海南石碌铁矿床构造变形特征及其与铁多金属成矿富集的关系

海南石碌铁矿曾被誉为“亚洲最大的富铁矿”,其形成、定位与褶皱变形及伴随的剪切、塑性流动等构造密切相关。石碌矿区构造变形大致分为早期(D1)复式向斜的形成时期、晚期(D2)褶皱叠加和剪切变形时期。后者又进一步分为韧-脆性变形(D2a),脆-韧性变形、层间滑脱断层形成(D2b)和脆性变形、矿体破坏(D2c)3个阶段。石碌铁矿床受NW—SE向复式向斜及其与NE—NNE向褶皱叠加所形成的横跨或斜跨褶皱的严格控制;褶皱过程所伴随的剪切变形和高温塑性流动是富铁矿形成的重要机制。复式向斜轴部,尤其是2期向斜褶皱轴的叠加部位往往可发现厚大的富铁矿体。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111000387

Fluid flow is an integral part of hydrothermal mineralization,and its analysis and characterization constitute an important part of a mineralization model.The hydrodynamic study of mineralization deals with analyzing the driving forces,fluid pressure regimes,fluid flow rate and direction,and their relationships with localization of mineralization.This paper reviews the principles and methods of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization,and discusses their significance and limitations for ore deposit studies and mineral exploration. The driving forces of fluid flow may be related to fluid overpressure,topographic relief,tectonic deformation, and fluid density change due to heating or salinity variation,depending on specific geologic environments and mineralization processes.The study methods may be classified into three types,megascopic(field) observations, microscopic analyses,and numerical modeling.Megascopic features indicative of significantly overpressured (especially lithostatic or supralithostatic) fluid systems include horizontal veins,sand injection dikes,and hydraulic breccias.Microscopic studies,especially microthermometry of fluid inclusions and combined stress analysis and microthermometry of fluid inclusion planes(FIPs) can provide important information about fluid temperature,pressure,and fluid-structural relationships,thus constraining fluid flow models.Numerical modeling can be carried out to solve partial differential equations governing fluid flow, heat transfer,rock deformation and chemical reactions,in order to simulate the distribution of fluid pressure, temperature,fluid flow rate and direction,and mineral precipitation or dissolution in 2D or 3D space and through time.The results of hydrodynamic studies of mineralization can enhance our understanding of the formation processes of hydrothermal deposits,and can be used directly or indirectly in mineral exploration.     

Structural controls on fluid flow and related mineralization in the Xiangshan uranium deposit, Southern China

The Xiangshan uranium deposit of Southern China is a Mesozoic volcanic uranium deposit where mineralization is closely associated with regional rock deformation and fluid flow. To better understand the genesis of this deposit, we have carried out coupled deformation and fluid flow modeling to explore the relationship between mineralizing fluid flow and structural deformation processes. The numerical modeling results demonstrate that fluid transport and focusing are predominantly controlled by deposit scale structures and associated rock deformation.     

成矿流体动力学的原理、研究方法及应用

流体流动是热液成矿作用不可或缺的一部分,其研究是建立成矿模式的重要组成部分。成矿流体动力学主要研究流体流动的驱动力、压力状态、流速、流动方向以及它们与矿床定位的关系。文中总结了成矿流体动力学的基本原理和方法,并对其在成矿作用研究和矿产勘查上的重要性和局限性进行了讨论。流体流动的驱动力可以是流体的超压、地势差、构造变形以...     

Numerical modelling of deformation and fluid flow in the Shuikoushan district, Hunan Province, South China

