黑洞吸积盘的演化及温度分布的热不稳定性

本文在Ｔｈｏｒｎｅ工作基础上讨论了吸积盘中黑洞的有关参量的演化，以及由Ｓｃｈｗａ－ｒｚｓｃｈｉｌｄ黑洞吸积盘向Ｋｅｒｒ黑洞吸积盘演化过程中对吸积盘辐射通量的影响，最后针对几个典型的辐射过程，分别讨论了黑洞吸积盘在牛顿框架中的温度分布方程与广义相对论的温度分布方程的热不稳定性，并给出此类问题的热不稳定性的判据。     

黑洞吸积盘的演化及温度分布的热不稳定性

本文在Ｔｈｏｒｎｅ工作的基础上讨论了吸积盘中黑洞的有关参量的演化，以及由Ｓｃｈｗａｒｚｓｃｈｉｌｄ黑洞吸积盘向Ｋｅｒｒ黑洞吸积盘演化过程中对吸积盘辐射通量的影响，最后针对几个典型的辐射过程，分别讨论了黑洞吸积盘在牛顿框架中的温度分布方程与广义相对论的温度分布方程的热不稳定性，并给出此类问题的热不稳定性的判据。     

黑洞吸积盘理论进展

在已知的四种黑洞吸积盘模型中，Shapiro-Lightman-Eardley(SLE)盘是不稳定的，细（Slim)盘研究得还不够，较为成功的是最早建立的Shakura-Sunyaev盘（SSD）和近年成为热点的径移主导吸积流（ADAF）。SSD和ADAF看来分别适用于吸积流中离黑洞较远和较近的区域，故二者的结合即ADAF＋SSD模型有望对黑洞吸积流作出较为完整的描述，但这个结合模型也还有不少未解决的问题。     

Blandford—Znajek过程对黑洞吸积盘演化的影响

本详细讨论了在Ｂｌａｎｄｆｏｒｄ－Ｚｎａｊｅｋ过程中吸积盘中心黑洞的角动量和质量的总变化率与质量吸积率和能量提到率之比β＝Ｍ＋／Ｍ－关系，在此基础上讨论了ＢｌａｎｄｆｏｒｄＺｎａｊｅｋ过程对黑洞吸积盘内边缘半径ｒｍｓ演化的影响，并在此过程中中心黑的熵总是增大的。     

磁化黑洞吸积盘的演化及放能效率

采用等效电路模型讨论了两种不同类型的磁场对黑洞的旋转能量和角动量的提取机制；Blandford-Znajek(BZ)过程和磁耦合过程，在研究磁化吸积盘中心黑洞自转参量演化特征的基础上，详细比较了纯吸积过程，BZ过程和磁耦合过程对黑洞吸积盘放能效率的贡献，结果表明，磁耦合过程是提取黑洞旋转能量重要的新机制，其放能效率与BZ过程几乎相等，在黑洞自转不是特别大的情况，纯吸积过程的放能效率高于BZ过程和磁耦合过程的放能效率，但是当黑洞自转接近极端Kerr黑洞的自转状态时，放能效率主要由BZ过程和磁耦合过程贡献。     

黑洞吸积盘的温度分布

本文以声速点的物理量作为边界条件,积分流体力学方程组,给出了几何薄光学厚的黑洞吸积盘的温度分布.结果表明在这种吸积盘的内缘温度将急剧下降.另外,我们发现几何薄光学薄气体压为主的α-律吸积盘是热不稳定的.     

粘滞对黑洞吸积盘的截断的影响

采用吸积盘-冕模型研究了粘滞对黑洞X射线双星和低光度活动星系核(LLAGN)中吸积盘的截断以及黑洞X射线双星中高低态转变的影响.以前的分析表明,冕的结构对粘滞的大小非常敏感.因此详细计算了一系列粘滞系数情况下冕的结构.为了便于与观测比较,将数值计算结果进行解析拟合得到最大蒸发率和粘滞系数a的关系,M/MEDD≈1.08a3.35;截断半径和粘滞系数的关系,R/Rs≈36.11a-1.94.这些结果可以用来解释光谱态的高低态的转换和截断半径的变化.并将这些结果应用到几个黑洞X射线双星XTE J118 480,GX 339-4,以及活动星系核NGC 4636中.     

