PRAÇAS,PLACE, AND PUBLIC LIFE IN URBAN BRAZIL*

ABSTRACT. This study interprets critical stages in the changing design and landscape of urban squares, or praças, in Brazil and assesses the circumstances of their cultural‐historical production. Urban squares were shaped by, and in the process contributed to and shed light on, several of the country's major social and artistic movements. The history of the square illustrates a theme of European cultural dominance, especially French, that was a product of the colonial experience and neocolonial influences which were overcome only in the twentieth century through spontaneous creative fusion with indigenous Brazilian elements.     

THE LAPWING IN ANDEAN ETHNOECOLOGY: PROXY FOR LANDSCAPE TRANSFORMATION*

The Andean lapwing (Vanellus resplendens Tschudi) prompts rethinking of ethnoecology in neotropical cloud forests and páramos and challenges notions about conservation in mountain protected areas. Using archaeological, historical, and current evidence, I argue that the role of humans in shaping viable high‐mountain bird populations is an important factor in the conservation priorities of tropandean landscapes, particularly in the mountains. The presence of the Andean lapwing demonstrates the intricate linkages between culture and nature in the Andean region. I highlight a paradox of conservation, using the Andean lapwing as the avian indicator of global environmental change as an example of the contest between landscape change, biodiversity, and ethnoecological insights. Landscape stewardship, conservation easements, and cultural landscapes are options for inclusion in the repertoire of scenarios for the survival of healthy avifaunal assemblages in high‐mountain environments that have evolved in synchrony with humans, such as in páramos, cultural landscapes worth protecting in the tropical Andes.     

THE MONUMENT AND THE BUNGALOW

ABSTRACT. Students of human landscapes often view those landscapes as documents and seek to “read” them for cultural and historical meaning. But how does one learn to read landscape? And how can students be taught to do it? After many years of teaching courses about commonplace American landscapes, I have discovered that students must learn two things before they can expect to read human landscapes. First, they must learn to pay attention to commonplace things which most Americans normally ignore. Second, they must master vocabularies that permit them to classify elements in the landscape and to connect small things with larger ideas. Two examples in the landscape of Bellefonte, Pennsylvania—the town's war memorial and a scattering of California bungalows-demonstrate how these ideas work.     

都市历史文化街区游客文化景观感知对重游意愿的影响——以南京夫子庙为例

研究以南京夫子庙为例,从文化景观感知角度出发构建都市历史文化街区旅游者文化景观感知指标体系,探讨其对重游意愿的影响。研究发现,（1）游客文化景观感知分为四个维度：“曲艺表演和手工艺品文化景观感知”、“儒学建筑和名人故居文化景观感知”、“饮食文化和交通工具文化景观感知”、“节庆民俗活动文化景观感知”。（2）夫子庙历史文化街区游客对于文化景观感知的四个维度的认同度均和游客的重游意愿之间都有着显著的相关关系。（3）旅游者对夫子庙节庆民俗活动文化景观以及夫子庙饮食文化和交通工具文化景观的感知到的认同度越高,则其重游的意愿也就越强烈。     

Historical Landscape Change in Yellowstone National Park: Demonstrating the Value of Intensive Field Observation and Repeat Photography

Although transportation and outdoor recreation are well‐recognized aspects of national parks, few studies have explored these aspects from the perspective of human geography as a means of analyzing historical landscape change. This paper offers an innovative synthesis of methods for studying cultural landscape change over time through a case study of the historical geography of transportation, tourism, and outdoor recreation along the Howard Eaton Trail (HET) in Yellowstone National Park. We conducted research through a field course that combined repeat photography, archival research, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and traditional field methods. Results indicate that a combination of repeat photography and other methods can create an effective means of evaluating cultural landscape change; even short field courses provide opportunities for students and faculty to conduct collaborative research that provides powerful, multidimensional, situated‐learning experiences; and repeat photography creates datasets that may benefit future research and teaching.     

