几种起沙方案对东亚风蚀起沙模拟的比较

针对源区起沙的不确定性,整理并选取了国际上最具代表性的几种起沙方案,结合中尺度气象模式MM5V3．7输出的高分辨率气象资料,将其应用于东亚地区一次强沙尘暴天气过程的源区起沙模拟研究,利用地面观测实况和卫星监测图像资料,比较了它们对东亚起沙源的模拟效果和差异。结果表明,两种起沙方案的模拟效果较好且性能稳定。     

沙尘暴天气数值预报系统及其预报效果检验

沙尘暴天气数值预报系统包括区域大气模式、陆面过程模式、风沙模式(包括风蚀、输送和沉降模式)和地理信息系统。用该系统对2002年3月20日和4月7日2次沙尘天气进行了预报试验,利用地面观测资料和卫星观测资料对模式输出的主要沙尘天气预报产品进行了对比分析。分析结果认为,沙尘暴天气数值预报系统对沙通量、尘通量和垂直积分质量有很好的预报能力,但仍需改进陆面参数和沙尘气溶胶的初始值。     

中国北方沙尘暴频数演化及其气候成因分析

利用地面气象观测资料 ,分析了中国北方 195 4～ 2 0 0 1年年、季沙尘暴发生日数的演变规律及其与风速、相对湿度、降水、气温和干燥度的相关关系。结果表明 ,中国北方沙尘暴发生日数在 195 4～ 2 0 0 1年呈波动下降的趋势 ,春季下降趋势最明显。沙尘源区的气候要素对北方沙尘暴发生日数具有比较明显的影响 ,其中风是影响较大的因子。平均风速和大风频率增加 (减少 )均有 (不 )利于沙尘暴天气的形成。气温与沙尘暴日数呈显著的反相关关系 ,反映了北方温度升高可能通过大气环流间接地抑制了沙尘暴的发生。降水增加对沙尘暴发生也有一定抑制作用 ,尤其春季和前冬沙尘源区降水多寡对沙尘暴的发生有着重要的影响。北方沙尘暴频数与沙尘源区的相对湿度或干燥指数也存在较明显的相关关系。在过去的近 5 0a内 ,造成中国北方沙尘暴频率显著下降趋势的直接自然原因是 :沙尘源区和发生区平均风速和大风日数的减少、主要沙尘源区降水量特别是春季和前冬降水量的增加、以及由于源区降水增加引起的大气和土壤湿润程度的改善。     

Introduction to soil degradation processes in drylands

Two efforts by UN organizations to diagnose and map the distribution and trends of soil degradation in drylands are briefly described and compared.Soil degradation by water is greatly accelerated under poor vegetation cover in the Tropics and Subtropics, probably for two major reasons: high rates of decomposition of organic matter and high intensities of rainfall. The consequences of soil losses and high water runoff can reach far downstream in the river basin, causing damage by sedimentation on floodplains and in reservoirs.Damages by wind erosion and deposition are also much accelerated by overexploitation of the meagre vegetation cover of drylands. Overgrazing, overcultivation, firewood collection are the consequences of human and animal pressure, leading to more or less long-lasting desertification. The finer material, clay, silt, and organic matter, is blown by dust storms over long distances and can be deposited as dry or wet fallout in oceans or on land under the dust trajectories.Salinization often affects highly productive soils under poor irrigation practices. It is therefore a form of dryland degradation which causes particularly high losses of potential crops.     

"2001.4.6"宁夏沙尘暴过程卫星图像分析

利用日本GMS-5地球同步气象卫星资料,结合常规气象资料,对2001年4月6日发生于宁夏的一次沙尘暴天气过程的影响系统、物理机制、运动学特征、发展演变过程和地形作用等进行了分析。结果表明：在GMS卫星图像上,这次过程有明显的特征,通过图像处理可以得到更多的细节信息。结合实测资料的分析表明：这次沙尘暴天气是高空强西北气流和地面急行冷锋共同影响的天气过程,在卫星云图上其热力与动力过程有明显的反映,而且随着时间的变化其作用不同。三种不同的地形在这次过程中具有不同的效应。这些结果对深入认识沙尘暴天气过程,提高监测预报能力有重要意义。     

The Northern Path of Asian Dust Transport from the Gobi Desert to North America

The aerosol index (AI) of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) satellite data (1979 2001) was analyzed to reveal the climatological long-distance path of dust transport from Asia to North America. The AI in the west coast of the United States is highly correlated with that in the Gobi desert. Additionally, from the TOMS satellite images, it can be seen that very strong plumes advect from Asia to the west coast of North America in typical dust storm cases. When applying the sourcereceptor relationship to detect the northern dust transport path between the Gobi source region and the west coast of the United States receptor region, it is evident that the dust plume can be transported northward beyond 60°N from its source region and that it takes 5 to 6 days to reach the west coast of the United States. The cross correlation technique shown in this work is a useful tool that can be applied in other regions to give useful insights into relationships between major dust sources and downwind receptor locations by using remotely sensed dust observations.     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地风蚀起沙特征观测研究

