天山中段近地表气温的遥感反演及时空分布特征

为天山中段近地表气温研究提供可靠、空间分辨率较高的数据源,该文以气象站气温数据、再分析气温数据以及遥感数据为主要数据源,采用多元回归模型反演了近地表气温并进行精度验证。在此基础上,揭示天山中段近地表气温时空分布特征及其变化趋势。结果表明:①反演精度与实测值相近,且精度较好。②天山中段近地表气温呈四周高,中部低,平原区高,丘陵、山区低的空间分布格局;年际变化呈先升高后降低,年内呈周期性单峰变化的趋势。③2001—2016年天山中段近地表气温以不显著增加为主,占显著降低的区域甚少。研究结果证明用多元回归模型可以提高近地表气温的遥感反演精度,为今后近地表气温研究提供空间分辨率较高的数据及其获取方法。     

植被遥感辐射传输建模中的异质性研究进展

遥感辐射传输建模是在研究电磁波与地物相互作用机理的基础上,建立遥感观测信号与地物属性、地物结构和观测几何等参量之间定量关系的模型,是理解遥感观测信号和反演地表参量的理论基础。近年来空间异质性问题引起了定量遥感领域的高度关注,高分辨率卫星及激光雷达等数据的日益丰富给研究空间异质性提供了有力支撑。在异质性植被场景遥感辐射传输建模过程中,像元内部的组分比例、3维结构、空间格局以及端元边界处的阴影效应与散射过程等方面是需要重点考虑的因素。本文在总结非均质地表空间异质性描述的基础上,分别总结了植被二向性反射与热红外辐射方向性建模研究的发展历程,以及非均质地表植被遥感建模研究的最新进展,并指出了地表遥感建模中研究异质性问题的发展方向。     

利用时空神经网络模型的长江经济带气温反演

传统基于遥感的气温反演方法往往使用全局模型,从而忽略了气温分布及其时空影响异质性,特别是在较大区域尺度的研究中存在不足。针对长江经济带区域,引入时空地理加权神经网络模型,建立一种高精度的气温估计方法。通过在广义回归网络模型中建立局部模型来顾及时空异质性的影响,融合遥感数据、同化数据、站点数据,获取面域分布的近地表气温信息。采用基于站点的十折交叉验证方法对模型性能进行评估,结果表明,时空地理加权神经网络有效提高了气温估计的精度（均方根误差为1.899℃,平均绝对误差（mean absolute error,MAE）为1.310℃,相关系数为0.976）,与多元线性回归和传统的全局神经网络方法相比,MAE值分别降低了1.112℃和0.378℃。气温空间分布制图结果显示,该方法结果能很好地反映长江经济带气温空间上的差异和不同季节的特征信息,具有实际应用价值。     

利用MODIS遥感影像获取近地层气温的方法研究

由于冠层叶片群体效应,在1km的空间尺度上遥感获取浓密植被陆面温度与气温近似相等。根据这个原理对利用遥感手段获取气温进行了尝试,提出利用NDVI-Ts空间获取气温的方法,计算气温空间分布模式,同时对Prihodko和Goward提出的气温遥感获取模型(简称P-G模型)进行试验并与NDVI-Ts空间法进行了对比。根据Parton和Logan提出的气温尺度转换模型,利用气象站观测最高气温和最低气温获取Terra卫星过境时刻气温作为“测定值”,对遥感获取的气温进行检验,得到以下结论:P-G模型计算气温与观测结果相比偏高,而NDVI-Ts法计算结果偏低,但是其总体误差范围相当,大约为 4℃;与P-G模型相比,尽管NDVI-Ts空间法获得的气温在精度上对P-G模型没有多大的改善,但这种方法能够更加充分利用遥感获取的信息,而且在计算机运算效率上也有很大的改进,NDVI-Ts空间法相对于P-G模型具有一定优势。     

基于地表温度—植被指数三角/梯形特征空间的地表蒸散发遥感反演综述

地表蒸散发是地表水分循环和能量平衡的重要组成成分,其准确估算对农业灌溉与干旱监测、水资源管理、气候变化预估等研究至关重要.基于地表温度—植被指数三角/梯形特征空间开展地表蒸散发遥感反演及土壤蒸发/植被蒸腾分离是地表蒸散发定量遥感研究的国际热点与前沿课题之一.本文全面、系统、深入地综述了地表温度—植被指数三角/梯形空间反...     