从祠堂视角看明至民国初期佛山宗族文化景观的流变和社会文化空间分异

明以来佛山逐渐形成八图土著宗族文化景观和侨寓宗族文化景观并存的格局,对佛山城市空间发展产生影响。通过从古地图和文献中提取历史时期基本空间数据和祠堂等文化景观地理信息,建立佛山历史GIS数据库。以此为基础,通过景观复原、地图再现、空间分析和景观分析等方法,以祠堂景观为视角,解读明至民国初期佛山宗族文化景观时空演变及其所意涵的社会文化空间意义。结果表明:①宋元时期祠堂主要集中在佛山南部大塘涌沿岸,反映出宋代涌入佛山的移民早期多定居在南部;②明代佛山镇祠堂数量急增,表现出聚落空间由南部向中部扩展的趋势,祠堂景观基本形成了以南部的锦澜、东头、栅下铺和中部的祖庙、黄伞铺为中心的空间格局;③清以后祠堂景观总体空间格局没有大变化,但八图土著宗族内部产生的裂变促使土著祠堂景观发生空间扩散。土著祠堂与侨寓祠堂景观空间上既互补又相互混杂,说明随着侨寓的大量进入,土著传统血缘空间被打破,地缘、业缘等因素增强,这正适应了佛山城市化发展的大趋势。     

历史文化名城文化多样性保护的景观生态学视角——以佛山市为例

历史文化名城负载着丰富的文化物种,对名城的保护是城市发展的重要任务,而文化多样性保护是名城保护的基础.以佛山市为例,用景观生态学视角,从文化景观斑块、文化景观廊道和文化景观基质的角度对名城的文化传承、文化物种和文化生态多样性进行研究.并结合城市文化生态系统的动态性,从文化景观的文化适应、文化传承、文化创新等方面探讨了景观规划和管理的方法和景观模式,这有助于拓展历史文化名城保护研究的视野,并通过名城文化多样性保护的景观格局实现,以达到历史文化名城的可持续发展.     

基于GIS的承德乡村地名文化景观空间分布特征

将承德地区乡村地名作为离散点,以GIS中移动搜索法的点距离空间平滑分析法为支撑,从地理区域这一角度分析地名文化景观空间分布特征。研究发现：承德地区自然类景观,以“山”、“水文”、“动植物”命名的地名分布主要位于中低海拔高度的平坦地区;承德地区乡村地名文化景观划分为军事活动类、经济活动类、房屋建筑类、美愿与纪念类、满蒙少数民族语言及方言类,其空间分布特征与当地历史时期的军事、生产生活、社会变迁的相对频繁程度以及人口稠密情况基本上相符合。     

THE PARLOR IN THE WILDERNESS: DOMESTICATING AN ICONIC AMERICAN LANDSCAPE*

ABSTRACT. Thirty years ago D. W. Meinig argued that certain landscapes “are part of the iconography of nationhood.” From the earliest European settlement, the North American “wilderness” forged the crucible that shaped U.S. culture. By the early nineteenth century romantic aesthetic theories and nationalistic patriotism influenced American perspectives on the emerging cultural landscape. Artists, writers, and travelers sought out places for their healthful and scenic qualities as well as for moral instruction from nature. The locus of this confluence of politics, philosophy, and art was the Hudson River Valley of New York State. Guesthouses and hotels, especially in and around the Catskill Mountains, accommodated these travelers. This article examines the cultural basis of the mountain resort in its appropriation and marketing of a regional landscape and its incorporation as a national icon, with a specific history of the development of Mohonk Mountain House by the Smiley family from 1869 to 2008.     

城市传统文化旅游地景观格局与景观审美耦合研究——以南京夫子庙秦淮风光带为例

以景观美和生态美的关系研究为基点,选取南京夫子庙秦淮风光带作为城市传统文化旅游地的典型个案,采用景观格局指数和平衡不完全区组比较评判法,实证分析景观格局与景观审美的耦合特征及规律。结果表明：1）案例地整体景观破碎度较高,但不同景观组分受到人为干扰的程度不同,景观斑块的多样性和异质性较为适中,但斑块面积、空间分布及空间集聚度存在结构性差异;2）本地居民对夫子庙秦淮风光带的景观审美感知较好,但更偏好“十里秦淮”优美的自然风光及蕴含丰厚城市记忆要素的历史建筑和文化景观;3）总体上,景观格局与景观审美存在耦合互补与和谐共生的关系。夫子庙秦淮风光带历史文化积淀深厚,但在城市化快速发展的时代背景下,文化特色不断缺失,“去地方化”进程不断加快,作为城市传统文化旅游地的典型代表,其担负的城市记忆和文化传承功能,应该引起学界和社会各界的广泛关注。     