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中气象站2009-2018年的地面观测资料,细致解析塔中地区的风蚀起沙特征,所得结论如下：(1) 临界起沙风速表现出明显的季节变化特征,夏季＞春季＞秋季＞冬季, 塔中地区的临界起沙风速介于4.47-4.92 m/s,日最大值出现09:00-10:00时。(2) 春夏季是沙尘的多发季节。春、夏季,沙尘水平通量的平均值分别为2638.9 kg/m和3298.9 kg/m,起沙持续时间的平均值分别为291.5 h和336.7 h。(3) 风蚀起沙事件更容易发生在白天, 沙尘水平通的最大值出现在10:00-11:00,起沙持续时间的最大值出现在10:00-13:00。(4)风蚀起沙事件在春季主要集中在偏东方向,在夏季主要集中在偏北方向上。     

DPM模型在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区的适用性研究

局限于仅有观测数据的情况下,利用模拟手段研究土壤风蚀引起的粉尘释放是非常必要的,有助于评估区域土壤风蚀及大气环境质量和气候效应。本文通过分析塔克拉玛干沙漠观测站不同高度层风速及计算平均摩阻风速,利用DPM模型计算粉尘释放通量,综合分析了摩阻风速与粉尘释放通量的相互关系。结果表明：1）不同观测日不同高度层的风速变化各不相同,2m高度层风速的变化范围是0.05～7.73 m·s-1,4m高度层风速的变化范围是0.09～7.19 m·s-1,10m高度层风速的变化范围是0.5～8.09 m·s-1。2）4月1日～4月30日各个观测日24小时内平均摩阻风速分别为0.423 m·s-1、0.344 m·s-1、0.271 m·s-1、0.343 m·s-1、0.161 m·s-1、0.315 m·s-1,其变化范围为0.16～0.42 m·s-1。3）DPM模型研究发现实测跃移通量约为模拟值的122%,模拟值与实测值相关性较好,R2为0.91。上述研究结果对定量评估区域乃至全疆的土壤风蚀对粉尘释放通量的影响具有重要意义。     

DPM模型在塔克拉玛干沙漠地区的适用性研究

局限于仅有观测数据的情况下,利用模拟手段研究土壤风蚀引起的粉尘释放是非常必要的,有助于评估区域土壤风蚀及大气环境质量和气候效应。本文通过分析塔克拉玛干沙漠观测站不同高度层风速及计算平均摩阻风速,利用DPM模型计算粉尘释放通量,综合分析了摩阻风速与粉尘释放通量的相互关系。结果表明：1）不同观测日不同高度层的风速变化各不相同,2m高度层风速的变化范围是0.05～7.73 m·s-1,4m高度层风速的变化范围是0.09～7.19 m·s-1,10m高度层风速的变化范围是0.5～8.09 m·s-1。2）4月1日～4月30日各个观测日24小时内平均摩阻风速分别为0.423 m·s-1、0.344 m·s-1、0.271 m·s-1、0.343 m·s-1、0.161 m·s-1、0.315 m·s-1,其变化范围为0.16～0.42 m·s-1。3）DPM模型研究发现实测跃移通量约为模拟值的122%,模拟值与实测值相关性较好,R2为0.91。上述研究结果对定量评估区域乃至全疆的土壤风蚀对粉尘释放通量的影响具有重要意义。     

Using the SWAN Wave Model and Satellite Altimeter Data to Study the Influence of Climate Change at the Coast

This paper describes the development and application of a technique for using satellite altimeter measurements as boundary data to drive the nearshore spectral wave model, SWAN. The aim was to assess the impact in coastal areas of extreme events or changes in offshore climatology and to extend the usefulness of satellite altimetry further inshore.

For the purpose of verifying the technique, three test areas where both bathymetry and some in situ data were available were chosen. The technique could, potentially, be applied to any coastal location where there is bathymetric information although, as the results reported in this paper show, intelligence must be used in adapting the methodology for different sites. It is also necessary to have information on the local wind field from either models or measurements.

The experiments at the three test areas demonstrated that there is not a simple relationship between the offshore wave height climate and the inshore climate in a particular region. Important complicating factors are bathymetry, tidal range and incident wave angle. As was most clearly demonstrated in the Carmarthen Bay test area, bathymetric complexity leads to high spatial variation in the amount of wave energy dissipated close to the coast. In the study of extreme wave events described in this paper the exact value of the local wind field was not found to be critical.

