Chemical weathering and Rb-Sr whole rock ages

Weathered whole rock samples of five lithic units from Maine, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina were analyzed to evaluate the effect of chemical weathering on the Rb-Sr ages of the original rocks. Major element and turbidity analyses, as well as standard X-ray diffraction and petrographic studies were made on selected samples. All weathered granitic rocks are friable; several are almost saprolites. Volcanic rocks are powdery or are pitted as a result of the weathering of plagioclase phenocrysts. The weathering profiles studied all are young relative to the age of the unaltered rock. Considering the extent of weathering, however, ages of the weathered samples are remarkably close to the published ages for unaltered samples of the same units. Weathered samples have ages ranging from essentially the same as fresh samples to no more than 20% younger than the age obtained from the fresh samples. In one profile, we have attempted to quantify the extent of weathering: there is a positive correlation between our measure of the degree of weathering and per cent ‘lowering’ of the age. Weathering of plagioclase apparently has little effect on whole rock ages; ages are lowered significantly only where biotite and K-feldspar have undergone considerable alteration.     

Rb-Sr age of lunar igneous rocks 62295 and 14310

We report an age of crystallization for spinel-troctolite (VHA basalt) 62295 of 4.00 ± 0.06 × 10⁹ yr (I = 0.69956 ± 6) and an age of crystallization for KREEP-rich basalt 14310 of [3.94 ± 0.03 × 10⁹yr (I = 0.70041 ± 5). The ages probably date the cooling of shock melts.     

藏南扎西康Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag矿床Sm-Nd、Rb-Sr成矿年龄

由于成矿作用的多期性与复杂性,如何精确获取铅锌矿床成矿年龄一直是成矿年代学研究的难点之一。近年来,随着矿物提纯技术及分析测试手段不断完善,基于Sm-Nd及Rb-Sr体系测定热液矿物年龄逐渐成为一种有效的定年方法。通过测定西藏南部扎西康超大型Sb-Pb-Zn-Ag矿床中热液成因菱锰矿Sm-Nd与黄铁矿Rb-Sr同位素组成,获得菱锰矿和黄铁矿对应等时线年龄分别为(99.1±0.9)Ma和(98.0±1.8)Ma,记录了一次重要的热液成矿事件。此外,菱锰矿初始143Nd/144Nd值在0.512 301～0.512 849之间,经99 Ma球粒陨石CHUR计算出εNd值在-6.573 84～4.115 965之间,黄铁矿87Sr/86Sr值在0.714 021～0.719 708之间。这2种矿物均具有盆地流体同位素组成特征。结合前人对成矿物质和成矿流体特征的研究,笔者认为:扎西康矿床主成矿期形成于印度板块向北偏移过程中产生的张性构造系中,矿床属于盆地构造环境控制的铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr ages of the Archean rocks from the Vermilion district,northeastern Minnesota

The Vermilion district of northerneastern Minnesota is a classic example of a lower Precambrian greenstone-granite terrane. It is a complex volcanic-sedimentary pile, characterized by repeated periods of volcanism and the presence of intercalated pyroclastic, volcanoclastic and epiclastic rocks. The volcanic-sedimentary pile is surrounded and intruded by contemporaneous granitic batholiths. Several rock units from the district have been dated by the whole-rock Rb-Sr method. The isochron ages and the corresponding initial Sr⁸⁷/Sr⁸⁶ ratios (= I) are:

     

6.

Rb-Sr age of the Shergotty achondrite and implications for metamorphic resetting of isochron ages     

L.E. Nyquist  J. Wooden  B. Bansal  H. Wiesmann  G. McKay  D.D. Bogard 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1979,43(7):1057-1074

     

7.

Determination of lunar surface ages from crater frequency—size distribution   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

B. S. Shylaja 《Journal of Earth System Science》2005,114(6):609-612

Crater size-frequency distribution is one of the powerful techniques to estimate the ages of planetary surfaces, especially from remote sensing studies. This has been applied to images of the Moon obtained from Clementine mission in 1994. Simple techniques of measurement of the diameter of the craters (in pixels) are used and converted into linear dimensions. Among the several maria studied, the results of Mare Humorum and the central region of Mare Imbrium are reported. The results are compared with age estimates from other sources.     

8.

Rb-Sr ages of Precambrian dolerite and alkaline dikes,southeast Mysore state,India     

Mohammed Ikramuddin  Alan M Stueber 《Lithos》1976,9(3):235-241

Rb-Sr isochron ages have been determined for two suites of Precambrian dikes in the Bidadi-Harohalli area of southeast Mysore State. Whole-rock samples of unmetamorphosed dolerites yield an age of 2420±246 (2σ) m.y., which is a minimum value for the intruded Peninsular Gneiss and Closepet Granite. The dolerite magma originated in the mantle, as indicated by the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.7012±0.0010 (2σ). A suite of alkaline dikes, also referred to as felsite and feldspar porphyry dikes, has an age of 832±40 (2σ) m.y., which correlates with the intrusion of the Chamundi Hill Granite and the feldspar porphyry dikes near Srirangapatnam. One of the alkaline dikes has a K-Ar age of 810±25 m.y., indicating an absence of subsequent thermal events in the area.     

