0-1整数规划在水源地开采井最优布局中的应用研究

新建水源地如何最优布井,对水源地开采运行具有重大影响。本文介绍了0-1整数规划及其求解方法,并结合一个实际问题进行说明。作者应用0-1整数规划方法建立了北京密怀顺平原区拟建水源地最优布井的地下水管理模型,采用响应矩阵法将地下水模拟模型和管理模型相耦合,运用分支-定界法求出最优井位,并将优化井位与原拟定井位的计算结果进行了对比。结果表明,0-1整数规划能很好地解决最优布井问题,对水源地规划、基坑降水、地下水人工回灌等方面都具有一定的指导意义。     

利用预测型线性规划评价矿区地下水开采量

建立了某矿区水源地当前和未来不同时期地下水开采量评价的预测型线性规划模型,得到了不同时期的最大开采量及相应的最优运行方案,为矿区发展规划提供了决策依据。      

嘉峪关市北大河南岸新建地下水水源地可行性论证

依据近年来从事项目所收集的资料,结合前人的研究成果,对嘉峪关市北大河南岸新建地下水水源地水文地质条件及水源地运行对现有北大河水源地、傍河水源地、双泉水源地、火车站水源地的影响程度进行了论证,论证结果：酒泉西盆地地下水开采潜力中等,可增加开采量7585.27×10^4m^3/a;拟建水源地设计取水量1 460.00×10^4m^3/a可行;拟建水源地运行对现有各水源地影响程度较小。     

非稳定流线性地下水管理模型探讨及应用

本文运用系统工程理论的优化技术,从水力学观点出发来把握、控制水源地各供水井的水位,在满足约束条件下,求各供水井的最优开采量,以便达到水源地供水价值最大的目标,从而为水源地科学管理、合理利用水资源提供依据和策略。     

某工程水源地开采对区域水环境影响评价分析

某工程原拟采用蒲城县袁家坡水源地奥陶系灰岩岩溶水作为供水水源,评价水源地运行后对已有水源地及区域水环境影响有十分重要的意义。采用非稳定流干扰井群法对水源地开采后对其他用户的影响进行分析计算,并对水源地运行后袁家坡泉群泉流量进行预测,经计算分析,该水源地开采不会影响其他水源地开采且仍能保证河道生态环境需水要求,评价方法正确,结论可信。     

怀柔应急水源地可持续供水与水源涵养研究

怀柔应急水源地自运行以来一直续采至今,由于连续干旱和多年的超设计规模运行,导致区内水文地质条件发生了较大变化,为保证其"应急供水"的能力,具备随时启动供水的功能,结合南水北调水源进京的机遇,从资源回补涵养和供水系统的热备运行两方面开展研究工作。在综合分析区域水文地质条件和研究多年地下水动态变化规律的基础上,利用地下水数值模型对怀柔应急水源地在不同开采条件下的回补方式和效果进行模拟,拟定了南水北调进京后区域水资源人工回补方案及应急水源地的热备运行方案,并模拟预测了水源地热备运行和地下水涵养效果,为怀柔应急水源地可持续供水提供科学依据。分析结果表明:南水北调水源进京后,怀柔应急水源地可采用夏季高峰集中供水与日常保压相结合的"集中开采"方案和日常"稳压开采"方案。     

大庆前进水源地优化运行研究

水源地的优化运行管理会获得很大的社会经济和环境效益。为实现大庆前进水源地的优化运行,在满足供水量需求条件下,调整水源地开采布局,挖掘能耗低的供水井的潜力,以最大限度降低水源地运转的能耗为管理目标,建立前进水源地优化开采管理模型。优化开采后水源地可节省耗电2.25%~7.92%。水源地的开采量应维持在4.5×104m3/d左右,优化后日节省电耗816 kW h。     

应用解析法确定傍河水源地地下水开采方案

合理设计开采方案对傍河水源地地下水资源开发具有重要意义。以德惠典型傍河地下水水源地为研究区,在查明研究区水文地质条件的基础上,以管井为例,运用解析法确定了最佳开采方案和水源地地下水允许开采量,并对最佳开采方案的合理性和可靠性进行了分析。结果表明,当开采井沿河流呈直线形单排布井方式,井数为12眼,井河距离为200 m,井间距离为150 m,单井开采量为2 960 m3/d,总开采量为35 520 m3/d时,取水保证程度较高,面对河流突发性污染具有一定的抵御能力,不会对区域水环境和其他用户造成较大影响。     

