2008年汶川地震相关堆积物的细颗粒石英光释光测年研究

现代强震相关堆积物的释光测年研究有助于理解古地震相关沉积物释光测年的地质意义,提高古地震测年的精度和准确度,更好地认识大地震发生的规律.文中选择了若干典型的2008年汶川大地震的相关堰塞湖堆积物、泄洪堆积物和喷砂堆积物,进行了细颗粒石英光释光测年研究.结果表明,这些地震相关沉积物中的细颗粒石英灵敏度较高,但释光信号并未...     

表面流湿地沉积物再悬浮及其对湿地净化效果的影响

选取典型表面流人工湿地——盐龙湖人工湿地为研究对象,通过对沉积物理化性质分析,湿地系统水动力模拟,风场与悬浮物(SS)再悬浮浓度关系的拟合及全年再悬浮对湿地净化效果的影响估算,探索表面流湿地沉积物在动力条件下的再悬浮特征及此过程中营养物质的再悬浮量.结果显示:0.3～0.5 m水深沉积物的理论起动流速在18.54～22.62cm/s之间,模拟得到湿地运行过程中水体流速最大值为1.62 cm/s,会远小于理论起动流速值,因此湿地内部流动产生的底部扰动难以形成湿地底泥的大规模再悬浮现象.但湿地内部仍存在一定的底泥再悬浮效应,风场扰动是主要影响因素,风场作用受植物影响显著,萌发期(3-4月)和收割期(11月-次年2月)再悬浮贡献量大于生长期(5-8月)与成熟期(9-10月),并且当风速4 m/s时再悬浮浓度明显增加.再悬浮浓度与运行水深也有关,0.3 m水深SS再悬浮浓度分别高出0.4 m和0.5 m水深12.48%和18.67%;高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)分别高出12.61%和19.52%;总氮(TN)分别高出248.12%和341.94%;总磷(TP)分别高出35.53%和43.48%.全年SS、CODMn、TN和TP再悬浮量分别达到2.8、0.47、0.15和0.011 kg/m2.     

Velocity profiles and incipient motion of frazil particles under ice cover

A series of experiments for the incipient motion of frazil particles under ice cover have been carried out in laboratory under different flow and boundary conditions.Measurements on flow velocities across the measuring cross-section at different water depths have been conducted.Based on these experiments under both ice-covered and open flow conditions,the impacts of solid boundary(such as ice cover and flume sidewall) on the distribution of flow velocity profiles have been discussed.The criteria for the inc...     

Non-uniform sediment incipient velocity

Based on the mechanism of non-uniform sediment incipient motion, the dragging force and uplift force coefficient expressions are put forward for the non-uniform bed material exposure and close alignment state. The incipient velocity formula of the non-uniform sediment is then established. It is shown that the formula structure is reasonable, and fine particles of the non-uniform sediment are more difficult to set into motion than the same sized uniform particles, whereas coarser particles are easier to set into motion than their uniform equivalents. The validity of the formula is verified by field and experiment data.     

An improved formula for incipient sediment motion in vegetated open channel flows

Quantifying incipient sediment motion in vegetated open channel flow is pivotal for estimating bed load transport and the aquatic ecological environment in rivers.A new formula is developed to predict the critical flow velocity for incipient sediment motion in the presence of emergent vegetation,by incorporating the influence of vegetation drag that characterizes the effects of mean flow and turbulence on sediment movement.The proposed formula is shown to agree with existing experimental data.Mo...     

Numerical simulation of incipient particle motion

A two-dimensional(2 D) computational model for simulation of incipient sediment motion for noncohesive uniform and non-uniform particles on a horizontal bed was developed using the Discrete Element Method(DEM).The model was calibrated and verified using various experimental data reported in the literature and compared with different theories of incipient particle motion.Sensitivity analysis was done and the effects of relevant parameters were determined.In addition to hydrodynamic forces such as drag,shear lift and Magnus force,the particle-particle interaction effects were included in the model.The asymptotic critical mobility number was evaluated for various critical particle Reynolds numbers(R*) in the range of very small and very large R*.The obtained curve is classified into four regions.It was found that in the linear region,the drag force has the principal role on the initiation of motion.Moreover,the critical mobility number is independent of particle diameter.A procedure for estimating the critical shear velocity directly from the information on particle diameter and roughness height was developed.Finally,the mechanism of incipient motion for the different regions was studied and the effect of different forces on the incipient particle motion was obtained.It was found that the maximum effects of lift and Magnus forces were,respectively,less than ten and twenty percent of the total force.The drag force,however,was typically the dominant force accounting for majority of the net hydrodynamic force acting on sediment particles at the onset of incipient motion.     