9.

A Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope geochronology and trace element study of lunar meteorite LaPaz Icefield 02205     

K. Rankenburg  A.D. Brandon 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2007,71(8):2120-2135

Rubidium-strontium and samarium-neodymium isotopes of lunar meteorite LaPaz Icefield (LAP) 02205 are consistent with derivation of the parent magma from a source region similar to that which produced the Apollo 12 low-Ti olivine basalts followed by mixing of the magma with small amounts (1-2 wt%) of trace element-enriched material similar to lunar KREEP-rich sample SaU 169. The crystallization age of LAP 02205 is most precisely dated by an internal Rb-Sr isochron of 2991 ± 14 Ma, with an initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁸Sr at the time of crystallization of 0.699836 ± 0.000010. Leachable REE-rich phosphate phases of LAP 02205 do not plot on a Sm-Nd mineral isochron, indicating contamination or open system behavior of the phosphates. Excluding anomalous phases from the calculation of a Sm-Nd isochron yields a crystallization age of 2992 ± 85 (initial ε¹⁴³Nd = +2.9 ± 0.8) that is within error of the Rb-Sr age, and in agreement with other independent age determinations for LAP 02205 from Ar-Ar and U-Pb methods. The calculated ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd source ratios for LAP 02205, various Apollo 12 and 15 basalts, and samples with strong affinities to KREEP (SaU 169, NWA 773, 15386) are uncorrelated with their crystallization ages. This finding does not support the involvement of a common KREEP component as a heat source for lunar melting events that occurred after crystallization of the lunar magma ocean.     

10.

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages and isotopic geochemistry of Archaean granodioritic gneisses from Eastern Finland     

Hervé Martin  Catherine Chauvel  Bor-Ming Jahn  Philippe Vidal 《Precambrian Research》1983,20(1):79-91

Twenty granodioritic rocks and one amphibolitic enclave of the “basement” of the Suomussalmi-Kuhmo Archaean (2.65 Ga) greenstone belts (central-eastern Finland), have been chosen together with one greenstone sample for Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd geochronological and isotopic studies.The granitoïd rocks are subdivided into three groups: two generations of grey gneisses and a post-belt augen gneiss. The Rb-Sr ages of the first and second generation of grey gneisses are 2.86 ± 0.09 and 2.62 ± 0.07 Ga, respectively. These results are corroborated by Sm-Nd data. The post-belt augen gneiss gives an age of 2.51 ± 0.11 Ga. The results show that the two generations of grey gneisses, the greenstone belts and the post-greenstone augen gneiss, were developed over a period > 350 Ma. The two generations of grey gneisses show identical I_Sr values (0.7023 ± 8 and 0.7024 ± 6) which contrast with that of the augen gneiss (0.7049 ± 8). The low I_Sr and the near-chondritic ?_T^CHUR values indicate that the grey gneisses cannot derived from much older continental materials. Trace element studies suggest that these grey gneisses have had a multi-stage development. The augen gneiss with a moderately high I_Sr is likely to be derived from a granodiorite originated by partial melting of older sialic crust. The more probable parent rock seems to be the first generation grey gneisses. The I_Sr and average Rb/Sr values preclude the greenstone belt and the second generation of grey gneisses as the protolith.     

11.

Correlations between metamorphic events and Rb-Sr ages in metasediments and eclogite from Western Tasmania     

Arne Rheim  William Compston 《Lithos》1977,10(4):271-289

The Strathgordon area of low metamorphic grade (450±50°C, 4±1 Kb) and the eclogitebearing Lyell Highway-Collingwood River area, which is of higher grade (670±20°C, 11±1 Kb), have been studied by the Rb-Sr technique.

Three deformational events, D₁ to D₃ correlate in time with two important P,T events, here termed D₂₋₂ and D₃, D₁₋₂ reflects the continuous prograde P,T environment up to the metamorphic maximum of the two areas (D₂), while D₂ is a superimposed deformational event occuring at lower P,T conditions. According to stratigraphical constraints D₃ must have occured before or about 550 m.y. ago.

It is possible from rather complex Rb-Sr data to indicate ages for the D_1–2 and D₃ events. Two-point total rock+phengite (mica) ages together with total rock isochrons using closely spaced samples show that the main metamorphic event D_1–22 occurrred at about 800 m.y. in both areas. Similar data suggest that the superimposed event D₃ occurred between 550 and 630 m.y. ago, probably near the lower age limit. This deformation (crenulation cleavage) was responsible for the local resetting of total rock and mineral systems.

Consistent with later Palaeozoic events, the Cambrian-early Ordovician Jukesian Movement and the Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny, which affected some Rb-Sr mineral systems (phengite, amphibole and chlorite), have ages of 500±20 m.y. and 385-350 m.y. respectively.

Due to dispersion of the eclogite total rock data points along secondary isochrons it is difficult to estimate an original age. The age of the original minerals must however have been set by the 800 m.y. D_1–2 event, as the P,T history of the eclogite is the same as that of the surrounding schists.     