大型抽水试验在藏东高原水源地勘探中的应用

以藏东某矿山供水水源地为例,探讨大型抽水试验在高原基岩地下水水源地勘探中的应用。通过枯水期及丰水期两次大流量抽水试验,对地下水含水系统造成强烈的震动,研究了区内大气降水、地表水、地下水"三水转换"关系、地下水水位动态和流场变化特征,在查明水源地水文地质条件的基础上,采用开采试验法预测了水源地地下水允许开采量为3.00×10~4m~3/d,认为水源地地下水允许开采量有足够资源保证,水源地运行后,不会发生危害性环境地质现象。     

塔里木与扬子新元古代热-构造事件特征、序列和时代——扬子与塔里木连接(YZ-TAR)假设

淄博市大武水源地是中国北方罕见的特大型岩溶-裂隙地下水水源地,地下水开采量为52×10~4m~3/d。为了对岩溶地下水进行有效监测,需要建立最优的地下水监测网。文中在对岩溶地下水流系统分析的基础上,建立了地下水流系统确定性-随机性数学模型,运用有限元与卡尔曼滤波耦合的模拟递推算法,对大武水源地地下水监测网进行了优化设计,结果显示:现有地下水位动态监测网难以达到监测目标,最优地下水位监测网由14个监测井,每月监测一次的监测频率组成,比现有地下水位监测网减少了2个监测井。     

A unified formulation for generalized oilfield development optimization

Oilfield development involves several key decisions, including the number, type (injection/production), location, drilling schedule, and operating control trajectories of the wells. Without considering the coupling between these decision variables, any optimization problem formulation is bound to find suboptimal solutions. This paper presents a unified formulation for oilfield development optimization that seeks to simultaneously optimize these decision variables. We show that the source/sink term of the governing multiphase flow equations includes all the above decision variables. This insight leads to a novel and unified formulation of the field development optimization problem that considers the source/sink term in reservoir simulation equations as optimization decision variables. Therefore, a single optimization problem is formulated to simultaneously search for optimal decision variables by determining the complete dynamic form of the source/sink terms. The optimization objective function is the project net present value (NPV), which involves discounted revenue from oil production, operating costs (e.g. water injection and recycling), and capital costs (e.g., cost of drilling wells). A major difficulty after formulating the generalized field development optimization problem is finding an efficient solution approach. Since the total number of cells in a reservoir model far exceeds the number of cells that are intersected by wells, the source/sink terms tend to be sparse. In fact, the drilling cost in the NPV objective function serves as a sparsity-promoting penalty to minimize the number of wells while maximizing the NPV. Inspired by this insight, we solve the optimization problem using an efficient gradient-based method based on recent algorithmic developments in sparse reconstruction literature. The gradients of the NPV function with respect to the source/sink terms is readily computed using well-established adjoint methods. Numerical experiments are presented to evaluate the feasibility and performance of the generalized field development formulation for simultaneous optimization of the number, location, type, controls, and drilling schedule of the wells.     

常德市地下水应急水源地应急供水可行性评价及方案研究

寻找地下水应急水源地、建立应急供水机制,是城市发生日常供水障碍时保障居民用水安全、维护社会稳定的重要措施。通过分析常德市规划区水文地质条件,圈定了5个地下水应急水源地,总结了同类型城市地下水应急水源地的选址原则,并从水量、水质、开采能力3个方面对水源地进行了可行性分析。结合现有城市供水管网及地下水开采井保留情况,分别考虑了人均用水量最低标准20 L/d和一般标准50 L/d两种状态下的应急供水方案。应急供水每人20 L/d状态下,保留井的现有供水能力可以满足应急供水需求,而应急供水每人50 L/d状态下,河洑水源地和芦荻山水源地保留井的现有供水能力不足,建议增加开采井以满足应急供水需求。     

常德市地下水应急水源地应急供水可行性评价及方案研究

寻找地下水应急水源地、建立应急供水机制,是城市发生日常供水障碍时保障居民用水安全、维护社会稳定的重要措施。通过分析常德市规划区水文地质条件,圈定了5个地下水应急水源地,总结了同类型城市地下水应急水源地的选址原则,并从水量、水质、开采能力3个方面对水源地进行了可行性分析。结合现有城市供水管网及地下水开采井保留情况,分别考虑了人均用水量最低标准20 L/d和一般标准50 L/d两种状态下的应急供水方案。应急供水每人20 L/d状态下,保留井的现有供水能力可以满足应急供水需求,而应急供水每人50 L/d状态下,河洑水源地和芦荻山水源地保留井的现有供水能力不足,建议增加开采井以满足应急供水需求。     

