CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF WETLANDS ECOSYSTEM SERVICE IN SHANGHAI, CHINA

1INTRODUCTIONGlobally,wetlands are under heavy pressure.Despite of increasing recognition of the need to con-serve wetlands,losses have been continued.Onemain reason is that wetlands throughout the world areconsidered by many to be of little or no value,o…     

认识珠江,保护珠江--试论广州至虎门潮汐水道的特性和保护问题

广州城下的珠江（广州至虎门）下属河成水道,而是潮道－潮成水道。论述了这一水道的成因和动力地貌特点,强调指出了这一潮道体系中潮滩和潮汐汊道存在的重要性。认为洙江的保护必须首次注意保护好潮滩（潮道中的近岸浅滩）,即不要再缩窄江面;其次是不能随意将潮道四周平原上的潮汐汊道堵塞或消灭     

Extraction and spatiotemporal evolution analysis of tidal flats in the Bohai Rim during 1984-2019 based on remote sensing

Tidal flats, a precious resource that provides ecological services and land space for coastal zones, are facing threats from human activities and climate change. In this study, a robust decision tree for tidal flat extraction was developed to analyse spatiotemporal variations in the Bohai Rim region during 1984-2019 based on 9539 Landsat TM/OLI surface reflection images and the Google Earth Engine (GEE) cloud platform. The area of tidal flats significantly fluctuated downwards from 3551.22 to 1712.36 km² in the Bohai Rim region during 1984-2019, and 51.31% of tidal flats were distributed near the Yellow River Delta and Liaohe River Delta during 2017-2019. There occurred a drastic spatial transition of tidal flats with coastline migration towards the ocean. Low-stability tidal flats were mainly distributed in reclamation regions, deltas, and bays near the estuary during 1984-2019. The main factors of tidal flat evolution in the Bohai Rim region included the direct impact of land cover changes in reclamation regions, the continuous impact of a weakening sediment supply, and the potential impact of a deteriorating sediment storage capability. The extraction process and maps herein could provide a reference for the sustainable development and conservation of coastal resources.     

黄河三角洲潮滩潮沟近期变化遥感监测

Integrating remote sensing, geographic information system (GIS) and fractal theory, change characteristics of tidal flats and tidal creeks in the Huanghe (Yellow) River Delta over the period of 1986-2001 were discussed. The results show that evolutions of tidal fiats throughout the Huanghe River Delta are influenced by various factors, and that progressive succession and regression of tidal flats concur in different coastal segments of the delta. Human activities have played an increasingly important role in the succession process of tidal flats. Due to land reclamation in coastal zones of the delta in the last 15 years, lots of tidal flats were occupied, the artificial coastline migrated seaward (the maximum change rate was 0.8 kmyr^-1) and tidal creeks became sparser (the highest decreasing rate of length of tidal creeks was 14.9 kmyr^-1). Except for two coastal segments from the Tiaohe Estuary to the 106 Station and from the south of the Huanghe River mouth to the north of the Xiaodao River Estuary,fractal dimension values of tidal creeks in the remaining coastal segments of the delta decreased. In addition, the time dimension, sediment fluxes into the sea, waves and tidal-currents have profound influences on the evolution process of tidal flats. Four types of tidal flats-river-dominated tidal flats,tide-dominated tidal flats, wave-dominated tidal flats and man-dominated tidal flats can be identified.Owing to the intensification of human activities in coastal zones of the delta, man-dominated tidal flats have become the main kind of tidal flats.     