12.

西藏列廷冈-勒青拉铅锌铁铜钼矿床硫化物Re-Os和Rb-Sr年龄及其地质意义     

马旺  刘英超  杨竹森  李振清  赵晓燕  岳龙龙  唐波浪 《矿床地质》2020,39(1):80-96

列廷冈-勒青拉矿床位于西藏冈底斯北缘多金属成矿带东侧,是该成矿带内一个独特的同时发育Pb、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mo五种元素矿化的典型矽卡岩型矿床。矿区的成矿作用均与东南侧的居布扎日复式岩体密切相关,目前已发现了位于岩体与碳酸盐岩地层接触带部位的Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿化和远离岩体外接触带部位的Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化。因此,铅锌与铁铜钼矿体之间成矿关系的精确厘定,是明确这种具有不同来源属性的多金属共生矿床的成矿物质来源和成矿机制等科学问题的前提。文章通过辉钼矿Re-Os同位素和闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素测年工作,从时间上对Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿体和Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿体的成矿时代进行限定。结果表明,与黄铜矿共生的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄值为(59.4±4.5)Ma,闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素等时线年龄为(58±2)Ma。空间上,近岩体部位Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿化和远端矽卡岩部位Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化发育相似的钙质系列矽卡岩矿物。因此,从时间和空间上均表明Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化与Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿化为同一成矿系统。5件辉钼矿样品中w(Re)为1.5121×10~(-5)～7.4442×10~(-5),7件闪锌矿样品中初始~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值为0.71446～0.71471,指示Fe-Cu矿化成矿物质具有壳幔混合的特征,而Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化的成矿物质则偏重于地壳来源的特征。对矿区内黄铁矿和闪锌矿成分分析结果显示:黄铁矿Co/Ni比值均大于1,闪锌矿Zn/Cd比值平均为292.11。结合前人资料分析可知,近岩体Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿化是在高温、高氧逸度的碱性环境下形成,远端外接触带Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化是在中高温、还原碱性的环境下形成。列廷冈-勒青拉矿床形成于印-亚大陆碰撞的主碰撞阶段,该时期新特提斯洋板片的回卷可能是矿床形成的深部动力学机制。     

13.

Geochemistry, petrology and ages of the lunar meteorites Kalahari 008 and 009: New constraints on early lunar evolution     

A.K. Sokol  V.A. Fernandes  T. Schulz  A. Bischoff  R.N. Clayton  K. Nishiizumi  L. Schultz  K. Mezger 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(19):4845-4873

Kalahari 008 and 009 are two lunar meteorites that were found close to each other in Botswana. Kalahari 008 is a typical lunar anorthositic breccia; Kalahari 009 a monomict breccia with basaltic composition and mineralogy. Based on minor and trace elements Kalahari 009 is classified as VLT (very-low-Ti) mare basalt with extremely low contents of incompatible elements, including the REE. The Lu-Hf data define an age of 4286 ± 95 Ma indicating that Kalahari 009 is one of the oldest known basalt samples from the Moon. It provides evidence for lunar basalt volcanism prior to 4.1 Ga (pre-Nectarian) and may represent the first sample from a cryptomare. The very radiogenic initial ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf (εHf = +12.9 ± 4.6), the low REE, Th and Ti concentrations indicate that Kalahari 009 formed from re-melting of mantle material that had undergone strong incompatible trace element depletion early in lunar history. This unusually depleted composition points toward a hitherto unsampled basalt source region for the lunar interior that may represent a new depleted endmember source for low-Ti mare basalt volcanism. Apparently, the Moon became chemically very heterogeneous at an early stage in its history and different cumulate sources are responsible for the diverse mare basalt types.Evidence that Kalahari 008 and 009 may be paired includes the similar fayalite content of their olivine, the identical initial Hf isotope composition, the exceptionally low exposure ages of both rocks and the fact that they were found close to each other. Since cryptomaria are covered by highland ejecta, it is possible that these rocks are from the boundary area, where basalt deposits are covered by highland ejecta. The concentrations of cosmogenic radionuclides and trapped noble gases are unusually low in both rocks, although Kalahari 008 contains slightly higher concentrations. A likely reason for this difference is that Kalahari 008 is a polymict breccia containing a briefly exposed regolith, while Kalahari 009 is a monomict brecciated rock that may never have been at the surface of the Moon.Altogether, the compositions of Kalahari 008 and 009 permit new insight into early lunar evolution, as both meteorites sample lunar reservoirs hitherto unsampled by spacecraft missions. The very low Th and REE content of Kalahari 009 as well as the depletion in Sm and the lack of a KREEP-like signature in Kalahari 008 point to a possible source far from the influence of the Procellarum-KREEP Terrane, possibly the lunar farside.     

14.

