欧亚东边缘的双向板块汇聚及其对大陆的影响

自3 Ma至现今,在欧亚东缘太平洋、菲律宾海板块以较大速率朝NWW方向运动,并沿海沟向欧亚大陆俯冲;同时欧亚板块以较小速率朝SEE方向移动,构成双方向的板块汇聚格局.沿日本岛弧东侧,海洋板片以较小的倾角插入欧亚大陆下面,在浅部产生的挤压变形扩展到日本海东边缘.琉球岛弧的中、北部,菲律宾海俯冲板片的倾角较大,其西南段由NE向转变为EW向,正经历活动的海沟后退与弧后扩张.台湾是3种板块汇聚的交点:欧亚沿马尼拉海沟向东俯冲,吕宋弧与台湾碰撞,使台湾岛陆壳东西向缩短与隆升,形成年轻的造山带,菲律宾海板块沿琉球海沟的西南段向北俯冲到欧亚下面.位于南海与菲律宾海之间的菲律宾群岛是宽的变形过渡带,两侧被欧亚向东、菲律宾海向西俯冲夹击,中间是大型左旋走滑断层.总体上,现今时期的太平洋、菲律宾海板块的西向俯冲运动所产生的变形主要分布在俯冲板片内部及岛弧,未扩散到弧后地区,可能这种俯冲运动产生的水平应力较小,不能阻挡欧亚大陆的向东移动,对大陆内部的现今构造没有明显的影响.     

Preface to the special issue on the MS6.4 Yangbi (Yunnan) and MS7.4 Maduo (Qinghai) earthquakes

The Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas,which are the highest mountains in the world,were created by the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates.Earthquakes p...     

中国大陆地壳应力场与构造运动区域特征研究

系统研究了1918～2006年间中国大陆及其周缘发生的3115个M4.6以上中、强地震的震源机制解,得到中国大陆地壳区域应力场的压应力轴和张应力轴空间分布的统计结果.探讨了大陆应力场的结构,以及周围板块运动对中国大陆应力场影响作用范围及其界线.结果表明,中国东部的华北地区受到太平洋板块向欧亚板块俯冲挤压的同时,又受到从贝加尔湖经过大华北直至琉球海沟的广阔范围内存在的方位为170°引张应力场的控制.华北地区大地震的震源机制解反映出,该区地震发生为NEE向挤压应力和NNW向张应力的共同作用结果.印度洋板块向欧亚板块的碰撞挤压运动所产生的强烈的挤压应力,控制了喜马拉雅、青藏高原、乃至延伸到天山及其以北的广大地区.在青藏高原周缘地区和中国西部的大范围内,压应力P轴水平分量位于20°~40°,形成了近北东方向的挤压应力场,大量逆断层型强震集中发生在青藏高原的南、北和西部周缘地区以及天山等地区. 本文结果表明,正断层型地震集中发生在青藏高原中部高海拔的地区.证明了青藏高原周缘区域发生南北向强烈挤压短缩的同时,中部高海拔地区存在着明显的近东西向的扩张运动.根据本文最新结果,得到了华北、华南块体之间地壳区域应力场的控制边界线,发现该分界线与大地构造、岩石圈板块构造图等有较大差异,特别是在大别及其以东地区, 该分界线向东南偏转,在沿海的温州附近转向东,最终穿过东海直至琉球海沟.台湾纵谷断层是菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块之间碰撞挤压边界,来自北西西向运动的菲律宾海板块构造应力控制了从台湾纵谷、华南块体,直到中国南北地震带南段东部地域的应力场. 地震震源机制结果还表明,南北地震带南段西侧其P轴大约为NNE方向,与青藏高原的P轴方位一致.南北地震带南段东侧其P轴大约为NWW方向,与华南块体的P轴方位一致.因此,将中〖JP2〗国大陆分成东、西两部分的南北地震带南段是印度洋板块与菲律宾海板块在中国大陆内部影响控制范围的分界线.     

东南沿海地区的震源机制与构造应力场

本文分析了东南沿海地区70个震源机制结果, 得到本区现代构造应力场的主压应力轴具有扇形分布的特征.东、西两部的震源错动方式截然相反.根据亚洲东南部地块的震源应力场资料, 认为本区应力场及其特征可以从太平洋板块和印度洋板块相对于欧亚板块的运动得到合理的成因解释.      

