合力随时间线性变化的热带气旋路径分析

热带气旋在移动过程中,环境气压场和其自身内力等都在发生变化。假设这些影响热带气旋的力之和随时间的变化在某一时段内是张性的,从而导出热带气旋的路径曲线方程。分析方程,得逞以热带气旋移动的三个基本规律。通过实例计算,可以看到方程曲线与实际路径几乎一致的个例验证结果,并有意义地证实一些人们以前的研究成果。     

非绝热加热对热带气旋非对称结构影响的数值试验

利用含非绝热加热强迫的正压涡度方程。将非绝热加热作适当的参数化处理。对初始对称 热带气旋作了一系列数值试验,结果表明：不仅β项、平流项在热带气旋非对称结构的形成中有重要作用,而且非绝热加热对热带气旋的非对称结构亦有重要影响,从而验证了非绝热加热是热带气旋非对称结构形成的一种可能机制的结论。     

云迹风资料在热带气旋移向预报中的应用

利用云迹风并结合实测风,从涡度方程出发,对１９９８年南海和西太平洋的几个热带气候进行诊断计算。结果反映,涡度局地变率ｅ↓ζ／ｅｔ对热带气旋移动有指示意义,它既可批示热带气旋正常路径,在引导气流不明显的情况下,也能对气旋的转折路径有较明显的反映,气旋常朝涡度局地变率最在的方向移动。当热带气旋周围有数个ｅ↓ζ／ｅｔ中心时写和提交 矢量合成法确定了气旋的最大可能移动方向。此外,玷如引导气流一样,热带气旋     

热带气旋内部非对称积云对流对其移动的影响

在一个简单的两层板对称CISK模式中，我们考虑了热带气旋内部非对称积云对流的作用，并由此推导出热带气旋移动的动力学速度公式。利用SPECTRUM-90这套热带气旋试验资料，本文着重分析了热带气旋内部非对称积云对流对其运动的影响，以探索热带气旋移动与引导气流偏差的可能机理。计算结果表明，考虑积云对流非对称作用产生的动力学速度确能明显改善热带气旋的路径预报效果，尤其对于一些疑难路径，这种改善作用更突出。因此，CISK理论不仅是热带气旋发展和维持的重要机制，而且对热带气旋移动的影响也不可忽视。     

VENTILATION FLOW IN A BAROCLINIC VORTEX RELATED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION*

The tropical cyclone motion is numerically simulated with a quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model.The flow field of a tropical cyclone is decomposed into its axisymmetric and asymmetric components.The relation between the ventilation flow vector and the motion vector of the tropical cyclone is investigated.The results of numerical experiments indicate:(1) There are both large-scale beta gyres and small-scale gyres in the asyrnmetric flow field.(2) The interaction between small-scale gyres and large-scale beta gyres leads to the oscillation of translation speed and translation direction for the tropical cyclone.(3) There are the large deviations between the ventilation flow vector calculated by means of Fiorino and Elsberry's method and the motion vector of tropical cyclone.(4) The ventilation flow vector computed using the improved method closely correlates with the motion vector of the tropical cyclone.     

南半球冷空气入侵与热带气旋的形成

文中采用NCAR/PSU研制的非静力中尺度模式MM 5 ,研究了南半球冷空气入侵在热带气旋形成中的作用。初始场为纬向平均场 ,不含任何扰动 ,但为热带气旋的发生提供了基本条件 ;通过改变设在赤道的南边界条件 ,设计系列数值试验反映南半球不同强度冷空气的入侵。数值试验结果表明 :南半球冷空气侵袭后 ,在菲律宾以东洋面上形成热带气旋 ;没有冷空气入侵时 ,只有扰动产生 ,没有热带气旋形成。在对流不稳定的背景场中 ,即使没有冷空气入侵 ,低层小尺度辐合引起强上升运动 ,产生的非绝热加热 ,在热带洋面上也能形成扰动。但是非绝热加热使得稳定度增加 ,没有低层强辐合的支持 ,对流不能持续 ,扰动不能发展成为热带气旋。南半球冷空气的入侵 ,一方面气温降低 ,使得中低层层结稳定度降低 ;另一方面 ,冷空气形成向北的气压梯度 ,在低纬度产生南风 ,导致低层强辐合。稳定度因子和低层辐合的共同作用 ,驱动深厚的垂直环流 ,产生十分显著的非绝热加热 ,形成了暖心的热带气旋。上述研究结果一定程度上肯定了存有疑义的冷空气学说     