Timing of metamorphism in the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps: Rb-Sr ages and fabric formation   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

S. INGER  R. A. CLIFF 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1994,12(5):695-707

The Peripheral Schieferhülle of the Tauern Window of the Eastern Alps represents post-Hercynian Penninic cover sequences and preserves a record of metamorphism in the Alpine orogeny, without the inherited remnants of Hercynian events that are retained in basement rocks. The temperature-time-deformation history of rocks at the lower levels of these cover sequences have been investigated by geochronological and petrographic study of units whose P-T evolution and structural setting are already well understood. The Eclogite Zone of the central Tauern formed from protoliths with Penninic cover affinities, and suffered early Alpine eclogite facies metamorphism before tectonic interposition between basement and cover. It then shared a common metamorphic history with these units, experiencing blueschist facies and subsequent greenschist facies conditions in the Alpine orogeny. The greenschist facies phase, associated with penetrative deformation in the cover and the influx of aqueous fluids, reset Sr isotopes in metasediments throughout the eclogite zone and cover schists, recording deformation and peak metamorphism at 28-30 Ma. The Peripheral Schieferhülle of the south-east Tauern Window yields Rb-Sr white mica ages which can be tied to the structural evolution of the metamorphic pile. Early prograde fabrics pre-date 31 Ma, and were reworked by the formation of the large north-east vergent Sonnblick fold structure at 28 Ma. Peak metamorphism post-dated this deformation, but by contrast to the equivalent levels in the central Tauern, peak metamorphic conditions did not lead to widespread homogenization of the Sr isotopes. Localized deformation continued into the cooling path until at least 23 Ma, partially or wholly resetting Sr white mica ages in some samples. These isotopic ages may be integrated with structural data in regional tectonic models, and may constrain changes in the style of crustal deformation and plate interaction. However, such interpretations must accommodate the demonstrable variation in thermal histories over small distances.     

15.

Rb-Sr mineral ages for the Grenvillian metamorphic development of spilites from the Dalsland Supracrustal Group,SW Sweden     

H. P. Zeck  B. T. Hansen 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1988,77(3):683-692

Rb-Sr isotope systematics have been investigated of epidote, actinolite, albite and biotite concentrates from 4 spilite samples from the Precambrian basement directly W of lake Vänern in SW Sweden. The rocks belong to the Dalsland Supracrustal Group whose basal conglomerate was deposited on an erosion surface with a maximum age of c. 1,200 Ma. Epidote-WR and actinolite-WR tie lines in a Nicolaysen diagram give ages with an average of 990±10 (la) Ma, which is thought to represent the metamorphic culmination. Biotite-WR lines yield an average age of 900±15 (1σ) Ma, which indicates the time at which the rock complex cooled through the isotopic closure temperature of biotite, estimated at c. 250° C. The average cooling rate in this period was very low, 1–2° C/Ma. Initial Sr isotopic ratios of the 4 spilite samples vary from 0.7040 to 0.7080 and are thought to reflect interaction of mantle-derived basalts with seawater.     

16.

四川甘洛铅锌矿集区闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄及其地质意义     

魏宇 《地质与勘探》2024,60(3):482-493

四川甘洛铅锌矿集区位于扬子地块西南缘的川滇黔铅锌成矿带北段,是四川主要的铅锌产地,具有重要经济价值。为研究该矿集区铅锌成矿时代、成矿大地构造背景和成矿机制,以支撑区域找矿勘查,在区内选择赤普和尔呷地吉两个典型铅锌矿床开展闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素体系研究,获得Rb-Sr等时线年龄246 ± 17 Ma（MSWD= 2.3）,表明区内铅锌矿化作用发生于早三叠世,与古特提斯洋闭合时限吻合;闪锌矿(87Sr/86Sr)i值变化于0.71061~0.71393,高于幔源87Sr/86Sr值0.70355及峨眉山玄武岩87Sr /86Sr值0.704979~0.706938,低于基底岩石87Sr /86Sr值0.7243~0.7288,暗示成矿物质主要来源于地壳。综合前人研究,认为在古特提斯洋闭合背景下,强烈造山运动诱发盆地卤水深循环并萃取基底地层中的成矿物质,在峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动的热动力条件下,含矿流体沿马拉哈断裂进一步迁移沉淀形成了赤普和尔呷地吉铅锌矿床。马拉哈深大断裂及造山作用派生的层间或断层破碎带、碳酸盐岩地层是甘洛地区主要的控矿要素。     

17.

张家口梁家沟铅锌银矿床Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd等时线年龄及其地质意义   总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

李随民魏明辉  李森文李紫烨李玉红  韩玉丑李永峰 《中国地质》2014,41(2):529-539

张家口南部中—新元古代碳酸盐岩地层发育,赤城县梁家沟铅锌银多金属矿床产于中元古代蓟县系雾迷山组地层中,为目前在张家口南部碳酸盐岩沉积盖层中发现的典型多金属矿床。由于缺少成矿时代数据,对该类型矿床的成因长期以来存在同生沉积和后生改造两方面的争议。本文利用单矿物闪锌矿和闪锌矿与黄铁矿共生硫化物组合采用Rb-Sr等时线法测定梁家沟矿床的成矿时代分别为126 Ma和130.7 Ma;利用单矿物闪锌矿和闪锌矿与黄铁矿共生硫化物组合采用Sm-Nd等时线法测得成矿时代分别为130.5 Ma和131 Ma。两种方法测定的成矿时代十分接近,结合张家口区域地质背景,表明张家口南部碳酸盐岩地层中的多金属矿床为燕山期构造运动时期热液活动的产物。     

18.