Contemporary tectonics in the Tien Shan region

New fault plane solutions of recent earthquakes, along with previously published fault plane solutions, field geologic data, and faults interpreted from LANDSAT imagery indicate thrust faulting in the Tien Shan region. For most of the fault plane solutions compressive stress axes are nearly horizontal and trending approximately north-south, perpendicular to the trend of the Tien Shan fold belts. Contemporary tectonics of the Tien Shan region can be interpreted as resulting from convergence of the Indian and Eurasian plates.     

青藏高原的现代构造

本文以震源机制、地震地质、地壳和上地幔速度结构等资料为基础,研究了与青藏高原成因有关的现代构造问题。主要内容有:1.高原边缘地带以反映压缩形变的逆断层活动为主,内部以一系列大致平行、呈弧形弯曲的左旋走滑断裂活动为主;2.喜马拉雅山以北的广大地域内存在着北北东走向的水平压应力,从六盘山到红河断裂带的主压应力轴走向由北东逐渐变为南东方向;3.高原地壳和上地幔顶部的地震波速度小于印度次大陆和阿拉善地块;4.高原的现代构造同地壳和上地幔顶部的横向不均匀性和印度洋板块的碰撞挤压作用有关。其构造形变过程可以同机器制造业中的《锻模加工》相比拟。     

深反射地震揭示喜马拉雅地区地壳上地幔的复杂结构

报告了中、美两国在喜马拉雅山区进行的第一次深反射地震试验的结果．试验剖面南起喜马拉雅山山脊南亚东县的帕里镇，向北穿过喜马拉雅山脊的荡拉，到达康马南的萨马达．剖面长约１００ｋｍ．共中心点（ＣＭＰ）叠加剖面上显示出：１．在地壳中部有一强反射带，向北缓倾斜下去，延长达１００ｋｍ以上．它可能代表了一个活动的逆冲断裂或是一条巨大的拆离带，印度地壳整体或下地壳沿此拆离层俯冲到藏南之下．２．上部地壳的反射很丰富，显示了上地壳存在着大规模的叠瓦状结构．３．下地壳的反射同相轴呈现短而有规律的分布，显示了塑性流变特征．４．在测线南部莫霍反射明显，深度达７２－７５ｋｍ．发现南部有双莫霍层的存在．５．试验中还取得莫霍层下面３２，３８，４８ｓ等双程走时的多条反射，向北倾斜，反射同相轴延续较长，信息丰富，反映了上地幔的成层结构和变形特征．这些结果对印度大陆地壳整体或其下地壳俯冲到藏南特提斯喜马拉雅地壳之下，并导致西藏南端地壳增厚的观点，给予了实质性的支持．     

The catastrophic earthquake of April 25, 2015, in Nepal: Analysis of seismological data

The paper analyzes available seismic data of the Geophysical Survey of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the catastrophic earthquake with Ms = 7.9 occurred in Nepal on April 25, 2015. It is shown that this earthquake (also called Gorkha) in its coseismic stage reflected the dynamic situation in the collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates, and occurred in the area of the Main Frontal Thrust in the Himalayas. In the last 15 years, the seismicity of this area has demonstrated the features of strong earthquake preparation. The study results are presented for the early postseismic stage (in the first month after the mainshock). It is found that the pattern of a decrease in aftershock activity is similar to that obtained by Tatevossian and Aptekman (2008) for the world’s earthquakes with M > 8. It is regular in the first 11–16 days and can be described by the Omori law, whereas on 17th day after the mainshock, the exponent characterizing the rate of change in the flow of events becomes to irregular. The spatial and temporal distribution of aftershocks of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake qualitatively and quantitatively indicates the heterogeneity of a seismogenic interface of the Himalayan arc collision zone between the Indian and Eurasian plates.     

东亚地震活动的时空分布及其与区域应力场的关系

来自板块之间相对运动的构造力可以传递到大陆地壳,从而形成了大陆内部的地震应力场.在某一地区,包括小地震在内的地震活动性的分布可以反映该地区的应力场的变化.根据这一观点,本文根据大量的震源机制解的结果以及最近500年的地震活动资料,详细地研究了东亚地区内几个地区的区域应力场的特征.其结果表明,来自太平洋板块相对欧亚板块的俯冲所形成的构造力,控制了从华北地区到南北地震带北段的应力场.本文根据小震的地震活动变化的特征,讨论了日本一部分地区由地震活动性的变化所反映的区域应力场的变化.中国西部以及印度-澳大利亚和欧亚大陆板块边界地区,最近大约100年地震活动性的同步变化表明,来自印度-澳大利亚板块和欧亚板块碰撞所产生的构造力,传递到了中国西部.印度-澳大利亚板块和欧亚大陆板块边界,以及中国西部的地震活动,现在依然处在地震活动高潮期.      