台湾岛地形诱生次级环流系统对热带气旋异常运动的影响机制

对经过中国台湾岛和海南岛、吕宋岛、日本诸岛以及朝鲜半岛的热带气旋在过岛前后的运动、结构和强度的时空变化进行了统计诊断分析。研究结果表明,台湾岛附近热带气旋运动左偏（定义为偏于以前路径的左侧）机率最大,且台湾岛周围是产生诱生低压的高频区。采用理想东、西风环境场作为数值模拟背景场,数值研究了岛屿地形强迫与台湾附近的环境流场的相互作用及其对热带气旋运动偏转的影响,提出了岛屿地形强迫、背景场和热带气旋涡旋三者相互作用对热带气旋路径突然转折影响的观点,即台湾地形有利于环境场中诱生出一对偏差偶极涡,这对诱生偏差偶极涡将导致逼近岛屿的热带气旋产生运动方向的突然偏折,且在不同基本气流条件下,岛屿地形对热带气旋运动可能产生显著不同的影响。     

VENTILATION FLOW IN A BAROCLINIC VORTEX RELATED TO TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

The tropical cyclone motion is numerically simulated with a quasi-geostrophic baroclinic model.The flow field of a tropical cyclone is decomposed into its axisymmetric and asymmetric components.The relation between the ventilation flow vector and the motion vector of the tropical cyclone is inves-tigated.The results of numerical experiments indicate:(1) There are both large-scale beta gyres andsmall-scale gyres in the asyrnmetric flow field.(2) The interaction between small-scale gyres andlarge-scale beta gyres leads to the oscillation of translation speed and translation direction for the tropi-cal cyclone.(3) There are the large deviations between the ventilation flow vector calculated bymeans of Fiorino and Elsberry's method and the motion vector of tropical cyclone.(4) The ventila-tion flow vector computed using the improved method closely correlates with the motion vector of thetropical cyclone.     

斜压涡旋中的通风气流与热带气旋移动的关系

应用准地转斜压模式数值模拟了热带气旋的移动。将热带气旋的流场分解为轴对称分量和非对称分量，研究非对称流场中的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量的关系。数值试验结果表明：（１）在热带气旋的非对称流场中，不但有大尺度β涡旋，而且还有小尺度涡旋。（２）小尺度涡旋与大尺度β涡旋之间的相互作用导致热带气旋移向的摆动和移速的振荡。（３）应用Ｆｉｏｒｉｎｏ和Ｅｌｓｂｅｒｒｙ的方法计算的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量有很大偏差。（４）应用改进的方法计算的通风气流矢量与热带气旋移动矢量相关密切。     

A New Method for Calculating the Wind Speed Distribution of a Moving Tropical Cyclone

Based on gradient wind equations,including frictional force,and considering the effect of the movement of a tropical cyclone on wind speed,the Fujita Formula is improved and further simplified,and the numerical scheme for calculating the maximum wind speed radius and wind velocity distribution of a moving tropical cyclone is derived.In addition,the effect of frictional force on the internal structure of the tropical cyclone is discussed.By comparison with observational data,this numerical scheme demonstrate...     

大气非绝热加热作用的研究进展与展望

大气非绝热加热与天气系统的发生发展有密切联系,与降水等天气过程密不可分,非绝热加热在大气运动中有着至关重要的作用。对非绝热加热的研究和理解,有助于改进数值预报模式,增强数值天气预报模式的预报能力。本文系统梳理了大气非绝热加热的基本内容,近几十年非绝热加热及其作用的研究成果,主要包括非绝热加热的概念及其表征、非绝热加热的时空分布特征、非绝热加热与季风、天气系统(如西太平洋副热带高压、热带气旋、温带气旋和急流)和降水之间的关系,以及非绝热加热在数值模式中的表征,进而指出有待于进一步研究的方面。     

台风异常运动及其外区热力不稳定非对称结构的影响效应

本文数值模拟研究揭示了台风外区热力不稳定非对称结构对其异常路径的影响问题，提出了台风运动非对称结构的影响，不仅表现在台风涡旋动力结构特征上，而且反映在台风外区三维非对称热力结构特点方面，即包括温、湿不稳定层结分布特征及其强弱程度因素。台风外区不同热力非对称分布特征将导致台风移动轨迹的显著差异，且构成各类“旋转”、“打转”、“转向”等复杂异常路径。     

SOME ASPECTS OF OBJECTIVE FORECASTING OF TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

As shown in a statistical analysis of the relationship between environmental fields at varied timeand tropical cyclone motion, the forecasting ability of the initisl environmental field predictors for tropical cyclone motion decreases with the increase of valid time period of forecast;it is higher with these predictors at a fUture time than at an initial time. The work also indicates that for the tropical cyclone motion over a given period of valid forecast, better predictors appear at times mostly differing from thevalid periods; for periods at 48-120 h the environmental predictors at 48-72 h are more capable of forecasting. With statistical interpretation of NWP products, a predictive model for tropical cyclone motionis superior in performance over a statistical forecasting model that employes predictors of the initial field in the basic framework. The concluding remarks can be used as reference in the construction of an objective prediction model for tropical cyclone motion.     