黑洞附近吸积流的稳定性研究

本文采用了多方物态方程ｐ＝ｋρ＾（１＋１／ｎ）研究了在黑洞附近跨声速α吸积盘的径向线性稳定性，在导出扰动色散关系时考虑了吸积流的径向运动速度，结果表明粘滞系数α存在一上限αｃ，当α＞αｃ时，吸积流是不稳定的，αｃ与多方指数ｎ及吸积流的径向速度ｖｒ有关。     

大质量黑洞吸积盘的径向自引力

本文研究了大质量黑洞吸积盘的自引力,用薄盘位形上积分的方法计算了吸积盘自引力的径向与垂向分量,着重讨论了径向自引力。主要结果为:对于大质量黑洞(M～10~8—10~(10)M_⊙)吸积盘,在(R/R_g)～10~5—10~4的距离上,径向自引力会超过中心天体引力。在这个距离上,吸积盘的动力学结构完全不同于开普勒盘。提出了径向自引力不稳定扰动作为一种能源机制。本文还得到吸积盘自引力与中心天体引力量级比较的两个判据,并由此得到大质量黑洞吸积盘外半径的近似解析估计。本文结果可用于类星体和星系核吸积盘。     

黑洞吸积的双模式特征

黑洞吸积必定是跨声速的。对于静态、绝热吸积流,比能量E、比角动量L和质量吸积率M都是空间的常量。跨声速解的非奇异条件,F(E,L,M)=0,使独立参数减为只有两个。对于一对给定的E和L的符合条件E_c>E>E_(Barr)的值(这里E_c是一临界值,E_(Barr)是引力和离心力的联合势垒),上述非奇异条件给出两个不同的吸积率值,对应着两个不同的吸积流声速点位置。然而,物理上合理的整体解却是唯一的,它总是使两个吸积率值中之较小者得到实现。 对于一个不转动的黑洞,吸积以两种模式之一进行。一是类球吸积或称Bondi吸积,角动量的影响和相对论效应均微不足道;另一是盘吸积,这两个因素起决定性作用。两种模式之间的转换是基于声速点位置的间断性跳跃,而这种跳跃是由吸积流参数(例如角动量)的连续变化所引发。Bondi吸积可称为高态而盘吸积为低态,因为前者总对应着较高的吸积率。 随时间变化的吸积流很可能在这两种模式之间来回振荡,呈现出周期性或准周期性或无规则行为。这可以用来解释天鹅座X-1和若干活动星系核的光变现象,从而为黑洞的存在提供有力的观测依据。     

Turbulence in Accretion Disks

An accretion disk is an inevitable part of the star forming process. Recent years have witnessed dramatic progress in our understanding of how turbulence arises and transports angular momentum in astrophysical accretion disks. The key conceptual point is that the combination of a subthermal magnetic field and outwardly decreasing differential rotation is subject to the magnetorotational instability. This rapidly generates magnetohydrodynamical (MHD) turbulence, leading to greatly enhanced angular momentum transport. Purely hydrodynamic disks, on the other hand, are stable. Disks that are too cool to couple effectively to the magnetic field will not be turbulent. Fully global three dimensional MHD simulations are now beginning to probe the properties of accretion disks from first principles.     

Extracting Energy from Accretion into a Kerr Black Hole

The highest efficiency of converting rest mass into energy by accreting matter into a Kerr black hole is approximately 31% (Thorne 1974). We propose a new process in which periods of accretion from a thin disk, and the associated spin-up of the black hole, alternate with the periods of no accretion and magnetic transfer of energy from the black hole to the disk. These cycles can repeat indefinitely, at least in principle, with the black hole mass increasing by approximately 66% per cycle and up to approximately 43% of accreted rest mass radiated away by the disk.     

“Low-State” Black Hole Accretion in Nearby Galaxies

I summarize the main observational properties of low-luminosity AGNs in nearby galaxies to argue that they are the high-mass analogs of black hole X-ray binaries in the “low/hard” state. The principal characteristics of low-state AGNs can be accommodated with a scenario in which the central engine is comprised of three components: an optically thick, geometrically accretion disk with a truncated inner radius, a radiatively inefficient flow, and a compact jet.     

Star Formation in Accretion Disks Around Massive Black Holes and Pregalactic Enrichment

Broad Absorption Lines (BALs) prove the existence of a high velocity outflowing gas with metallicities larger than solar in the central few parsecs of high redshift quasars. At the same distance from the black hole, accretion disks in quasars and Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are locally gravitationally unstable, and clumps must form with a size of the order of the scale height of the disk. This is hardly a coincidence, and we have tried to link these two facts. We have assumed that the unstable clumps give rise to protostars, which become massive stars after a rapid stage of accretion, and explode as supernovae, producing strong outflows perpendicular to the disk and inducing outward transfer of angular momentum in the plane of the disk. As a consequence a self-regulated disk made of gas and stars where supernovae sustain the inflow mass rate required by the AGN is a viable solution in this region of the disk. This model could explain the BALs, and could also account for a pregalactic enrichment of the intergalactic medium and of the Galaxy, if massive black holes formed early in the Universe. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.