结合特征组与分层策略的遥感图像分类研究

针对藏南地区地表覆盖信息获取困难、生产效率低等问题,该文提出一种结合特征组与分层策略的高空间分辨率遥感图像逐层分类方法。依据地理国情普查地表覆盖信息分类标准,结合研究区遥感图像实际的地表覆盖状况,充分挖掘高空间分辨率遥感图像的地物特征信息,建立该地区地物图像特征组,并采用分层策略减弱地物间的相互影响程度,实现研究区遥感图像逐层分类。实验结果表明,文中提出的逐层分类方法能有效提高地表覆盖类别解译效率,分层成果有利于进一步的精细分类。     

高分遥感驱动的精准土地利用与土地覆盖变化信息智能计算模型与方法研究

通过对地观测可在影像空间上全面反映地表地理现象、格局及演化过程,基于遥感数据提取的土地利用与覆盖变化(LUCC)产品为分析地理要素空间分布规律及其变化机制提供全覆盖、定量化和快速更新的本底信息.本文以高分辨率遥感视觉特征(图)与多源多模态观测机理特征(谱)相互耦合的图谱认知理论研究为基础,提出了精细地理图斑空间结构(精...     

构造地理要素趋势面的尺度转换普适性方法探讨

当前的遥感科学面临着遥感数据获取能力与数据应用能力之间突出的供需矛盾。尺度问题作为遥感科学中的关键问题,既限制了遥感作为一门科学向系统性、普适性的发展,又限制了遥感应用能力的发展。本文对定量遥感中的尺度问题进行了梳理,包括:遥感与传统站点观测之间的不一致、不同尺度遥感产品之间的不一致、机理模型的尺度适用问题,以及遥感产品与用户需求时空尺度间的不一致。对遥感中的尺度转换方法展开了讨论,总结了尺度转换的关键问题在于原数据信息量不足时引入额外信息和保留关键信息两方面。提出了构造地理要素趋势面的基本构想,搭建了一个具有普适性的尺度转换方法框架。核心内容是充分利用地表环境要素时间、空间上的信息作为先验知识,通过关联遥感观测新信息和先验趋势面生成指定时空尺度的地表要素产品。     

1979年—2014年三峡库区月平均气温的时空变化分析

三峡区域气温变化长期以来受到科研人员和公众的关注。受三峡复杂地形的影响,仅仅基于气象站点观测数据很难准确获取区域气温变化的空间格局,遥感技术则可以通过提供空间连续的地表观测数据来辅助气温变化分析。以广义加性模型GAM (General Additive Model)为插值算法,以高程和夜间地表温度(LST_night)遥感产品为辅助变量,估算三峡库区1979年—2014年1 km空间分辨率的月气温数据,在此基础上分析了气温变化趋势的时空特征及其与高程和森林覆盖率的关系。研究表明,(1)在插值算法中引入遥感产品LST_night作为辅助变量可以明显改善气温估算精度,冬春季的改善幅度高于夏秋季;(2)三峡库区年平均气温在1997年后明显上升,但在2003年库区蓄水后无明显变化趋势,几乎所有月(除12月以外)的气温都呈现上升趋势,增温趋势最显著是3月和9月,3月增温主要来自于库区东部山区的贡献,而9月增温主要来自于库区西部平原的贡献;(3)多数月份(除7月、8月、9月以外)的低温上升速度超过高温上升速度,导致区域气温的动态变化范围缩小;(4)三峡库区年平均气温上升速度与高程呈正相关,即海拔越高,升温越快,但在同一海拔高度处,森林覆盖率越高,年均气温上升速度越慢,暗示森林具有抑制增温的作用。     

基于多时相遥感图像灰度差值法的地表变化检测

为快速利用多时相遥感数据实现地表信息的变化检测,探讨了使用多时相遥感图像的灰度差值法来进行地表变化检测.计算差值图像的均值和标准差,建立其数学关系,确定变化阈值;通过差值运算后处理方法获得变化信息,并结合地表信息的光谱反射特性,进行城市地表信息的变化检测.     