黔东盘石—盘信地区铅锌矿床Rb-Sr等时线年龄与流体包裹体特征及其找矿意义     

谢小峰  杨坤光 《地质通报》2021,40(5):772-781

黔东盘石—盘信地区铅锌矿床位于雪峰山西缘,扬子地块与江南造山带的结合部位,是黔东地区比较典型的铅锌矿床。对该区铅锌矿床成矿期闪锌矿进行Rb-Sr等时线法定年,获得成矿年龄为486±3 Ma（MSWD=1.2）,（87Sr/86Sr）i值为0.70918±0.00002。成矿期方解石的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温及成分分析表明,该区流体包裹体以富液的气液两相包裹体为主,均一温度为277℃,包裹体气相成分以CO2、H2O为主,个别还含有少量CH4,液相成分以Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-为主,少量K+、SO42-。综合研究表明：本区矿床形成于晚寒武世末—早奥陶世初,晚于赋矿地层寒武系第二统清虚洞组,属于后生成矿。闪锌矿（87Sr/86Sr）i值高于赋矿围岩,与早寒武世海水的87Sr/86Sr值相近,结合区域地层含矿性分析,推测成矿物质可能来源于下伏寒武系牛蹄塘组黑色岩系;成矿流体为中低温热卤水成因,可能还混有其他热液来源,Pb、Zn元素在成矿流体中以氯化物形式迁移的可能性较大。     

19.

The Transangara alkaline Pluton, Yenisei Range: Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope ages and sources of feldspathoid magmas in Late Precambrian     

A. M. Sazonov  V. V. Vrublevsky  I. F. Gertner  A. V. Fedorova  V. V. Gavrilenko  E. A. Zvyagina  S. I. Leont&#;ev 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2007,413(3):469-473

     

20.

The Transangara alkaline Pluton,Yenisei Range: Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope ages and sources of feldspathoid magmas in Late Precambrian     

A. M. Sazonov  V. V. Vrublevsky  I. F. Gertner  A. V. Fedorova  V. V. Gavrilenko  E. A. Zvyagina  S. I. Leont’ev 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2007,413(2):469-473

     

	$\text{t(}\text{in b.y.}\text{) ± 2σ}$	$\text{1 ± 2σ}$
Ely Greenstone	$\text{2.69 ± 0.08}$	$\text{0.70056 ± 0.00026}$
Newton Lake Formation	$\text{2.65 ±0.11}$	$\text{0.70086 ± 0.00024}$
Granitic pebbles	$\text{2.69 ± 0.28}$	$\text{0.70078 ± 0.00058}$

Determination of lunar surface ages from crater frequency—size distribution

Crater size-frequency distribution is one of the powerful techniques to estimate the ages of planetary surfaces, especially from remote sensing studies. This has been applied to images of the Moon obtained from Clementine mission in 1994. Simple techniques of measurement of the diameter of the craters (in pixels) are used and converted into linear dimensions. Among the several maria studied, the results of Mare Humorum and the central region of Mare Imbrium are reported. The results are compared with age estimates from other sources.     

Rb-Sr ages of Precambrian dolerite and alkaline dikes,southeast Mysore state,India

Rb-Sr isochron ages have been determined for two suites of Precambrian dikes in the Bidadi-Harohalli area of southeast Mysore State. Whole-rock samples of unmetamorphosed dolerites yield an age of 2420±246 (2σ) m.y., which is a minimum value for the intruded Peninsular Gneiss and Closepet Granite. The dolerite magma originated in the mantle, as indicated by the initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of 0.7012±0.0010 (2σ). A suite of alkaline dikes, also referred to as felsite and feldspar porphyry dikes, has an age of 832±40 (2σ) m.y., which correlates with the intrusion of the Chamundi Hill Granite and the feldspar porphyry dikes near Srirangapatnam. One of the alkaline dikes has a K-Ar age of 810±25 m.y., indicating an absence of subsequent thermal events in the area.     

A Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd isotope geochronology and trace element study of lunar meteorite LaPaz Icefield 02205

Rubidium-strontium and samarium-neodymium isotopes of lunar meteorite LaPaz Icefield (LAP) 02205 are consistent with derivation of the parent magma from a source region similar to that which produced the Apollo 12 low-Ti olivine basalts followed by mixing of the magma with small amounts (1-2 wt%) of trace element-enriched material similar to lunar KREEP-rich sample SaU 169. The crystallization age of LAP 02205 is most precisely dated by an internal Rb-Sr isochron of 2991 ± 14 Ma, with an initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁸Sr at the time of crystallization of 0.699836 ± 0.000010. Leachable REE-rich phosphate phases of LAP 02205 do not plot on a Sm-Nd mineral isochron, indicating contamination or open system behavior of the phosphates. Excluding anomalous phases from the calculation of a Sm-Nd isochron yields a crystallization age of 2992 ± 85 (initial ε¹⁴³Nd = +2.9 ± 0.8) that is within error of the Rb-Sr age, and in agreement with other independent age determinations for LAP 02205 from Ar-Ar and U-Pb methods. The calculated ¹⁴⁷Sm/¹⁴⁴Nd source ratios for LAP 02205, various Apollo 12 and 15 basalts, and samples with strong affinities to KREEP (SaU 169, NWA 773, 15386) are uncorrelated with their crystallization ages. This finding does not support the involvement of a common KREEP component as a heat source for lunar melting events that occurred after crystallization of the lunar magma ocean.     

Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd ages and isotopic geochemistry of Archaean granodioritic gneisses from Eastern Finland

Twenty granodioritic rocks and one amphibolitic enclave of the “basement” of the Suomussalmi-Kuhmo Archaean (2.65 Ga) greenstone belts (central-eastern Finland), have been chosen together with one greenstone sample for Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd geochronological and isotopic studies.The granitoïd rocks are subdivided into three groups: two generations of grey gneisses and a post-belt augen gneiss. The Rb-Sr ages of the first and second generation of grey gneisses are 2.86 ± 0.09 and 2.62 ± 0.07 Ga, respectively. These results are corroborated by Sm-Nd data. The post-belt augen gneiss gives an age of 2.51 ± 0.11 Ga. The results show that the two generations of grey gneisses, the greenstone belts and the post-greenstone augen gneiss, were developed over a period > 350 Ma. The two generations of grey gneisses show identical I_Sr values (0.7023 ± 8 and 0.7024 ± 6) which contrast with that of the augen gneiss (0.7049 ± 8). The low I_Sr and the near-chondritic ?_T^CHUR values indicate that the grey gneisses cannot derived from much older continental materials. Trace element studies suggest that these grey gneisses have had a multi-stage development. The augen gneiss with a moderately high I_Sr is likely to be derived from a granodiorite originated by partial melting of older sialic crust. The more probable parent rock seems to be the first generation grey gneisses. The I_Sr and average Rb/Sr values preclude the greenstone belt and the second generation of grey gneisses as the protolith.     

Correlations between metamorphic events and Rb-Sr ages in metasediments and eclogite from Western Tasmania

The Strathgordon area of low metamorphic grade (450±50°C, 4±1 Kb) and the eclogitebearing Lyell Highway-Collingwood River area, which is of higher grade (670±20°C, 11±1 Kb), have been studied by the Rb-Sr technique.

Three deformational events, D₁ to D₃ correlate in time with two important P,T events, here termed D₂₋₂ and D₃, D₁₋₂ reflects the continuous prograde P,T environment up to the metamorphic maximum of the two areas (D₂), while D₂ is a superimposed deformational event occuring at lower P,T conditions. According to stratigraphical constraints D₃ must have occured before or about 550 m.y. ago.

It is possible from rather complex Rb-Sr data to indicate ages for the D_1–2 and D₃ events. Two-point total rock+phengite (mica) ages together with total rock isochrons using closely spaced samples show that the main metamorphic event D_1–22 occurrred at about 800 m.y. in both areas. Similar data suggest that the superimposed event D₃ occurred between 550 and 630 m.y. ago, probably near the lower age limit. This deformation (crenulation cleavage) was responsible for the local resetting of total rock and mineral systems.

Consistent with later Palaeozoic events, the Cambrian-early Ordovician Jukesian Movement and the Devonian Tabberabberan Orogeny, which affected some Rb-Sr mineral systems (phengite, amphibole and chlorite), have ages of 500±20 m.y. and 385-350 m.y. respectively.

Due to dispersion of the eclogite total rock data points along secondary isochrons it is difficult to estimate an original age. The age of the original minerals must however have been set by the 800 m.y. D_1–2 event, as the P,T history of the eclogite is the same as that of the surrounding schists.     

西藏列廷冈-勒青拉铅锌铁铜钼矿床硫化物Re-Os和Rb-Sr年龄及其地质意义

列廷冈-勒青拉矿床位于西藏冈底斯北缘多金属成矿带东侧,是该成矿带内一个独特的同时发育Pb、Zn、Fe、Cu、Mo五种元素矿化的典型矽卡岩型矿床。矿区的成矿作用均与东南侧的居布扎日复式岩体密切相关,目前已发现了位于岩体与碳酸盐岩地层接触带部位的Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿化和远离岩体外接触带部位的Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化。因此,铅锌与铁铜钼矿体之间成矿关系的精确厘定,是明确这种具有不同来源属性的多金属共生矿床的成矿物质来源和成矿机制等科学问题的前提。文章通过辉钼矿Re-Os同位素和闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素测年工作,从时间上对Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿体和Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿体的成矿时代进行限定。结果表明,与黄铜矿共生的辉钼矿Re-Os同位素等时线年龄值为(59.4±4.5)Ma,闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素等时线年龄为(58±2)Ma。空间上,近岩体部位Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿化和远端矽卡岩部位Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化发育相似的钙质系列矽卡岩矿物。因此,从时间和空间上均表明Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化与Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿化为同一成矿系统。5件辉钼矿样品中w(Re)为1.5121×10~(-5)～7.4442×10~(-5),7件闪锌矿样品中初始~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值为0.71446～0.71471,指示Fe-Cu矿化成矿物质具有壳幔混合的特征,而Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化的成矿物质则偏重于地壳来源的特征。对矿区内黄铁矿和闪锌矿成分分析结果显示:黄铁矿Co/Ni比值均大于1,闪锌矿Zn/Cd比值平均为292.11。结合前人资料分析可知,近岩体Fe-Cu-(Mo)矿化是在高温、高氧逸度的碱性环境下形成,远端外接触带Pb-Zn-(Cu)矿化是在中高温、还原碱性的环境下形成。列廷冈-勒青拉矿床形成于印-亚大陆碰撞的主碰撞阶段,该时期新特提斯洋板片的回卷可能是矿床形成的深部动力学机制。     