Large-scale cenozoic tectonics of Central and South-central Asia: Products of continental collision

Three basic tectonic units, the Eurasian continent, the Rigid Boundary Zone and the Indian continent, are recognized. The Rigid Boundary Zone is identified with aseismic lineaments on an epicenter map of the Himalayas and their vicinity. The origin of the Himalayan syntaxes, their re-entrant character, and the observation that most of the Himalayas are made up of rocks belonging geologically to the Indian peninsular shield, are explained by deformation of the Indian continent within this Rigid Boundary Zone since the continental collision. The focal mechanism solutions of six earthquakes in the Indian Peninsula support the inference derived from the model that the high stresses generated by the continental collision may be very extensive spatially, and that the entire Indian Peninsula may be under a state of left lateral shear along NNE vertical planes.     

横过青藏高原羌塘地体中央隆起区的深反射地震试验剖面

跨越中央隆起区的深反射地震探测试验剖面,初步揭露出青藏高原羌塘地体中央隆起区的地壳结构.探测剖面表明,羌塘地体可能具有古老的结晶基底;中央隆起区上地壳变形主要以逆冲、褶皱为主,下地壳出现北倾与南倾“对冲”的反射,揭示出印度和欧亚两大板块前缘汇聚的深部过程.     

Spatiotemporal distribution of seismic activity in East Asia and its relation to regional stress field

Tectonic forces from the relative movements between plates are transmitted into the continental crust, and then they create the earthquake generating stress field there. The space-time distribution of the seismic activity including the small earthquakes in a region reflects the variation of the stress field in the region. According to this idea, the characteristics of the stress fields in the various regions of East Asia have been analyzed in detail in this paper based on a lot of solutions of focal mechanisms and data of seismic activity during the last 500 years. The results indicate that the tectonic forces from the subduction of the Pacific Ocean plate underneath the Eurasian plate control the stress field in the region from North China to the northern part of the North-South Seismic Belt. The variation of the regional stress field shown by the variation of seismic activity in some regions of Japan has also been discussed based on characteristics of variation of the seimicity of small earthquakes. Synchronous variations of seismicity in the past 100 years or so in West China and in the boundary region between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates implicate that there is the transmission of tectonic forces into West China through the collision between the Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates. The active seismic activity in the boundary region between the Indo-Australian and the Eurasian plates and in West China is continuing consistently. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,13, 287–294, 1991.     

中国及其邻区地球三维结构初始模型的建立

对人工地震测深及天然地震面波体波三维层折反演数据进行统一处理，建立了中国及其邻区地球三维结构初始模型．此模型图像表明，中国及其邻区地球各圈层横向变化明显．岩石圈及软流圈内速度分布主要反映这一区域自古生代以来板块及地块拼合模式．各主要板块或地块（塔里木、扬子、中朝、青藏、哈萨克斯坦、印度、印度支那）岩石圈增厚或有很深的地慢根，板块或地块间的造山带岩石圈减薄，软流圈速度降低。下地幔底部及核幔边界D″层出现高速异常，表明古太平洋及古特提斯洋俯冲板块因重力坍塌已进入地球深层，形成亚洲超级下降地幔柱。这一下降地幔柱引起地球表层物质向中亚、东亚地区集中，印度半岛、青藏高原、新疆、蒙古至贝加尔一带，成为全球岩石圈最大的汇聚场所．     

青藏高原线性构造及其活动特征

自印度洋板块和欧亚板块汇聚后,特别是上新世以来,青藏高原的地壳又如何活动,一直是人们感兴趣的研究课题。本文试图利用陆地卫星影象具有视域广和连续性的优点,对所提供丰富、清晰的线性信息,着重分析线性构造空间展布及其组合的几何式样,进而结合地质、地震和地球物理资料探讨高原地区地块和块缘断裂活动基本特征及其形成机制     

A present-day tectonic stress map for eastern Asia region

Introduction Tectonically the eastern Asia refers to the region bounded by the following three active tec-tonic zones: in the east the western Pacific subduction zone, including Japan trench, Ryukyu trench and Philippine trench; in the southwest the Himalaya continental collision zone and the Burma-arc-Java-trench subduction zone; in the northwest the Tianshan-Baikal continental defor-mation zone (Figure 6). In the world the eastern Asia is one of the regions with the strongest pre-sent-da…     