基于大气温度和水汽含量改进HJ-1B地表温度反演

为了提高地面气象站稀少地区地表温度遥感反演的精度,本文基于多源遥感数据的优势,首先利用MODIS影像获取研究区像元尺度上平均大气水汽含量;然后利用同时相的HJ-1B影像估算区域地表比辐射率,再采用温度-植被指数法获取近地表大气温度;最后将以上3个参数输入单窗体算法,改进其地表温度反演的精度。研究结果表明,改进单窗体算法反演地表温度与地面实测温度的偏差小于1 K,为地面气象站点稀少的植被覆盖区域提供了一种可行的精确遥感反演地表温度方法。     

基于多源遥感数据的北极新冰提取及范围时序变化分析

本文利用多源遥感数据从不同空间尺度对2004年至2012年间北极地区新冰进行了提取并对其范围变化进行了分析。统计分析结果表明,北极海冰总体覆盖面积与北极近地表气温的变化呈反比;新冰覆盖面积的变化与海冰总面积的变化相比较缓慢;北极各个区域新冰覆盖范围的变化与各区域近地表温度的变化有较大的关联。     

三江源区植被 NDVI 对区域气候的时滞效应分析

以三江源区为研究区,主要利用一元线性趋势法和简单相关分析法分析了源区1982～2004年生长季累积NDVI的时间序列变化特征及其与气温、降雨、光照时间、风速、地表温度这些气候因子之间的相关性,从月尺度上研究了三江源区植被NDVI对气候因子响应的滞后性特征。最后表明,生长季累积NDVI对气温的滞后期为1个月,对风速的滞后期为2个月,对地表温度的滞后期为4个月,而对降雨量和日照时数不存在滞后响应或者滞后期小于1个月。     

Remotely Sensed Phenology of Coffee and Its Relationship to Yield

Due to complex microclimatic interactions, a biannual phenological cycle, and the generally small scale of coffee plantations, there have been few applications of satellite observations to examine coffee yield. Using 2001-2006 data, surface precipitation and air temperature are related to MODIS surface temperature and fractional vegetation. Using lagged correlation analysis and deviations from the annual cycle, yield is related to accumulated deviations in fractional vegetation. Results imply that the coarse spatial resolution of MODIS data is compensated for by high temporal coverage, which allows for determination of coffee phenology.     

Statistical analysis of surface urban heat island intensity variations: A case study of Babol city,Iran

The urban heat island is considered as one of the most important climate change phenomena in urban areas, which can result in remarkable negative effects on flora, concentration of pollutants, air quality, energy and water consumption, human health, ecological and economic impacts, and even on global warming. The variation analysis of the surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) is important for understanding the effect of urbanization and urban planning. The objective of this study was to present a new strategy based on the Shannon’s entropy and Pearson chi-square statistic to investigate the spatial and temporal variations of the SUHII. In this study, Landsat TM, ETM+, OLI and TIRS images, MODIS products, meteorological data, topographic and population maps of the Babol city, Iran, from 1985 to 2017, and air temperature data recorded by ground recorder devices in 2017 were used. First, Single-Channel algorithm was used to estimate land surface temperature (LST), and the maximum likelihood classifier was employed to classify Landsat images. Then, based on LST maps, surface urban heat island ratio index was employed to calculate the SUHII. Further, several statistical methods, such as the degree-of-freedom, degree-of-sprawl and degree-of-goodness, were used to analyse the SUHII variation along different geographic directions and in various time periods. Finally, correlation between various parameters such as air temperature, SUHII, population variation and degree-of-goodness index values were investigated. The results indicated that the SUHII value increased by 24% in Babol over different time periods. The correlation coefficient yielded 0.82 between the values of the difference between the mean air temperature of the urban and suburbs and the SUHII values for the geographic directions. Furthermore, the correlation coefficient between the population variation and the degree-of-goodness index values reached 0.8. The results suggested that the SUHII variation of Babol city had a high degree-of-freedom, high degree-of-sprawl and negative degree-of-goodness.     

Monitoring Intraurban temperature patterns and associated land cover in phoenix,Arizona using Landsat thermal data

Abstract

This study investigates urban climatologic modification associated with development and changing land use in the relatively arid urban environment of Phoenix, Arizona. An analysis of surface temperatures, as portrayed on Landsat thermal remotely sensed data, were compared to current land use patterns in regions of the rapidly expanding urban landscape. A second focus of this study involved investigation of the surface temperatures of this environment, as extracted from the radiometric data of the Landsat thermal band, to provide insights into the complexities of the relationship to the near‐surface atmospheric temperature, a parameter used extensively in climate change analyses and in models for energy and water demand in this desert region. The near surface air temperature is usually measured approximately two meters above the ground surface. In general, spatial temperature patterns of the metropolitan region were strongly correlated with the presence of open water or biomass which provide an evapotranspirative heat sink.     