A FELT GEOGRAPHY*

In this article I revisit a literary‐audio work I created in collaboration with a Vancouver composer for Intersections, a new music series organized by the Western Front in Vancouver, Canada. We spliced together recorded interview material with composed music to craft a site‐specific acoustic landscape. This work is presented as a site in which to explore creative, experimental ways of restaging memory and of bringing experiential landscapes more fully to life, immersing public audiences in the felt histories of the city.     

论云南古镇美学价值在旅游开发中的运用

通过回顾文献资料、实地走访调研等方法,对云南古镇的自然景观美和人文景观美进行分析研究.并以云南腾冲和顺古镇为代表,从水文地貌、生物气候、历史文化、民居建筑、民俗风情等方面对和顺古镇的自然景观和人文景观美进行深入剖析.在此基础上阐述云南古镇自然景观和人文景观的美学价值与旅游的关系,及其在旅游开发中的运用.     

Remapping heritage and the garden suburb: Haberfield's civic ecologies

ABSTRACT

Gardens in Australia are considered an important site of heritage maintenance and negotiation for their capacity to materialise transformations in everyday life, design, lifestyles, demographics, environment, as well as social and cultural practices. In the case of conservation areas, gardens tend to be valued in terms of their closeness and potential to preserve specific historical elements. Plants in these gardens are cultivated to evoke period designs, such as Federation (c.1890–1915) and cottage gardens. In this article we turn to gardens and gardening to make sense of entanglements between cultural, historical and environmental elements, and we ask: what role do plants play in shaping our understanding of suburban heritage? To answer this question, we draw on oral histories, archival research and ethnography in Haberfield, the first model garden suburb in Australia. We show how plants channel and mediate multiple concerns that contest and extend ideas of heritage circulating in public discourse. Foregrounding the centrality of plants, this article contributes a dynamic definition of heritage that includes the entanglement of environmental stewardship and individual and collective heritage.     

Urban geography as pretext: Sociocultural landscapes of Kuala Lumpur in independent Malaysian films

Current independent filmmaking in Malaysia has the potential to be an alternative and viable space for creative and political expression, relative to mainstream national cinema (Malay cinema) and to the state. I focus on alternative imagery and sociocultural mappings of Kuala Lumpur in three ‘indie’ films. All three films contain documentary elements capturing social geographies of the city not represented in mainstream Malay cinema, or even if represented not subjected to a critical gaze by the filmmaker. The Big Durian centres on the perspectives of the city's urban middle class of all ethnicities; Bukak Api portrays the daily struggles of Malay transsexual sex workers in Chow Kit, a predominantly working‐class Chinese neighbourhood and red light district; and 18? highlights the opinions of the nongovernmental organization community, bohemians, artists, anarchists and media activists mostly in the cosmopolitan suburb of Bangsar. These representations of the Malaysian urban landscape are pretexts for and politicize the national landscape through a discussion of ethnicity and race politics, sexuality, and the lack of space for freedom of creative expression and critical thinking.     

‘The forest is our inheritance’: An introduction to Semai Orang Asli place‐naming and belonging in the Bukit Tapah Forest Reserve

The forest realm of the Gòòl‐War watershed of southeast Perak, Malaysia holds much socio‐cultural significance to the Semai Orang Asli communities living along these rivers. Notwithstanding its present‐day location within the Bukit Tapah Forest Reserve, the forest continues to be where Semai conceptions of history and lore are encoded in the geographical particulars of the landscape. A thriving forest‐dependent lifestyle maintains and transmits Semai place knowledge, observed in this research through people's command of ancestral place‐names. This paper provides an introduction to Semai toponymy and considers the implications of indigenous place‐names on the protection of indigenous homelands and ways of life.     