Lowland Maya water management practices: The household exploitation of rural wells

A hypothesis developed by Vernon Scarborough and endorsed and modified by Lisa Lucero and Anabel Ford proposes that lowland Maya elites centralized and coordinated political power by controlling access to water stored in large, centrally located reservoirs. The hypothesis presupposes that in the central and southern Maya lowlands, nonelites did not have access to viable alternative dry‐season water sources. This paper demonstrates that, in the east‐central and southwestern areas of the Maya lowlands, fault springs were an important source of water, particularly to rural peoples. After reviewing the evidence of Maya fault spring exploitation and documenting the hydrogeological conditions under which fault springs form, I describe wells that rural households built to expose fault springs and enhance their flow, including clay‐lined and stone‐lined shafts. Also documented are three well types found elsewhere in the Maya lowlands: (1) wells built to exploit permanent, generally shallow water tables; (2) wells dug to catch precipitation as it filtered down through bedrock; and (3) buk'teob, built to recover during the dry season the receding contents of pools that during the rainy season collect in aguadas. The dispersed distribution of Maya wells in rural settings and their frequent association with modest residential remains suggests that nonelite households managed them. The existence of Maya wells that supplied water to rural peoples through the dry season is inconsistent with the Scarborough‐Lucero‐Ford hypothesis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

山东平阴地热水水文地球化学特征及成因分析

山东平阴目前已有的3眼地热井水中均富含丰富的理疗矿物元素,具有较高的理疗价值.利用以往工作取得的水化学分析和同位素分析数据,分析了地热水的水化学特征、补给来源、形成年龄及水-岩作用过程,对热储温度、冷水混入比例与热水循环深度进行了估算.结果表明:研究区地热水水化学类型均为Cl·SO4-Na·Ca型;补给来源均为大气降水...     

The Basin of Mexico and its metropolitan area: water abstraction and related environmental problems

The Basin of Mexico is a closed basin of lacustrine character, with an average elevation of 2200 m above sea level. The watershed covers a vast extension in five states. Mexico City and its metropolitan area are located within this basin. The aquifer system is the main source of water supply for more than 20 million people. Water consumption is about 60 m³/s. The aquifer supplies about 43 m³/s from around 1000 wells at 70–200 m depth. Pumping policies have generated subsidence and degradation of the ground water quality in the Basin of Mexico The lacustrian clay layers play an important role in the local hydrogeology, protecting the aquifer from pollution, but the transition and piedmont areas are highly vulnerable to surface pollutants.     

Maximizing the management of groundwater resources in the Paris–Abu Bayan reclaimed area,Western Desert,Egypt

The Paris–Abu Bayan area located along the Darb El Arbaein road is involved in the New Valley Project in the Egyptian Western Desert (EWD) as part of ongoing efforts since the 1960s. In this dryland area, groundwater stored in the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) serves as the only water resource for a number of different uses. A major concern is the significant groundwater withdrawals from 74 pumped wells since the beginning of agricultural activities in 2000. The recent rapid expansion of agricultural activity and the lack of sufficient groundwater recharge as a result of unplanned groundwater development have led to severe stress on the aquifer. Field measurements have shown a rapid decline in groundwater levels, creating a crisis situation for this sole source of water in the area. In this study, mathematical modeling of the groundwater system (single aquifer layer) of the Paris–Abu Bayan reclaimed area was implemented using MODFLOW to devise a new strategy for the sustainable use of groundwater, by applying a number of scenarios in a finite-difference program. The conceptual model and calibration were developed by generating and studying the hydrogeological records, NSA parameters, production wells, and water level measurements for 2005 and 2012. Three management scenarios were applied on the calibrated model to display the present and future stresses on this aquifer over a 30-year period (2012–2042). The results clearly show a high decline in the heads of the NSA, by about 13.8 m, due to the continuous withdrawal of water (first scenario: present conditions, 102,473 m³/day). In the second scenario, the water level is expected to decrease significantly, by about 16 m, in most of the reclamation area by increasing the pumping rates by about 25% (over-pumping) to meet the continuous need for more cultivation land in the area. To reduce the large decline in water levels, the third plan tests the aquifer after reducing the water withdrawal by approximately 25%, applying modern irrigation systems, and suggesting two new reclaimed areas in the northeastern and northwestern parts (areas 1 and 2), with 20 new wells, at 500 m³/day/well. The results in this case show that groundwater levels are slightly decreased, by about 9.5 m, while many wells (especially the new wells in the northern part) show a slight decrease in groundwater levels (0.8 m). The results comparison shows that the groundwater level in the modeled area is lowered by 0.3 m/year with an increase in the number of wells to 94 and increased cultivation area by about 18% (third scenario), versus 0.45 m/year and 0.60 m/year recorded for the first and second scenarios, respectively. Therefore, based on the results, the third scenario is recommended as a new strategy for improving groundwater resource sustainability in the region.     