Geochemistry, petrology and ages of the lunar meteorites Kalahari 008 and 009: New constraints on early lunar evolution

Kalahari 008 and 009 are two lunar meteorites that were found close to each other in Botswana. Kalahari 008 is a typical lunar anorthositic breccia; Kalahari 009 a monomict breccia with basaltic composition and mineralogy. Based on minor and trace elements Kalahari 009 is classified as VLT (very-low-Ti) mare basalt with extremely low contents of incompatible elements, including the REE. The Lu-Hf data define an age of 4286 ± 95 Ma indicating that Kalahari 009 is one of the oldest known basalt samples from the Moon. It provides evidence for lunar basalt volcanism prior to 4.1 Ga (pre-Nectarian) and may represent the first sample from a cryptomare. The very radiogenic initial ¹⁷⁶Hf/¹⁷⁷Hf (εHf = +12.9 ± 4.6), the low REE, Th and Ti concentrations indicate that Kalahari 009 formed from re-melting of mantle material that had undergone strong incompatible trace element depletion early in lunar history. This unusually depleted composition points toward a hitherto unsampled basalt source region for the lunar interior that may represent a new depleted endmember source for low-Ti mare basalt volcanism. Apparently, the Moon became chemically very heterogeneous at an early stage in its history and different cumulate sources are responsible for the diverse mare basalt types.Evidence that Kalahari 008 and 009 may be paired includes the similar fayalite content of their olivine, the identical initial Hf isotope composition, the exceptionally low exposure ages of both rocks and the fact that they were found close to each other. Since cryptomaria are covered by highland ejecta, it is possible that these rocks are from the boundary area, where basalt deposits are covered by highland ejecta. The concentrations of cosmogenic radionuclides and trapped noble gases are unusually low in both rocks, although Kalahari 008 contains slightly higher concentrations. A likely reason for this difference is that Kalahari 008 is a polymict breccia containing a briefly exposed regolith, while Kalahari 009 is a monomict brecciated rock that may never have been at the surface of the Moon.Altogether, the compositions of Kalahari 008 and 009 permit new insight into early lunar evolution, as both meteorites sample lunar reservoirs hitherto unsampled by spacecraft missions. The very low Th and REE content of Kalahari 009 as well as the depletion in Sm and the lack of a KREEP-like signature in Kalahari 008 point to a possible source far from the influence of the Procellarum-KREEP Terrane, possibly the lunar farside.     

Timing of metamorphism in the Tauern Window, Eastern Alps: Rb-Sr ages and fabric formation

The Peripheral Schieferhülle of the Tauern Window of the Eastern Alps represents post-Hercynian Penninic cover sequences and preserves a record of metamorphism in the Alpine orogeny, without the inherited remnants of Hercynian events that are retained in basement rocks. The temperature-time-deformation history of rocks at the lower levels of these cover sequences have been investigated by geochronological and petrographic study of units whose P-T evolution and structural setting are already well understood. The Eclogite Zone of the central Tauern formed from protoliths with Penninic cover affinities, and suffered early Alpine eclogite facies metamorphism before tectonic interposition between basement and cover. It then shared a common metamorphic history with these units, experiencing blueschist facies and subsequent greenschist facies conditions in the Alpine orogeny. The greenschist facies phase, associated with penetrative deformation in the cover and the influx of aqueous fluids, reset Sr isotopes in metasediments throughout the eclogite zone and cover schists, recording deformation and peak metamorphism at 28-30 Ma. The Peripheral Schieferhülle of the south-east Tauern Window yields Rb-Sr white mica ages which can be tied to the structural evolution of the metamorphic pile. Early prograde fabrics pre-date 31 Ma, and were reworked by the formation of the large north-east vergent Sonnblick fold structure at 28 Ma. Peak metamorphism post-dated this deformation, but by contrast to the equivalent levels in the central Tauern, peak metamorphic conditions did not lead to widespread homogenization of the Sr isotopes. Localized deformation continued into the cooling path until at least 23 Ma, partially or wholly resetting Sr white mica ages in some samples. These isotopic ages may be integrated with structural data in regional tectonic models, and may constrain changes in the style of crustal deformation and plate interaction. However, such interpretations must accommodate the demonstrable variation in thermal histories over small distances.     