The Shuikoushan district, in Hunan Province, South China, contains major Pb–Zn–Au–Ag polymetallic mineralisation. Two groups of numerical models have been constructed to study the interactions between deformation and fluid flow in the district during the Yanshanian compression event (180 to 90 Ma). The first group includes district-scale conceptual models of coupled deformation and fluid flow during folding. The models show that fluid flow patterns are controlled by deformation within the fold system inferred for the district. During regional shortening and folding, fluids are generally focused towards the fold hinge/core areas along higher permeability layers (in particular Permian limestone units), in preference to flowing across the low permeability seal units (Permian and Jurassic terrestrial sequences). The efficiency of this fluid focusing can only be significantly increased if these folded seal units are allowed to undergo permeability increase as a result of tensile failure. The modelling results show that permeability enhancement localises mostly at fold hinges, dominantly within the silicified zone on the top of the Permian limestone unit. This process results in increased flow velocities and facilitates fluid focusing towards fold hinge/core locations at this silicified rock horizon. The second group includes deposit scale models for the Kangjiawan deposit, which is one of the two major deposits in the Shuikoushan district. The models show patterns of tensile failure, permeability creation, fluid focusing and mixing, and fracture development along a selected exploration cross section through the deposit. These results are consistent with the observed brecciation and mineralisation features. Regions of maximum brecciation in the district are associated with: (1) a combination of fold hinge and fault intersection locations (structural); and (2) the silicified zone and Permian limestone unit (lithological). Such brecciation zones are associated with extensive fluid focusing and mixing, and therefore represent the most favourable locations for mineralisation in the district. On the basis of this work, ideas for future research work and mineral exploration in the district are proposed.     

Numerical modelling of orogenic processes and gold mineralisation in the southeastern part of the Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia

We use numerical modelling codes to simulate aspects of some current hypotheses for the origin of gold deposits and hydrothermal systems in the Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia. In particular, we investigate conceptual models advocating vertically continuous hydrothermal systems as well as those invoking extensive lateral flow and possible links with advection of heat by late orogenic granitic magmatism. Numerical models of part of the Eastern Goldfields Province and Southern Cross Province have been built with FLAC3D, to simulate crustal‐scale coupled interaction between deformation and fluid flow. These illustrate the potential for fluid focusing and mixing in shear zones, including downflow of meteoric water, lateral fluid flow driven by topographic elevation and upwards flow of fluids derived from melting and metamorphism in the deep crust. In some cases, downflow also occurs within the middle crust, at depths where fluid influx might trigger melting if the geothermal gradient were appropriate. The models indicate that tectonic wedging within a layered crust and diverging thrust systems that generate ‘pop‐up’ wedges may be important in facilitating efficient fluid upflow and downflow during uplift, while topographic elevation related to asymmetric thrust migration and loading tends to promote lateral fluid flow. However, the effect of topography appears more important than the precise depth or location of the site of fluid production in the deep crust. The effects of thermal convection and fluid‐fluid interaction have also been numerically modelled for a simplified section across the Kalgoorlie Terrane. Modelling under both hydrostatic and lithostatically overpressured pore‐pressure gradients has effectively delineated domains of convective fluid flow within the middle and upper crust, and has identified two generic sites that are favourable for fluid mixing, notably hangingwall and footwall environments in major shear zones, such as the Bardoc Shear, and in broad antiforms, such as the Goongarrie ‐ Mt Pleasant Antiform. The thermal effect of small plutons embedded in a regional metamorphic regime can cause significant lateral displacement of fluid convection patterns, over distances greater than pluton diameter, as well as more proximal effects on precipitation and dissolution of mineral species. However, these results are highly dependent on the pore‐pressure gradient and the permeability structure of the crust, and require magmatic and metamorphic fluid generation to be precisely timed with respect to deformation, thus reinforcing the dynamic feedback between deformation, magmatism and fluid production and migration.     

海南石碌铁矿床花岗闪长斑石岩的锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb定年及地质意义

海南石碌铁矿床是我国最大的富铁矿矿床,其矿床成因一直存在着争论,其中争议之一是矿床成因除与火山-沉积变质有关外,是否还与后期构造-岩浆事件的改造富集作用有关.前人曾对石碌铁矿床铁矿石、主要赋矿围岩石碌群以及矿区周围出露的花岗岩类进行过多方法同位素地质定年,但迄今尚未对矿区内分布的花岗斑岩类进行相应的工作.本文采用激光剥...     