The processes affecting oxytetracycline contamination of groundwater in a phreatic aquifer underlying industrial fish ponds in Israel

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an antibiotic that is regularly added to fish ponds used in industrial- scale fish-farming along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. It is not found in unpolluted water. The ponds are constructed upon porous sands that are also the host rock of the local aquifer. These ponds leak. Monitoring for OTC was carried out in a fish pond and three surrounding water wells that exploit the local aquifer. The local groundwater is composed of the native groundwater and the leakage additions. Two wells, P-204 P-205 are used to insure that the water levels in the ponds are maintained. A frequently pumping well, M-2, is located closest to the main source of OTC input at pond B. It is used to supply drinking water and OTC was found in it. This contaminant is related to leakage from the nearby fish pond. OTC is generally assumed to be immobile and effectively removed by soil and sediments. In this case, continuous leakage of the pond has created preferential saturated flow paths that bring the contaminants directly to groundwater, bypassing the immobilizing sorption processes that usually take place in the unsaturated zone. In the absence of such conduits OTC is effectively excluded from reaching other producing wells.     

山东鲁北平原地下水资源与可持续利用

鲁北平原目前区内供水水源以黄河客水和地下水为主。最新均衡计算结果为:浅层地下水开采资源量37 03×108m3 a,深层地下水开采资源量2 62×108m3 a。据山东省水资源可持续利用总体规划报告,现状年需水量约74×108m3 a,2010年需水量为93×108m3 a,2030年需水量为109×108m3 a,现状年供需基本平衡,远景供水不足。浅层地下水易采易补,更新能力强,应以合理调控水位为中心,优先开采浅层地下水,充分发挥浅层地下水资源的供水功能,尤其是东阿—齐河—商河—利津沿黄地区更应加强开发浅层水的力度。浅层水为可持续利用的地下水资源量。深层地下水更新能力弱,应严格限制其开发利用。在德州、滨州漏斗中心区,建议实施部分封井,调减开采量。实行地表水与地下水联合调度,优化水资源开发结构,适当增加地表水引用量,实施含水层的恢复工程,遏制地面沉降等环境问题的继续发展,走全面、协调、可持续发展的路子。     

Storm water injection in Bahrain: pilot studies

Kingdom of Bahrain often suffers from urban flooding problems despite being a desertic country. An attempt has been made in this contribution to study the efficacy of the storm water injection systems not only in tackling urban flooding problems but also in augmenting the depleting ground water resources of the country. Two pilot studies were carried out in a centrally located area, one in a relatively open area and another in a densely populated location. A set of one recharge well and one observation well of about 40 m depth and 30 m apart was drilled in each site. Storm water was injected into the recharge wells after allowing it to pass through a specially designed natural filter system. Ground water levels were monitored at the observation wells on monthly basis and water samples were collected periodically during and after the rainfall events for chemical analysis. Initial results showed that the volume of storm water injected is proportional to the volume of storm water generated in an area. However, in the long run, the injection well having favourable hydrogeological situation and lesser silts in the storm water performed better in terms of total recharge despite having lesser volume of storm water available. Ground water quality for some parameters such as lead and cadmium remained an issue of concern, but could be controlled through construction of stricter filter system. Dilution of the injected storm water with the host ground water too significantly reduced the risks of contamination. The injection well located in the open area performed better than that of the densely populated area despite having lesser volume of storm water available. Site selection of the recharge wells, therefore, plays a vital role in the efficacy of a storm water injection system.