Evaluation of satellite-derived agro-climate variables in the Northern Great Plains of the United States

The climate of the United States Northern Great Plains region is highly variable. Modelling of agriculture in this region and similar locations depends on the availability and quality of satellite and ground data for agro-climate variables. We evaluated tropical rainfall measuring mission (TRMM) multi-satellite preparation analysis (TMPA) precipitation, atmospheric infrared sounder (AIRS) surface air temperature, and AIRS relative air humidity (RH). A significant bias was found within the temperature and RH products and no bias but an insufficient rain event detection skill in the precipitation product (probability of detection ～0.3). A linear correction of the temperature product removed the bias as well as lowered the root mean square deviation (RMSD). The bias-corrections for RH led to increased RMSD or worse correlation. For precipitation, the correlation between the satellite product and ground data improved if cumulative precipitation or only precipitation during the growing season was used.     

Quantification of LST and CO2 levels using Landsat-8 thermal bands on urban environment

Land surface temperature (LST) is an important aspect in global to regional change studies, for control of climate change and balancing of high temperature. Urbanization is one of the influencing factors increasing land surface and atmospheric temperature, by the emission of greenhouse gases (e.g. CO₂, NO and methane). In the present study, LST was derived from Landsat-8 of multitemporal data sets to analyse the spatial structure of the urban thermal environment in relation to the urban surface characteristics and land use–land cover (LULC). LST is influenced by the greenhouse gases i.e. CO₂ plays an important role in increasing the earth’s surface temperature. In order to provide the evidence of influence of CO₂ on LST, the relationship between LST, air temperature and CO₂ was analysed. Landsat-8 satellite has two thermal bands, 10 and 11. These bands were used to accurately to calculate the temperature over the study area. Results showed that the strength of correlation between ground monitoring data and satellite data was high. Based on correlation values of each month April (R² = 0.994), May (R² = 0.297) and June (R² = 0.934), observed results show that band 10 was significantly correlating with air temperature. Relationship between LST and CO₂ levels were obtained from linear regression analysis. band 11 was correlating significantly with CO₂ values in each of the months April (R² = 0.217), May (R² = 0.914) and June, (R² = 0.934), because band 11 is closer to the 15-micron band of CO₂. From the results, it was observed that band 10 can be used for calculating air temperature and band 11 can be used for estimation of greenhouse gases.     

Improvement of spatial interpolation accuracy of daily maximum air temperature in urban areas using a stacking ensemble technique

ABSTRACT

The reliable and robust monitoring of air temperature distribution is essential for urban thermal environmental analysis. In this study, a stacking ensemble model consisting of multi-linear regression (MLR), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest (RF) optimized by the SVR is proposed to interpolate the daily maximum air temperature (T_max) during summertime in a mega urban area. A total of 10 geographic variables, including the clear-sky averaged land surface temperature and the normalized difference vegetation index, were used as input variables. The stacking model was compared to Cokriging, three individual data-driven methods, and a simple average ensemble model, all through leave-one-station-out cross validation. The stacking model showed the best performance by improving the generalizability of the individual models and mitigating the sensitivity to the extreme daily T_max. This study demonstrates that the stacking ensemble method can improve the accuracy of spatial interpolation of environmental variables in various research fields.     

High positive correlation between soil temperature and NDVI from 1982 to 2006 in alpine meadow of the Three-River Source Region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Using satellite-observed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) data and Rotated Empirical Orthogonal Function (REOF) method, we analyzed the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation during growing seasons from May to September in the Three-River Source Region, alpine meadow in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau from 1982 to 2006. We found that NDVI in the centre and east of the region, where the vegetation cover is low, showed a consistent but slight increase before 2003 and remarkable increase in 2004 and 2005. Impact factors analysis indicted that among air temperature, precipitation, humid index, soil surface temperature, and soil temperature at 10 cm and 20 cm depth, annual variation of NDVI was highly positive correlated with the soil surface temperature of the period from March to July. Further analysis revealed that the correlation between the vegetation and temperature was insignificant before 1995, but statistically significant from 1995. The study indicates that temperature is the major controlling factor of vegetation change in the Three-River Source Region, and the currently increase of temperature may increase vegetation coverage and/or density in the area. In addition, ecological restoration project started from 2005 in Three-River Source Region has a certain role in promoting the recovery of vegetation.