Rb-Sr mineral ages for the Grenvillian metamorphic development of spilites from the Dalsland Supracrustal Group,SW Sweden

Rb-Sr isotope systematics have been investigated of epidote, actinolite, albite and biotite concentrates from 4 spilite samples from the Precambrian basement directly W of lake Vänern in SW Sweden. The rocks belong to the Dalsland Supracrustal Group whose basal conglomerate was deposited on an erosion surface with a maximum age of c. 1,200 Ma. Epidote-WR and actinolite-WR tie lines in a Nicolaysen diagram give ages with an average of 990±10 (la) Ma, which is thought to represent the metamorphic culmination. Biotite-WR lines yield an average age of 900±15 (1σ) Ma, which indicates the time at which the rock complex cooled through the isotopic closure temperature of biotite, estimated at c. 250° C. The average cooling rate in this period was very low, 1–2° C/Ma. Initial Sr isotopic ratios of the 4 spilite samples vary from 0.7040 to 0.7080 and are thought to reflect interaction of mantle-derived basalts with seawater.     

四川甘洛铅锌矿集区闪锌矿Rb-Sr等时线年龄及其地质意义

四川甘洛铅锌矿集区位于扬子地块西南缘的川滇黔铅锌成矿带北段,是四川主要的铅锌产地,具有重要经济价值。为研究该矿集区铅锌成矿时代、成矿大地构造背景和成矿机制,以支撑区域找矿勘查,在区内选择赤普和尔呷地吉两个典型铅锌矿床开展闪锌矿Rb-Sr同位素体系研究,获得Rb-Sr等时线年龄246 ± 17 Ma（MSWD= 2.3）,表明区内铅锌矿化作用发生于早三叠世,与古特提斯洋闭合时限吻合;闪锌矿(87Sr/86Sr)i值变化于0.71061~0.71393,高于幔源87Sr/86Sr值0.70355及峨眉山玄武岩87Sr /86Sr值0.704979~0.706938,低于基底岩石87Sr /86Sr值0.7243~0.7288,暗示成矿物质主要来源于地壳。综合前人研究,认为在古特提斯洋闭合背景下,强烈造山运动诱发盆地卤水深循环并萃取基底地层中的成矿物质,在峨眉山玄武岩岩浆活动的热动力条件下,含矿流体沿马拉哈断裂进一步迁移沉淀形成了赤普和尔呷地吉铅锌矿床。马拉哈深大断裂及造山作用派生的层间或断层破碎带、碳酸盐岩地层是甘洛地区主要的控矿要素。     

张家口梁家沟铅锌银矿床Rb-Sr和Sm-Nd等时线年龄及其地质意义

张家口南部中—新元古代碳酸盐岩地层发育,赤城县梁家沟铅锌银多金属矿床产于中元古代蓟县系雾迷山组地层中,为目前在张家口南部碳酸盐岩沉积盖层中发现的典型多金属矿床。由于缺少成矿时代数据,对该类型矿床的成因长期以来存在同生沉积和后生改造两方面的争议。本文利用单矿物闪锌矿和闪锌矿与黄铁矿共生硫化物组合采用Rb-Sr等时线法测定梁家沟矿床的成矿时代分别为126 Ma和130.7 Ma;利用单矿物闪锌矿和闪锌矿与黄铁矿共生硫化物组合采用Sm-Nd等时线法测得成矿时代分别为130.5 Ma和131 Ma。两种方法测定的成矿时代十分接近,结合张家口区域地质背景,表明张家口南部碳酸盐岩地层中的多金属矿床为燕山期构造运动时期热液活动的产物。     

黔东盘石—盘信地区铅锌矿床Rb-Sr等时线年龄与流体包裹体特征及其找矿意义

黔东盘石—盘信地区铅锌矿床位于雪峰山西缘,扬子地块与江南造山带的结合部位,是黔东地区比较典型的铅锌矿床。对该区铅锌矿床成矿期闪锌矿进行Rb-Sr等时线法定年,获得成矿年龄为486±3 Ma（MSWD=1.2）,（87Sr/86Sr）i值为0.70918±0.00002。成矿期方解石的流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温及成分分析表明,该区流体包裹体以富液的气液两相包裹体为主,均一温度为277℃,包裹体气相成分以CO2、H2O为主,个别还含有少量CH4,液相成分以Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+、Cl-为主,少量K+、SO42-。综合研究表明：本区矿床形成于晚寒武世末—早奥陶世初,晚于赋矿地层寒武系第二统清虚洞组,属于后生成矿。闪锌矿（87Sr/86Sr）i值高于赋矿围岩,与早寒武世海水的87Sr/86Sr值相近,结合区域地层含矿性分析,推测成矿物质可能来源于下伏寒武系牛蹄塘组黑色岩系;成矿流体为中低温热卤水成因,可能还混有其他热液来源,Pb、Zn元素在成矿流体中以氯化物形式迁移的可能性较大。