大河口潮滩地貌动力过程的研究-- 以长江口为例

该文阐述河口潮滩的发育依赖于河流泥沙来源、河口动力和海底地形诸方面的有利条件.长江口潮滩在世界大河三角洲潮滩发育中独具特色.大河口潮滩的平面形态有“长条状”、“裙状”、“沙咀状”和“江心洲”型,横剖面形态有“宽缓型”、“陡岸型”和“侵蚀崖型”.主河道两侧潮滩水流基本上是往复流,但岛屿面向外海一侧的潮滩是旋转流.潮滩近底流速随着高程的增大而减小.虽然潮汐始终是潮滩水动力的控制因子,但径流起着加强落潮流和改变流速不对称性的作用.潮滩上的波能随风力、水深、滩坡和植被状况而变化.长江口潮滩水体属高浑浊水体,悬沙浓度变化于每升几百毫克至每升几万毫克之间.在总体迅速淤涨的背景下,大河口潮滩存在不同时间尺度的冲淤循环.     

关于长江三角洲两大开发工程的构想

为了解决上海缺乏深水港址和宁波、舟山港腹地范围狭小的问题,提出了两个相互关联的宏大构想：一是在杭州湾建造锁海大坝并展开大规模的围垦造陆;二是兴建宁波至舟山的跨海交通与输水工程。这两大构想一旦付诸实施,其直接效益主要有二：１．为长江三角洲增加数千平方公里的土地;２．今后可望在宁波－舟山建成世界超级大港和千万人口级特大城市。更进一步的影响则是在锁海大坝沿线和钱塘江下游沿岸将出现两个新的产业密集带与城镇     

Investigating the spatial distribution of summit flats in the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah, USA

Isolated, laterally extensive, gently sloping surfaces known as summit flats are present at high elevations in many Laramide ranges, and are particularly well developed in the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah. To investigate the spatial distribution of these surfaces, and to consider possible controls on this pattern, a map of summit flats in the Uintas was developed from digital elevation data. Summit flats were identified as unglaciated areas of the landscape above an elevation of 3400 m, having a slope of less than 0.3 m m^− 1, and an area greater than 5 × 10^− 2 km². As defined, summit flats comprise 43% of the unglaciated land area above 3400 m in the Uintas, with the largest individual flat covering nearly 34 km². To quantitatively evaluate the distribution of summit flats in the Uintas, the area of summit flats was normalized to the total unglaciated area above 3400 m in 10-km-wide swaths oriented normal to the range axis. Values of percent summit flats obtained by this method decrease dramatically westward, from a high of more than 60% at the eastern end of the Uintas, to 0% at the western end. Given that individual summit flats can be diminished through lateral erosion by surrounding valley glaciers, and that the summit flats themselves were apparently never glaciated, this result suggests that glacial erosion has been more effective in the western Uintas over the course of the Quaternary. Focused glacial erosion at the upwind end of the range is consistent with the hypothesis that the proximity of Lake Bonneville enhanced precipitation over the western Uintas during the Last Glacial Maximum [Munroe, J.S., and, Mickelson, D.M., 2002. Last Glacial Maximum equilibrium-line altitudes and paleoclimate, northern Uinta Mountains, Utah, U.S.A. Journal of Glaciology, 48, 257–266].     

政策影响下上海市工业用地扩张与效益研究

2003 年以后,国家及上海市委、市政府相继出台一些遏制工业用地的粗放扩张政策,那么其控制成效如何,工业郊区化只是工业转移还是带来更好用地效益。针对这些问题,采用GIS空间分析、统计分析和边际效益建模等方法,探讨政策调控对上海市工业用地扩张的作用效果和对工业用地效益的影响,并提出相关政策建议。研究结果表明：上海市郊区工业用地扩张明显,空间上趋于分散,工业用地效益有所提升,但相比国外发达地区,仍存在较大差距;工业向园区集中的政策驱动效果明显,工业郊区化转移并未给中心城区工业带来衰败迹象,郊区工业也并未体现出相应实力,控制工业用地扩张政策效果不佳;工业用地边际效益分析发现,边际效益呈递减趋势,工业经济增长仍主要依赖于工业用地的增加,粗放型增长未得到有效改善。     

中国大城市边缘区特性研究

本文通过北京、上海、广州、南京等大城市调查,在探讨中国城市边缘区划分的基础上,对中国大城市边缘区的人口特性、社会特性、经济特性、土地利用特性以及地域空间特性进行了研究。     