HYPHENATED GEOGRAPHIES: THE DEINDUSTRIALIZATION OF NATURE‐SOCIETY GEOGRAPHY*

As visions of ecological crisis mark the daily headlines, industrial spaces of intensive energy and material consumption become a more intense object of political and social concern. In this article, I attempt to situate geography's relative neglect of the ecological underpinnings of industrial capitalism within the context of the history of geographical thought. I argue that the ways in which geographers read the hyphen in the phrase “nature‐society” reveals epistemological limits to their object of study. I then offer three dramatically different readings of the hyphen and discuss how they have affected the lineages and trajectories of geographical research—Barrows's human ecology, Sauer's cultural landscape, and critical theories of social nature. I conclude by suggesting that geography needs to let go of its empirical and conceptual fixation on “nature”.     

MARCEL DUCHAMP'S ART AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF MODERN PARIS*

ABSTRACT. Modern artist Marcel Duchamp's concept of the readymade remains influential though controversial. I propose a new interpretation of the readymades as a coherent series of works that re‐create the landscape of Paris in the artist's New York City studio. Using techniques that parallel the conceptual and visual transformations of space performed by cartography and by landscape painting, Duchamp created a personal, monumental, and three‐dimensional “map” by replacing Parisian monuments with small‐scale objects. The readymades thus expand on the quest of modern artists for innovative ways to represent landscape and, at the same time, offer geographers new ways of seeing landscape.     

SEAFARERS' “MARITIME CULTURE” AND THE “I‐KIRIBATI WAY OF LIFE”: THE FORMATION OF FLEXIBLE IDENTITIES?

This paper aims to examine how seafarers from the Pacific Republic of Kiribati cope with the experience of working with crews of different nationalities, and, further, how the exposure to different cultures during their journeys through international waters influences both their own identity as well as their perceptions of I‐Kiribati culture. Based on examples from open and semi‐structured interviews with seafarers working on German merchant ships and Japanese fishing vessels, the paper questions the application of concepts of “hybridity” in the case of these I‐Kiribati men in favour of the idea of “cultural flexibility”. It further considers to what degree seafarers strongly rooted in the clearly confined cultural values of Kiribati have adapted the values received through their training and employment by German or Japanese and Korean companies and officers. The paper adds to the framework of transnationalism by advancing the notion of emporion, in which the circular and transversal journeys of seafarers are viewed as a connecting space between land‐based areas; a space which provides a basis for an extended knowledge and understanding of different cultural outlooks as well as relations between nations.     

传统村落景观基因信息链与自动识别模型构建——以陕西省为例

传统村落作为活的文化遗产,承载了大量历史记忆,是地域文化景观基因识别与模型构建研究的重要切入点。以陕西省71个国家级传统村落为例,基于景观基因理论建立陕西省传统村落景观基因识别体系,识别出陕西省传统村落景观基因特征;运用类型学原理和N级编码理论对景观基因进行编码,构建陕西省传统村落景观基因信息链并生成基因谱系;借鉴生物学中“胞-链-形”DNA碱基序列模型,提取出环境基因、建筑基因、农耕文化基因和宗族文化基因四个公共基因作为景观基因元（胞）,以村内道路系统作为基因链,构建传统村落景观基因DNA模型与自动识别模型,以此对传统村落的区位、类型、特征和文化基因进行自动识别。为传统村落景观基因信息有效传承与存储,以及乡村建设动态发展提供理论借鉴。     

桂林摩崖石刻的特点及其文化价值

桂林不仅拥有甲天下的山水名胜和凭依自然山水兴造的古代城市建筑,而且拥有早自南朝下至明清与民国的历代摩崖石刻、壁书1643件、造像602尊。这些千百年来积淀起来的石刻壁书和造像与桂林自然山水名胜相得益彰,具有历史悠久、代有佳作、内容丰富、涉及广泛、分布普遍的特点,拥有极高的历史与文化艺术价值,值得深入研究。在此基础上,应加强对摩崖石刻的管理与保护。