This work was a first trial combining wave climatology derived from satellite altimetry with a third generation coastal wave model so was necessarily experimental. The general trends and patterns of spatial variation obtained are encouraging but there remains significant, unquantifiable uncertainty in the results. Better observations of nearshore waves, improved understanding of the joint probability distribution of water level and waves as well as more knowledge of future climate change would all improve accuracy.     

沙尘暴天气及其研究进展综述

沙尘暴是风蚀荒漠化中的一种天气现象, 它的形成受自然因素和人类活动因素的共同影响。自然因素包括大风、降水减少及其沙源。人类活动因素是指人类在发展经济过程中对植被的破坏以后, 导致沙尘暴爆发频数增加。该文重点论述自然因素对沙尘暴的影响, 拟从七个方面对沙尘暴的形成及研究现状进行评述, 即沙源分布与移动路径、时间变化、气候变化的影响、产生沙尘暴的天气系统、沙尘的物理化学性质及起沙机制、大气辐射特性及卫星遥感监测、沙尘暴的数值模拟。文章还介绍了国内外在沙尘暴方面的主要研究成果。     

中国北方沙尘天气气象场的数值模拟

利用PSU/NCAR的非静力中尺度气象预报模式MM5对北方地区气象场进行模拟,通过对2001年3月21日发生并影响北京地区的沙尘过程的数值实验表明,该模式能够较好地模拟和预测北方沙尘天气的时空演变特征。低值系统以及其低层辐合、高层辐散的垂直结构,可以产生很强的上升气流,形成地面起沙和沙尘上扬,而强风是沙尘输送的动力条件。利用轨迹模式对空气质点轨迹进行了模拟研究,可以较好地反映沙尘的发生源区和输送路径,与卫星监测和天气系统分析是一致的。并编写软件用于演示气象场的动态效果。     

利用静止气象卫星红外通道遥感监测中国沙尘暴

气象卫星的红外窗区通道 (8~12 μm) 对于通常大气气溶胶几乎没有响应, 但对于较大颗粒且浓度较强的沙尘气溶胶, 尤其是沙尘暴有明显的信号反应。空气中的沙尘在红外分裂窗通道表现出两个特征:一是对地表发射到空间的红外信号产生衰减, 造成卫星探测到的地气系统亮温降低, 这就是所谓的红外差值沙尘指数IDDI; 二是沙尘粒子在红外分裂窗两个通道的比辐射率不同, 11 μm比12 μm的比辐射率低, 从而造成这两个通道的亮温差是负值。基于这两个特征和沙尘多通道光谱聚类法, 针对静止气象卫星观测数据进行了沙尘暴卫星遥感监测业务算法开发, 输出沙尘暴监测产品和红外差值沙尘指数产品, 这一算法不仅用于已经退役的GMS-5卫星, 而且应用于正在运行的静止气象卫星FY-2C, 它还为沙尘暴的定量或半定量遥感提供参考借鉴。     

Numerical modeling of a strong dust event over the south China region in March 2010

The mesoscale model WRF-Chem was used to simulate a severe dust storm event that occurred in March 2010. The storm affected a vast area of East Asia, including the south China region and Hong Kong. This southern region is rarely affected by dust weather. The performance of the WRF-Chem was evaluated by observational data such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis data for atmospheric circulation, PM10 concentration from various ground stations, and satellite images of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations. The dependence of the model’s performance on certain important parameterizations was examined in this study. For this particular dust storm event, the model results suggest that the simulation is not very sensitive to certain key physical parameterizations such as threshold wind speed of dust emission and the choice of land surface model. In general, the WRF-Chem is capable of capturing the key physical processes for this severe dust event. The analysis of the dust transport fluxes suggests that the dust transport to the south China region is mainly from the north, although there is a mountainous region in the northern part of the south China region.     

沙尘气溶胶直接气候效应对东亚冬季风影响的模拟研究

利用东亚沙尘复折射指数数据和较新的植被分布对区域气候-沙尘耦合模式(RegCM4-Dust)的沙尘光学特性和沙源区域进行了更新。在此基础上,研究了沙尘气溶胶直接辐射效应对东亚冬季风的影响。模拟结果表明,引入沙尘效应后,东亚大陆绝大部分季风区对流层低层冬季风环流增强。同时,对流层中、上层中低纬度纬向风增强而中高纬度纬向风减弱,导致中高-中低纬度之间纬向风经向切变加强,从而有利于中高纬度冷空气向南侵入,这是低层冬季风环流增强在中上层的反映。另外,沙尘气溶胶导致东亚绝大部分季风区降水明显减少,东北地区西南部、华北大部、黄土高原、黄淮以及长江中下游流域减少达10%以上,这是降水对冬季风增强的响应。沙尘气溶胶引起冬季东亚次大陆-西北太平洋之间温度梯度增大,进而导致海陆间湿静力能梯度增大,是导致东亚大陆冬季风增强的主要原因。     