构造-流体-成矿体系的反应-输运-力学耦合模型和动力学模拟

建立了一个综合的构造流体成矿体系的反应输运力学耦合动力学模型。利用有限元方法求解岩石变形、断裂作用和断裂网络统计动力学、流体流动、有机和无机地球化学反应及成岩成矿作用、压力溶液和其它压实力学、热迁移的方程组 ,可以对构造流体成矿体系的动力学演化过程进行 1～ 3维数值模拟。模拟的主要内容是在各种过程耦合作用下描述构造流体成矿体系的主要变量的时空演化 :( 1)与成矿流体的形成和性质有关的变量 ,如地层中矿物 (包括成矿物质 )的溶解速率、流体中各组分的浓度与饱和度、流体温度、压力、离子强度等 ;( 2 )与构造变形和流体运移有关的各变量 ,如应力与变形速率、岩石孔隙度、构造 (断裂 )渗透率等 ;( 3 )与沉淀成矿有关的变量 ,如矿物 (金属矿物和脉石矿物 )的成核速率、各矿物的沉淀量等 ;( 4 )上述各有关变量间的时空耦合关系 ,如断裂渗透率时空演化与流体流动、汇聚和成矿的耦合关系等。以湖南沃溪金锑钨矿床为例 ,应用该模型和方法对成矿动力学过程和动力学机制进行了初步的模拟与分析。     

Anisotropic dual-continuum representations for multiscale poroelastic materials: Development and numerical modelling

Dual-continuum (DC) models can be tractable alternatives to explicit approaches for the numerical modelling of multiscale materials with multiphysics behaviours. This work concerns the conceptual and numerical modelling of poroelastically coupled dual-scale materials such as naturally fractured rock. Apart from a few exceptions, previous poroelastic DC models have assumed isotropy of the constituents and the dual-material. Additionally, it is common to assume that only one continuum has intrinsic stiffness properties. Finally, little has been done into validating whether the DC paradigm can capture the global poroelastic behaviours of explicit numerical representations at the DC modelling scale. We address the aforementioned knowledge gaps in two steps. First, we utilise a homogenisation approach based on Levin's theorem to develop a previously derived anisotropic poroelastic constitutive model. Our development incorporates anisotropic intrinsic stiffness properties of both continua. This addition is in analogy to anisotropic fractured rock masses with stiff fractures. Second, we perform numerical modelling to test the DC model against fine-scale explicit equivalents. In doing, we present our hybrid numerical framework, as well as the conditions required for interpretation of the numerical results. The tests themselves progress from materials with isotropic to anisotropic mechanical and flow properties. The fine-scale simulations show that anisotropy can have noticeable effects on deformation and flow behaviour. However, our numerical experiments show that the DC approach can capture the global poroelastic behaviours of both isotropic and anisotropic fine-scale representations.     

Archaean gold mineralisation in a normal-motion shear zone at Harbour Lights,Leonora, Western Australia

Although many Archaean greenstone-hosted mesothermal gold deposits are in steep, reverse-motion fault zones, other fault geometries are prospective for mineralization. Harbour Lights is one of a number of deposits at Leonora hosted in a normal-motion shear zone, probably related to movement off the adjacent domal granitoid. The deposit is also atypical in that mineralization predates the last deformation to affect the mine sequence, but formed by similar processes to other mesothermal deposits in all respects other than the detail of shear zone geometry, kinematics and timing. Gold mineralization at Harbour Lights is related to D1 quartz veins parallel to a well-developed gently NE- to E-dipping D1 cleavage, both of which are deformed in steeply dipping and later extensional shear bands (D2). Gently dipping quartz veins, as at Harbour Lights, must have formed at extremely high fluid pressures, capable of holding the weight of the overlying crust. In the gently dipping normal-motion shear zone continued reactivation and veining was possible only with extremely high fluid pressures, and steeply dipping structures, such as the D2 extensional shear bands, were initiated as the fluid pressure dropped after the mineralizing event. The rarity of gold mineralization hosted in normal-motion shear zones is due to their being linked to steep structures which pump fluid upwards and prevents the build-up of extremely high fluid pressures. At Harbour Lights it appears that these links were (atypically) absent, probably because deformation was a result of granitoid doming, and was subparallel to strata.     

剪切蚀变与物质迁移及金的富集——以胶东矿集区为例

运用定量计算和计算机模拟与传统地质学相结合的方法, 研究胶东矿集区中剪切构造变形和围岩蚀变与物质迁移及金矿富集的相互关系.结果表明, 在剪切-蚀变作用过程中, 各种物质组分发生了不同程度的迁移, 存在较大的流体/岩石比值, 体积应变为增加型.成矿作用发生的最主要原因是剪切挤压-拉张构造作用引起的成矿元素活化→运移→富集.成矿早期, 形成以包体金为主的贫矿石; 成矿晚期, 形成含裂隙金和多金属细脉的富矿石.      

