the Late Archaean that terrane had a hydrated, metasomatised or subduction‐modified mantle lithosphere.     

南祁连盆地木里坳陷油气来源分析:基于DK-9孔岩心样品热模拟实验

南祁连盆地木里坳陷部署的多个天然气水合物钻孔钻遇不同程度的水合物与油气显示伴生现象,指示该地区具有良好的油气勘探前景,有必要对已发现油气显示进行来源分析.由于水合物钻孔深度有限,针对DK-9孔4组油气显示样品,在开展现有烃源岩油源对比基础上,选取中侏罗统、上三叠统各5组代表性低熟烃源岩样品进行热模拟实验,模拟深部烃源岩...     

新疆察布查尔山早石炭世火山岩构造环境判别

察布查尔山位于伊犁-伊赛克湖微板块的南部,出露最老地层为下石炭统大哈拉军山组一套浅海相-陆相基性-酸性火山岩建造.通过岩石学,岩石地球化学分析,该火山岩整体碱度较高,碱性和亚碱性系列共存,正常类型和钾质类型共存,SiO2过饱和或低度不饱和.K2O平均含量3.4%,K2O/Na2O值多大于0.6,中基性岩Al2O3含量多大于16%.玄武岩RbN/YbN值4.5~19.9,属强不相容元素富集型.酸性岩CeN/YbN在5.2~7.2之间,显示地壳熔融特点.结合图解判别,确定早石炭世火山岩形成环境为活动大陆边缘.     

Chronological and Geochemical Characterisitics of Volcanic Rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in the Southern Songliao Basin: Constraints on the Early Cretaceous Evolution of the Songliao Basin

The discoveries of oil and gas reservoirs in the volcanic rocks of the Songliao Basin(SB) have attracted the attention of many researchers. However, the lack of studies on the genesis of the volcanic rocks has led to different opinions being presented for the genesis of the SB. In order to solve this problem, this study selected the volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation in the Southern Songliao Basin(SSB) as the research object, and determined the genesis and tectonic setting of the volcanic rocks by using LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating and a geochemical analysis method(major elements, trace elements, and Hf isotopes). The volcanic rocks of the Yingcheng Formation are mainly composed of rhyolites with minor dacites and pyroclastic rocks. Our new zircon U-Pb dating results show that these volcanic rocks were erupted in the Early Cretaceous(113–118 Ma). The primary zircons from the rhyolites have εHf(t) values of +4.70 to +12.46 and twostage model age(TDM2) of 876–374 Ma. The geochemical data presented in this study allow these rhyolites to be divided into I-type rhyolites and A-type rhyolites, both of which were formed by the partial melting of the crust. They have SiO2 contents of 71.62 wt.%–75.76 wt.% and Al2 O3 contentsof 10.88 wt.% to 12.92 wt.%. The rhyolites have distinctively higher REE contents than those of ordinary granites, with obvious negative Eu anomalies. The light to heavy REE fractionation is not obvious, and the LaN/YbN(average value = 9.78) is less than 10. The A-type rhyolites depleted in Ba, Sr, P, and Ti, with relatively low Nb/Ta, indicating that the rocks belong A2 subtype granites formed in an extensional environment. The adakitic dacites are characterized by high Sr contents(624 to 1,082 ppm), low Y contents(10.6 to 12.6 ppm), high Sr/Y and Sr/Yb ratios, and low Mg# values(14.77 to 36.46), indicating that they belong to "C" type adakites. The adakitic dacite with high Sr and low Yb were likely generated by partial melting of the lower crust under high pressure conditions at least 40 km depth. The I-type rhyolites with low Sr and high Yb, and the A-type rhyolites with very low Sr and high Yb, were formed in the middle and upper crust under low pressure conditions, respectively. In addition, the formation depths of the former were approximately 30 km, whereas those of the latter were less than 30 km. The geochemical characteristics reveal that the volcanic rocks of Yingcheng Formation were formed in an extensional environment which was related to the retreat of subducted Paleo-Pacific Plate. At the late Early Cretaceous Period, the upwelling of the asthenosphere mantle and the lithosphere delamination caused by the retreat of the subducted Paleo-Pacific Plate, had resulted in lithosheric extension in the eastern part of China. Subsequently, a large area of volcanic rocks had formed. The SB has also been confirmed to be a product of the tectonic stress field in that region.     