Review of the Field Measurements and Parameterization for Dust Emission During Sand-Dust Events

Dust emission generated by wind erosion is a basic process before the transport and deposition of dust particles. Parameterization of dust emission flux is important for accurate simulation and prediction of dust events. Field observation and numerical simulation are two approaches to understand the complex process of dust emission. Great progress has been made on the characteristics and mechanism of dust emission during dust storm events. This review introduces the major factors influencing dust emission and summarizes the calculation methods of several key parameters of dust emission, including the threshold friction velocity u.t, threshold wind speed Ut, streamwise saltation flux Q, and （vertical） dust emission flux F, from perspectives of both observation and parameterization. The paper also discusses the improvement, application, and validation of different dust emission schemes in dust models. Existing problems and future research directions are elaborated as well.     

用地理信息系统改进热带气旋的客观定位精度

基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System，简称GIS)技术，初步建立了一个能集成多种数据资料和多种算法的热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone，简称TC)客观定位系统。其中不同卫星及同一卫星不同波段资料(如Quikscat洋面风场、云顶亮温等)的矢量及栅格信息的叠加和分析功能，有助于从多个侧面揭示TC的结构特征；而多种定位方法(如云图形态分析法、云顶亮温极值法、洋面风场涡度极值法、数学形态学算法等)的客观化及其综合运用的实现，不仅可以减小TC定位过程中的随机(人为)误差，而且能提高TC定位工作的效率。利用该系统对编号为0203，0209，0212，0417和0419的5个TC进行的定位试验结果表明:利用该系统进行TC定位的精度与目前业务定位精度相当，具有良好业务应用前景。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地一次风蚀起沙观测试验

风蚀起沙对生态环境、人类健康及社会经济等具有很大的负面效应。利用美国Sensit公司生产的H11-LIN型风蚀传感器及贴地层风速梯度探测仪,对塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区一次风蚀起沙过程进行了监测。结果表明：（1）风蚀起沙与微气象是一个互相影响互相制约的变化过程;（2）在此次观测试验过程中,我们观测到的最小起沙风速为6.0 m/s左右,同时发现起沙风速是一个变化的值,随着时间的延续呈现逐步增大的趋势,最小的起沙风速出现在风蚀开始发生的时候;（3）近地表风速廓线受沙粒运动影响明显,随着起沙量的增加,风速随高度变化的幅度增大,此时的风速廓线已不再遵循对数分布规律;（4）利用风蚀传感器测得塔中地区沙粒的临界起动摩擦速度为0.25 m/s,该值与经验公式估算的0.24 m/s非常接近,表明风蚀传感器在塔中地区具有较好的适用性;夏季塔中地区地表土壤湿度对风蚀起沙的阻碍作用可以忽略不计。 ?     

The impact of climatic and non-climatic factors on land surface temperature in southwestern Romania

Land surface temperature is one of the most important parameters related to global warming. It depends mainly on soil type, discontinuous vegetation cover, or lack of precipitation. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between high LST, synoptic conditions and air masses trajectories, vegetation cover, and soil type in one of the driest region in Romania. In order to calculate the land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index, five satellite images of LANDSAT missions 5 and 7, covering a period of 26 years (1986–2011), were selected, all of them collected in the month of June. The areas with low vegetation density were derived from normalized difference vegetation index, while soil types have been extracted from Corine Land Cover database. HYSPLIT application was employed to identify the air masses origin based on their backward trajectories for each of the five study cases. Pearson, logarithmic, and quadratic correlations were used to detect the relationships between land surface temperature and observed ground temperatures, as well as between land surface temperature and normalized difference vegetation index. The most important findings are: strong correlation between land surface temperature derived from satellite images and maximum ground temperature recorded in a weather station located in the area, as well as between areas with land surface temperature equal to or higher than 40.0 °C and those with lack of vegetation; the sandy soils are the most prone to high land surface temperature and lack of vegetation, followed by the chernozems and brown soils; extremely severe drought events may occur in the region.     

沙尘天气过程起沙特征的观测试验和参数化研究进展

沙尘天气过程研究中,起沙过程是沙尘传输和沉降的基础,沙尘模式中的起沙参数化方案决定了能否准确模拟和预报沙尘天气。试验观测和数值模拟是研究起沙过程的重要途径。基于风蚀起沙的物理机制,总结了起沙机制和起沙特征的研究成果,介绍了风蚀起沙的主要影响因子,回顾了起沙关键参数（临界起沙摩擦速度（u*t ）或临界起沙风速（Ut ）、水平跃移沙尘通量（Q）和起沙通量（F））的试验观测及其沙尘模式应用中的参数化方案,并讨论了不同起沙参数化方案的应用与校验。同时,针对目前研究中存在的问题和今后可能的研究方向提出建议。