城市土地利用演变信息的数据挖掘——以上海市为例

城市土地利用变化 ,具有非线性特征 ,一般的数据挖掘方法基本上失效。本文研究了利用马尔可夫链和神经网络两种方法 ,基于地理信息系统、遥感图像、电子地图 ,预测了上海市中心城区、 2 0 0 2年和 2 0 0 5年的土地利用总量和土地利用类型结构的变化 ,从而研究了城市土地利用状况演变预测的地学数据挖掘技术。     

上海滨岸潮滩水沉积物中无机氮的季节性变化

对长江口南翼上海滨岸带3个站点潮滩上覆水，沉积物和间隙水中的3态无机氮的含量分布的年度季节性监测研究表明：潮滩上覆水中溶解无机氮以NO3－N为主：表层沉积物中可交换态无机氮以NH4－N为主，约占70％－85％，沉积物间隙水中主要无机氮为NH4－N和NO3－N。潮滩水体中NH4－N的季节性变化幅度不大，而NO3－N和NO2－N的季节性变化明显，在冬季含量明显降低；但沉积物和间隙水中氮氨和硝态氮的浓度在冬季则有较大增加。初步探讨了潮滩水和沉积物中无机氮分布季节性变化的主要影响因素，估算了潮滩表层沉积物－水界面无机氮的扩散通量，指出NH4－N的扩散释放对滨岸水环境质量影响较大。     

长江口南港的水文泥沙环境及污染物输移

南港河道水域宽广,水体量大,动力条件强,悬沙含量较高且都是细颗粒物质,纳污容量大,具有较强的输运、稀释和自净能力。污水进入南港以后,污染物在河道中迁移转化,主要吸附在泥沙上。在外泄过程中污染物质在南港中往返逗留,循环输移,向底层、滩地、涨潮沟等地迁移,并在河海相接地带富集。     

上海中心城就业中心体系测度————基于手机信令数据的研究

利用手机信令数据识别上海市域内手机用户的工作地和居住地,获取就业者的通勤数据,测度上海中心城的就业中心体系.首先用就业者工作地数据生成就业密度分布图,基于中心城的就业密度识别就业中心.随后,用就业者工作地和居住地数据分别从就业密度和通勤联系两方面测度各中心的能级,分析各中心的腹地和势力范围.研究发现:① 上海中心城的就业中心呈主中心强大的弱多中心体系;② 就业密度越高的中心与其他地区的通勤联系一般也越强,但通勤联系在各中心间的差异更显著;③ 能级越高的中心腹地面积越大,但势力范围不一定越大;④ 相比于能级,职住功能混合度对职住平衡的影响更大;⑤缺少就业中心的地区势力范围呈交替状.本研究一定程度上能有助于解决既往就业中心体系研究因空间单元较大,缺少通勤数据在中心识别,通勤联系测度等方面受到的局限,希望能为构建上海中心城就业多中心体系提供帮助.     

城市土地利用类型及格局的热环境效应研究——以上海市中心城区为例

以上海市中心城区为例,首先采用SPOT影象,人工解译出城市土地利用的类型,同时利用Landsat7卫星,ETM+影象的热红外波段反演每个像元内的陆地表面温度,分析陆地表面温度在不同土地利用类型之间的差异,进一步分析不同土地空间分布格局与地面温度之间的关系。研究结果显示:上海市地表温度具有明显中心城区高、郊区低的热岛效应存在;在城市不同土地利用类型上的表面温度具有显著性差异,两两之间的比较揭示,城市地面温度在大多数土地利用类型之间的差异是显著的。城市内部不同土地类型所产生的热环境效应不同;城市土地类型在空间布局上越复杂,其产生的热岛效应越明显。     