塔里木北缘与碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床成矿作用研究

塔里木克拉通北缘是我国重要的稀有—稀土金属成矿带,近年来稀有—稀土矿床勘查工作不断取得重大进展,相继勘查和发现了瓦吉里塔格、波孜果儿、依兰里克、阔格塔格、且干布拉克和上户等多个稀有—稀土矿床,使该地区成为我国重要的大型稀有—稀土矿床后备基地。这些稀有—稀土矿床普遍赋存于碱性岩或碱性碳酸岩中,规模多数达到大中型,品位较高。然而,对该区的稀有—稀土矿床的研究程度普遍很低,成矿环境和成矿规律认识不清,缺乏综合性的总体研究。文章在已有的研究成果基础上,结合笔者研究小组近3年的大量野外调研和室内的综合研究,综述了塔里木克拉通北缘主要稀有—稀土矿床的地质特征、分布规律和矿化类型。根据碱性岩形成的不同构造环境将与碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床划分为3种构造类型,即活动陆缘型、板边型和板内型;根据矿化类型将该区矿床进一步划分为与超基性—碱性杂岩有关的稀土矿床、碱性正长岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床、碱性花岗岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床和碱性伟晶岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床4个亚类。在对典型矿床研究的基础之上,初步讨论了研究区碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床的成矿动力学背景、地球化学特征和成矿动力学过程,认为该碱性岩带形成于造山拉张性的构造环境。     

塔里木北缘与碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床成矿作用研究

塔里木克拉通北缘是我国重要的稀有—稀土金属成矿带,近年来稀有—稀土矿床勘查工作不断取得重大进展,相继勘查和发现了瓦吉里塔格、波孜果儿、依兰里克、阔格塔格、且干布拉克和上户等多个稀有—稀土矿床,使该地区成为我国重要的大型稀有—稀土矿床后备基地。这些稀有—稀土矿床普遍赋存于碱性岩或碱性碳酸岩中,规模多数达到大中型,品位较高。然而,对该区的稀有—稀土矿床的研究程度普遍很低,成矿环境和成矿规律认识不清,缺乏综合性的总体研究。文章在已有的研究成果基础上,结合笔者研究小组近3年的大量野外调研和室内的综合研究,综述了塔里木克拉通北缘主要稀有—稀土矿床的地质特征、分布规律和矿化类型。根据碱性岩形成的不同构造环境将与碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床划分为3种构造类型,即活动陆缘型、板边型和板内型;根据矿化类型将该区矿床进一步划分为与超基性—碱性杂岩有关的稀土矿床、碱性正长岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床、碱性花岗岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床和碱性伟晶岩型稀土—铌-钽-锆矿床4个亚类。在对典型矿床研究的基础之上,初步讨论了研究区碱性岩有关的稀有—稀土矿床的成矿动力学背景、地球化学特征和成矿动力学过程,认为该碱性岩带形成于造山拉张性的构造环境。     

海拉尔盆地呼和湖凹陷煤成气资源潜力评价

呼和湖凹陷是海拉尔盆地中一个重要的二级凹陷,其中存在2套主力烃源岩系(大磨拐河组和南屯组),均含有煤层,且煤层生烃条件优越,可以作为煤成气的有效源岩.基于对该凹陷中煤系源岩综合评价,笔者采用三维建模与构造模拟系统(TSM)对该凹陷进行盆地模拟,计算出了该区煤系源岩的生气潜量.研究表明,呼和湖凹陷中部和南部的煤层分布比较广泛,平均厚度为120 m左右;煤系源岩干酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型,属于倾气型烃源岩;该凹陷以未成熟-低成熟阶段的煤系源岩为主,R_o大部分在0.3%～0.9%;凹陷煤成气总量为1.6897×10~(12)m~3,具有很好的勘探开发前景.     

古鄱阳湖陆相盆地沉积与物源相关性特征的研究

本文以古鄱阳湖东北缘陆相盆地与基底母岩物质来源为例,阐述陆相盆地源区的输送和盆地沉积过程存在的紧密相关性.这种相关性最直接的特征是基底母岩区的岩性往往直接控制了盆内沉积物的类型,可以说,有什么样的母岩成份和风化剥蚀的方式,就会在盆内形成什么样类型的沉积物.母岩的风化剥蚀作用始终是盆内沉积源源不断的物质来源,因而根据盆地陆源碎屑岩来自母岩的陆源碎屑组合可以推断源区的母岩类型.研究这种风化与沉积、剥蚀与堆积的相关性特征是陆相盆地供给和充填作用的一大特色.这种相关性研究的深入,不但大大提高地层划分的精度,而且也十分有助于陆相地层的广泛对比.尤其是成盆的早期和晚期的粗碎屑岩系的堆积尤为显著,这是因为粗碎屑岩系中的砾石,最能够直接反映母岩的性质,因而是判断母岩成份、基底抬升程度以及遭受风化剥蚀程度和方式等的标志.