华东沿海地形对登陆热带气旋运动影响的理想数值研究

利用中尺度数值模式设计一组高分辨率理想试验,采用位涡趋势方法定量诊断分析热带气旋在登陆我国华东沿海地形时,其运动发生的精细化变化以及不同因子的贡献。结果表明,平地的存在使得登陆热带气旋移速相对更快,当华东沿海地形存在时,热带气旋移速显著增大,这种增速现象主要是由于平地和地形所引起的非对称气流以及相应的引导气流变化所致,这很可能是导致预报路径误差的一个重要原因。平地试验中,陆地在热带气旋低层激发出中小尺度的非对称气流,与之不同的是,实际地形的加入激发出更大尺度并且更强的非对称偏南气流。位涡趋势方法的诊断结果表明,非引导效应总体而言对热带气旋运动贡献较小,这是因为这些因子相互抵消,但在不同的垂直层次上,不同的非引导因子贡献存在明显的差异。     

Effects of Sea Spray Evaporation and Dissipative Heating on Intensity and Structure of Tropical Cyclone

To examine effects of sea spray evaporation and dissipative heating on structure and intensity of a real tropical cyclone,the sea spray flux parameterization scheme was incorporated into the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model(MM5).Sensitivity tests were performed with varying the spray source function intensities and with and without dissipation heating.The numerical results indicate that sea spray evaporation increases the interfacial sensible heat flux,which is increased by 16% for the moderate spray and 47% for the heavy spray,but has little effect on the interfacial latent heat flux.The net effect of sea spray evaporation is to decrease the total sensible heat flux and to increase the total latent heat flux.The total enthalpy flux is increased by 1% and 12% with moderate and strong spray amounts,respectively.Consistent with these results,the intensity of the tropical cyclone is increased by 5% and 16% in maximum 10-m wind speed,respectively,due to sea spray evaporation.Sea spray evaporation and dissipative heating modify the tropical cyclone structure in important but complex ways.The effect of sea spray on the near-surface temperature and moisture depends on the spray amounts and its location within the tropical cyclone.Within the high-wind region of a tropical cyclone,the lower atmosphere becomes cooler and moister due to the evaporation of sea spray.However,the dissipative heating offsets the cooling due to sea spray evaporation,which makes the lower atmosphere warmer.     

热带气旋路径客观预报的若干问题

对多时刻环境因子与热带气旋路径相关的统计分析表明，初始时刻环境场因子对热带气旋路径的预报能力随预报时效的增长而下降；未来时刻环境因子的预报能力高于初始时刻环境场因子；对于一定预报时效的热带气旋路径，具有较高预报能力环境场因子出现时刻大多不与预报时效同时刻；对于４８￣１２０小时的预报时效，初始时刻后４８－７２小时的环境场因子具有较高的预报能力。对ＮＷＰ产品进行统计释用的热带气旋路径预报模式优于用初如     

非对称的非绝热加热对热带气旋移动影响的数值研究

采用中尺度数值模式（MM4）,以9414号台风为个例,应用卫星资料,引入非对称的非绝热加热,讨论其对9414号台风移动的影响。计算结果表明,引入与实况吻合的非对称非绝热加热分布后,该台风的路径预报和降水预报有明显改进,若同时考虑台风范围初始水汽场的非对称分布,这种改进作用尤为明显。从业务应用考虑,还构造了几种典型的螺旋状结构的非绝热加热计算方案引入模式的热力过程中,结果表明:不同螺旋状结构的加热分布对台风的移动有不同的影响,当选择与实况云系分布相近的螺旋状结构时,也可提高台风路径预报正确率,可应用于业务模式。     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENTS OF THE INFLUENCE OF DIABATIC HEATING ON TROPICAL CYCLONE ASYMMETRIC STRUCTURE

Using the barotropic volticity equation that contains forcing from diabatic heating with appropriate parameterization. a number of numerical experiments are conducted for the tropical cyclone that is initially symmetric The result shows that the diabatic heating has important effects on the asymmetric structure in addition to the roll of the β term and nonlinear advection term in its formation. It again confirms the conclusion that the diabatic heating is a possible mechanism responsible for such structures in the tropical cyclone.     

地形和边界层摩擦对登陆热带气旋路径和强度影响的研究

采用准地转的正压模式, 研究了无非绝热加热时地形和边界层摩擦对登陆热带气旋路径和强度的影响.结果表明: 地形作用对登陆热带气旋西北移动路径的影响比较明显, 而对登陆热带气旋强度的影响不明显; 边界层摩擦可以通过改变热带气旋X方向上和Y方向上的移动速度以及改变热带气旋水平环流结构对登陆热带气旋西北移动路径产生一定的影响, 边界层摩擦对登陆热带气旋强度的影响非常明显, 其中摩擦是造成登陆热带气旋强度迅速减弱的一个重要因素.     

NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE MOTION

A barotropic prirnitive equation model is used to simulate the tropical cyclone motion.Tropical cyclonemovements under different environmental flow backgrounds were examined and sensitivity of tropical cyclonetracks were discussed.Conclusions of practical significance have been obtained in this paper.