青海东部地区新生代构造应力场探讨

利用地质、地震、测量及地貌资料确定了青海东部地区的新构造应力场的主应力方向,自新第三纪以来,该区地壳构造应力场相对稳定,可能是印度板块与欧亚板块相互作用的结果。     

中国地块的地震应力场

印度板块往北,菲律宾板块往北西,太平洋板块往南西与欧亚板块碰撞的格局是中国地震构造的决定性因素。根据实地应力测量、地震断层面解、河谷走向和节理产状等不同资料,计算出了由于板块相互作用所形成应力场的方向。计算结果表明:上述板块的碰撞形成了中国境内板内的三大地震构造区,即西部区、华北区、东南区。区内应力是连续的。由于不同区内应力方向有显著不同,这种应力的连续性就必然导致了在其结合部出现应力的不连续,这就是大致沿N40°E的南北地震带。所以南北地震带的出现可能是中国及邻近地区诸板块相互作用的结果。     

Seismotectonics of the Himalaya and its vicinity from centroid-moment tensor (CMT) solution of earthquakes

The centroid-moment tensor solutions of more than 300 earthquakes that occurred in the Himalayas and its vicinity regions during the period of 1977–1996 are examined. The resultant seismic moment tensor components of these earthquakes are estimated. The Burmese arc region shows prominent east–west compression and north–south extension with very little vertical extension. Northeast India and Pamir–Hindu Kush regions show prominent vertical extension and east–west compression. The Indian plate is subducting eastward beneath the northeast India and Burmese arc regions. The overriding Burmese arc has overthrust horizontally with the underthrusting Indian plate at a depth of 20–80 km and below 80 km depth, it has merged with the Indian plate making “Y” shape structure and as a result the aseismic zone has been formed in the region lying between 26°N–28°N and 91.5°E–94°E at a depth of 10–50 km. Similarly, the Indian plate is underthrusting in the western side beneath the Pamir–Hindu Kush region and the overriding Eurasian plate has overthrust it to form a “Y” shape structure at a depth of 10–40 km and below 60 km depth, it has merged with the Indian plate and both the plates are subducting below 60–260 km depth. Further south, the overriding Eurasian plate has come in contact with the Indian plate at a depth of 20–60 km beneath northwest India and Pakistan regions with left lateral strike slip motion.     

南海、中印半岛及其邻近地区的地震活动及应力状态

研究了南海、中印半岛及邻区的地震分布,地震主要集中在板块的边界。此外,一些浅震主要集中在缅甸西部和中缅边界。研究了Benioff带的形态。在爪哇海沟、菲律宾海沟,两板块耦合得不好;在缅甸山弧、安达曼-尼科巴岛弧下,俯冲的印度板块向NNE运动。由震源机制解及断层运动推断,主压应力方向在缅泰西部为NNE,在南海为NNW或S-N,与板块相互作用密切相关。      

帕米尔-兴都库什地区的板块俯冲特征

本文利用美国国家地震信息中心（NEIC）提供的1973～2006年地震目录,哈佛大学提供的1978-2005年地震机制解资料,研究了帕米尔-兴都库什地区印度板块与欧亚板块的碰撞形态,分析了印度板块向北俯冲对地震活动及其区域应力场的影响。地震震源三维图象显示：欧亚板块与印度板块在帕米尔＂结＂附近碰撞强烈,地震活动明显增强,震源剖面显示＂V＂字型分布形态;在帕米尔＂结＂东侧,随着印度板块俯冲动力减弱,地震活动也明显减弱,印度板块向北俯冲的剖面形态逐渐消失,欧亚板块向东南俯冲的剖面形态越加清晰;印度板块向北俯冲具有由浅向深、由南向北反复迁移的特征,可能反映印度板块向北俯冲→断离、再俯冲→再断离的过程。由于印度板块与欧亚板块间的强烈碰撞挤压作用,帕米尔-兴都库什地区处于以近南北向的挤压构造应力状态,逆断层数量约占70%,正断层数量约占11%,走滑断层数量约占19%。P轴优势方位显示帕米尔-兴都库什地区主压应力近南北向,倾角近水平,呈现由南向北倾斜;T轴倾角较大,近垂直,整体接近俯冲带的倾向。帕米尔-兴都库什地区应力场特征表明,印度板块向北的主动推挤,是形成这一区域应力场的主动力,向南倾的欧亚板块处于一种被动的被挤压状态。