Effects of Redshift on the Classifying Criteria of BL Lacertae Objects

We have collected a sample of 70 BL Lacs (33 radio-selected BL Lacs and 37 X-ray selected BL Lacs) with multi-waveband data for investigating the classifying criteria of BL Lacertae Objects. For each source, we estimate its luminosities in radio, optical and X-ray, the broad-band spectral index from radio to X-ray and the peak frequency of the syn- chrotron emission, and make a statistical analysis of the data obtained. Our main results are as follows: (1) The broad-band spectral index and the peak frequency have no correlation with the redshift, while they are inversely correlated with each other and they could be regarded as equivalent classifying criteria of BL Lac objects. (2) There are significant effects of the luminosity/redshift relation on the observed luminosity distribution in our sample, hence, if the radio luminosity is to be used as a classifying criterion of BL Lac objects, it should not be regarded as equivalent to the broad-band spectral index or the peak frequency. (3) Our re- sults supply a specific piece of evidence for the suggestion that the use of luminosities always introduces a redshift bias to the data and show that the location of the peak frequency is not always linked to the luminosity of any wave band.     

A Possible 456-Day Optical Period of OQ 530

The post-1994observationsof the blazar OQ 530 in optical BV RI bands, and radio observations at 22GHz and 37GHz were collected. The date compensated discrete Fourier transform (DCDFT) and CLEANest methods were used to search for possible periodicities. Two possible periods of 456±100 days and 258±29 days were found in the optical bands. The existence of possible correlations between the optical and radio emissions was investigated by means of discrete correlation function (DCF) analysis, and no significant correlation was found. Some possible mechanisms for the periodic variability are discussed.     

Evolution of optical spectral index and variability properties of S5 0716+714

We analyze the spectral variability and spectral evolution in the optical energy region by using multiband (BVRI) optical observations of S5 0716+714 spanning 1994 to 2005. The spectrum hardens when the source becomes brighter, which is consistent with general BL Lac objects. The spectral evolution parameter implies that the spectral variability is small in optical bands over 10 years. A simple model representing the variability of a synchrotron component can explain the spectral changes. In addition, we em...     

Accretion and jet power in active galactic nuclei

The classical diagrams of radio loudness and jet power as a function of mass and accretion rate of the central spacetime singularity in active galactic nuclei are reanalyzed by including the data of the recently discovered powerful relativistic jets in Narrow-Line Seyfert 1 Galaxies. The results are studied in the light of the known theories of relativistic jets, indicating that, although the Blandford-Znajek mechanism is sufficient to explain the power radiated by BL Lac Objects, it fails to completely acc...     

Possible properties of Te V spectra in PKS 2155–304

We present a one-zone homogeneous lepton-hadronic model and obtain steady-state spectra by solving the time-dependent equations to study a plausible origin of hard TeV spectra in PKS 2155-304.In this model,we assume a steady electron and proton injection rate in the source and solve the non-linear time-dependent kinematic equations that self-consistently consist of proton-photon interaction,synchrotron radiation of electron/positron pairs and proton,inverse Compton scattering,and synchrotron self-absorption.We employ this model to reproduce the multi-wavelength spectrum of PKS 2155-304,then find that the possible bump located at E~1 TeV which may originate from the synchrotron radiation of secondary electrons produced by Bethe-Heitler pair production,resulting in the hard TeV spectrum.     

Evidence of the Link between Broad Emission Line Regions and Accretion Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei

1 INTRODUCTION Most bright active galactic nuclei (AGNs) exhibit broad emission lines, with full width at half maximum (FWHM ≥ 103 km s?1) (Peterson et al. 1999). Some type 1 AGNs could have very broad emission lines (FWHM≥ 20 000 km s?1). Type 2 AGNs s…     

The relationship between the radio core-dominance parameter and spectral index in different classes of extragalactic radio sources(Ⅱ)

Active galactic nuclei(AGNs) can be divided into two major classes, namely radio-loud and radio-quiet AGNs. A small subset of the radio-loud AGNs is called blazars, which are believed to be unified with Fanaroff-Riley type Ⅰ/Ⅱ(FRI/Ⅱ) radio galaxies. Following our previous work(Fan et al.), we present a sample of 2400 sources with measured radio flux densities of the core and extended components. The sample contains 250 BL Lacs, 520 quasars, 175 Seyferts, 1178 galaxies, 153 FRI or FRⅡ galaxies and 104 unidentified sources. We then calculate the radio core-dominance parameters and spectral indices, and study their relationship. Our analysis shows that the core-dominance parameters and spectral indices are quite different for different types of sources. We also confirm that the correlation between core-dominance parameter and spectral index exists for a large sample presented in this work.     

TeV cosmic-ray proton and helium spectra in the myriad model Ⅱ

Recent observations show that the spectra of cosmic ray nuclei start to harden above ～ 102 GeV, which contradicts the conventional steady-state cosmic ray model. We had suggested that this anomaly is due to the propagation effect of cosmic rays released from local young cosmic ray sources; the total flux of cosmic rays should be computed with the Myriad Model, where a contribution from sources in the local catalog is added to the background. However, although the hardening could be elegantly explained in this model, the model parameters obtained from the fit are skewed toward a region with fast diffusion and a low supernova rate in the Galaxy, in disagreement with other observations. We further explore this model in order to set up a concordant picture. Two possible improvements related to cosmic ray sources are considered. First, instead of the usual axisymmetric disk model, we examine a spiral model for the source distribution. Second, for nearby and young sources which are necessary to explain the hardening, we allow for an energy-dependent escape. We find that a major improvement comes from incorporating an energy-dependent escape time for local sources, and with both modifications not only are the cosmic ray proton and helium anomalies resolved, but also the parameters attain values in a reasonable range compatible with other analyses.     

The multiwavelength emission from the gamma-ray binary LSI + 61 303

This paper presents a hadronic dominated jet model to investigate multiwavelength emission from the microquasar LS I + 61 303.In this scenario,we take into account evolutions of the primary particles and secondary e± pairs;these pairs are produced by the collisional interactions of the accelerated protons with the cold jet protons and the stellar wind ions.In this model,the non-thermal photons are produced by π0 decay emission,synchrotron and inverse Compton scattering processes from the primary electrons a...     

Multifrequency emission analysis of TeV blazars H 2356–309 and 1ES 1218+304

The multiband nonthermal emissions in radio, X-ray, and very high-energy(VHE) γ-ray bands from two distant blazars, H 2356–309 and 1ES 1218+304, havebeen detected, and, especially from recent observations with the Suzaku, MAGICand VERITAS telescopes, clearly reveal nonthermal power-law spectra. We study thebroadband nonthermal spectra of the two sources by using a combination of a one-zone homogeneous synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) model and an inhomogeneousconical jet model, where the new external backgrou...