风暴洪水主要承灾体脆弱性分析——黄浦江案例

脆弱性分析是自然灾害风险研究的热点问题之一。风暴洪水是上海黄浦江流域所面临的最主要自然灾害类型,历史上对该区域造成极为严重的灾害损失。通过多次灾后调查,结合前人研究成果,构建该区域7种主要承灾体经济损失脆弱性方程和人口脆弱性方程。基于前期黄浦江风暴洪水多情景危险性成果,开展实证研究,结果显示:经济损失和人口脆弱性分布自黄浦江上游地区向下游逐渐降低。最后,提出未来脆弱性研究中有待进一步完善和发展的工作。     

A geomorphological approach to sustainable planning and management of the coastal zone of Kuwait

The coastal zone in Kuwait has been under a considerable pressure from conflicting land uses since the early 1960s, as well as from the destruction and oil pollution caused by the Gulf War. To avoid further damage and to protect the coastal heritage it is essential to adopt an environmentally sustainable management process. This paper shows how the study of coastal geomorphology can provide a sound basis for sustainable planning and management. Based on coastal landforms, sediments and processes, the coastline of Kuwait was divided into nine geomorphic zones. These zones were grouped into two main geomorphic provinces. The northern province is marked by extensive muddy intertidal flats and dominated by a depositional and low-energy environment. The southern geomorphic province is characterised by relatively steep beach profiles, rocky/sandy tidal flats and a moderate to high-energy environment. The study has demonstrated that pollution, benthic ecology and other environmental conditions of the coast are a function of coastline geomorphology, sedimentology and related processes. The geomorphological information was used to determine the coastal vulnerability and to assess the environmental impacts of development projects and other human activities. Several strategies were outlined to integrate the geomorphic approach into the management of the coastal resources.     

地面沉降对上海黄浦江防汛工程的影响分析

地面沉降导致上海地面高程损失,并降低防汛工程设防能力。1921~2007年地面平均沉降1.973 m,最大沉降3.035 m,市区普遍低于江河高潮位。地面沉降在中心城区外滩黄浦江防汛墙四次加高改建中分别占增高幅度的98.0%,62.6%,30.1%,7.8%,目前防汛墙仍受到地面沉降的持续影响,1994~2006年区域地面沉降占防汛墙总体沉降量的71.9%。地面沉降的长期危害是影响上海城市防汛安全的重要因素,加强地面沉降监测与防治是上海城市灾害防御的重要内容。     

黄河三角洲土地结构分析

本文在土地类型划分和土地评价的基础上，对黄三角洲的土地结构（包括土地类型土地结构，土地资源结构，土地空间结构，土地演替结构，土地利用现状结构）进行了分析，由此提出了大农业发展方向，土地利用格局以及促进土地顺向演替等方面的建设性意见。     

城市商业土地级差地租的GIS评价方法研究

本文尝试在地理信息系统的支持下，以商业土地级差地租为研究对象，通过建立土地、效能和人口等空间数据库，分别对商业区位，交通和人口三个评价因子定量化，并采用地理环境２辨识模型建立了综合评价指标来进行城市商业地租的等级划分。本文同时还以上海市普陀区为例，讨论了运用地理信息系统软件ＡＲＣ／ＩＮＦＯ进行数据提取的一系列方法，最后，建立了该区土地等级空间数据库，并根据输出的土地等级分布图初步分析了土地规划方向     

珠江口两岸耕地景观破碎化定量分析

在GIS技术的支持下,利用景观格局分析软件FRAGSTATS3．0对珠江口两岸耕地资源进行景观破碎化定量分析。研究结果表明,两岸耕地资源碎化程度存在明显的区域差异,珠江口东岸高于西岸,深圳最高,番禺耕地地块数量破碎化与珠海耕地地块形状破碎化程度最低;地貌结构是两岸耕地资源破碎化差异的主要内在因素;快速城市化与工业化占用大量耕地资源同时．在一定程度上影响到两岸耕地资源空间分布特征与耕地资源的完整性。