Adaptive criterion curves describing incipient motion of sediment under wave and current conditions

Sediment incipient motion is a fundamental issue in sediment transport theory and engineering practice. Whilst Shields curve often is used to determine the threshold of sediment movement under unidirectional current conditions, it is unclear whether it can be directly applied for the wave or combined wave-current conditions. The study developed adaptive criterion curves describing incipient motion of sediment under wave and current conditions based on the flow pattern around the sediment particles. Firstly, the flow pattern law for fixed particles was recognized based on the friction law under various dynamic conditions (wave, current, and their combinations), and the flow pattern demarcations for incipient sediment motion were obtained with the threshold conditions for sediment movement under various dynamic conditions combined. Secondly, the exact shape of the Shields curve in each flow regime was derived under the current condition. By combining the flow pattern demarcations for incipient sediment motion under the wave condition, the criterion curve under the wave condition was derived. By combining the flow pattern demarcations for incipient sediment motion under the combined current-wave condition, the criterion curve for sediment incipient motion under the combined current-wave condition was derived. The results indicated that the flow pattern around incipient particles includes laminar, laminar-rough turbulent transition, and rough turbulent regimes. The criterion curves for sediment incipient motion under various dynamic conditions stayed the same in the laminar and rough turbulent regimes, but different in the transition regime. Depending on the relative strengths of the currents and waves, the shape of the criterion curve under the combined current-wave condition transitions adaptively between the criterion curve under the current condition and the criterion curve under the wave conditions.     

Use of incipient motion data for backward erosion piping models

Backward erosion piping involves the gradual removal of granular material under the action of water flow from the foundation of a dam or levee, whereby shallow pipes are formed that grow in the direction opposite to the flow. This pipe-forming process can ultimately lead to failure of a water-retaining structure and is considered one of the most important failure mechanisms for dikes and levees in the Netherlands and the United States. Modeling of this mechanism requires the assessment of hydraulic conditions in the pipe, which are controlled by the particle equilibrium at the pipe wall. Since the pipe's dimensions are controlled by the inflow to the pipe from the porous medium, the flow through the pipe is thought to be laminar for fine- to medium-grained sands. The literature provides data for incipient motion in laminar flow, which is reviewed here and complemented with data from backward erosion experiments. The experiments illustrate the applicability of the laminar incipient motion data to determine the erosion pipe dimensions and corresponding pipe hydraulics for fine- to medium-grained sands, for the purpose of backward erosion piping modeling.     

Incipient motion of cohesionless sediments on riverbanks with ground water injection

This study investigates the influence of ground water injection on the initial movement of non-cohesive sediment particles on a riverbank slope analytically and experimentally.By including the hydrauli...     

Incipient motion of gravel in a bottomless arch culvert

Incipient motion was investigated for four gravel substrate materials in a bottomless arch culvert and a rectangular flume.Different methods for calculating Shields parameter at incipient motion(θ_c) based upon local flow parameters were explored.An incipient motion region for bottomless arch culverts in fully turbulent flow was defined with two bounding curves on Shields diagram.The variation ofθ_c as a function of relative roughness was examined.Also,a method that utilizes measured flow velocities to determine stable substrate particle diameters for bottomless arched culverts is presented as an alternative to the Shields diagram.     

Metamodel-based design of alluvial channels at incipient motion subjected to seepage

Abstract

The design of an alluvial channel affected by seepage requires information about five basic parameters: particle size, water depth, energy slope, seepage velocity, and average velocity. The conventional approach to predicting the incipient motion in an alluvial channel cannot be applied in the case of a channel affected by seepage. Metamodelling techniques are nowadays widely used in engineering design to simulate a complex system. Here, a metamodel is described which employs the radial-basis function (RBF) network to predict the seepage velocity and energy slope based on experimental data under incipient motion conditions. It was found that the model fits experimental data very well and provides predictions for the design. With the help of the metamodel generated by the RBF network, design curves based on the RBF metamodel are presented for use in designing an alluvial channel when it is affected by seepage.

Citation Kumar, B., Sreenivasulu, G. & Ramakrishna Rao, A. (2010) Metamodel-based design of alluvial channels at incipient motion subjected to seepage. Hydrol. Sci. J. 55(3), 459–466.