柴北缘绿梁山一带与造山作用相关的铜铅锌矿床成矿规律及找矿启示

在研究柴北缘绿梁山铜矿、双口山铅锌矿矿床地质特征基础上,指出上述矿床围岩为遭受了强烈褶皱构造变形及低绿片岩相变质的蛇绿混杂岩构造块体,矿体呈脉状或似层状产出于韧性剪切带内的强带内,分别与加里东期和晚华力西期—印支期的两次碰撞造山作用相联系,并很可能与区域上对应时期的造山带型金矿床的形成同步。暗示绿梁山铜矿区和双口山铅锌矿区外围是寻找潜在的造山带型金矿床的重要靶区,而在绿梁山铜矿区新发现的VHMS型铜矿化和双口山SEDEX型铅锌矿化指示位置,是寻找遭受后期改造的青龙滩式铜矿化和锡铁山式铅锌矿化的重要靶区。     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987115001164

The genesis of the giant Dongshengmiao in the northern margin of the North China Block has been debated since its discovery in the 1950 s,because it shows geological and geochemical characteristics with both syngenetic and epigenetic signatures.It has geological settings and sulfur and lead isotopic compositions that are similar with typical SEDEX(sedimentary exhalative) deposit,while the Zn-Pb-Cu mineralization was controlled by shear deformation and metamorphism,showing similarities with orogenic-type deposits.In this contribution,both the syngenetic and epigenetic features of the Dongshengmiao are envisaged,and accounted for in the context of a genetic model with two metallogenic periods.Massive pyrite at the Dongshengmiao was mostly recrystallized during metamorphism,but finegrained texture was locally preserved,indicating its syngenetic origin.On the contrary,all the Zn-Pb-Cu ores observed in this study show characteristics of epigenetic hydrothermal mineralization that controlled by metamorphism and accompanying shear deformation.The sulfur and lead isotopic compositions of sphalerite and galena indicate that they were in situ remobilized from a syngenetic stratabound source,and the oxygen and hydrogen isotopic ratios of ore-fluid indicate that the large-scale remobilization was assisted by metamorphic fluid.The thermodynamic modeling indicates that the orefluid during remobilization has a great potential of transporting Cu.This may account for the abnormally enriched Cu in the remobilized SEDEX deposit.The metamorphic fluid might strip Cu from the fluid source during devolatilization,and overprint it on the Zn-Pb orebodies during remobilization.A secondary flowthrough modeling reveals that Zn- and Cu-sulfides would be preferentially redistributed in Fe-rich carbonates during remobilization,as a result of fluid-rock interaction.Conclusively,a multistage genetic model is proposed.During the development of the Proterozoic rift,stratabound Zn-Pb mineralization took place in a SEDEX ore-forming system.The syngenetic sulfides subsequently underwent a large-scale fluidassisted remobilization during the early Cretaceous metamorphism and thrusting,forming the shear zone-controlled epigenetic orebodies.During the remobilization process,Cu was scavenged from the source of metamorphic fluid,and deposited accompanying remobilized Zn-Pb sulfides.Shear structures and Fe-rich carbonates are ideal sites for redistribution and re-deposition of remobilized sulfide.     

伸展型脆-韧性剪切带对沃溪钨锑金矿床的构造控制

湖西沃溪钨锑金矿床受控于一条伸展型顺层脆-韧性剪切带。带内岩石在非共轴顺层剪切构造动力作用下发生变形分解，形成泥质构造根岩强变形带和砂质构造根岩弱变形域。泵吸中心-弱变形城中的承压矿液沿砂质构造根岩的ab面发生水力压裂而产生“D”型张剪裂隙。构造-流体双重动力系统的周期性振荡使主裂隙系统发生周期性的破裂-愈合作用而形成条带状复脉。矿液是通过隐蔽的低角度正断层、强变形带内的构造面理及弱变形城中的微裂隙系统运移的，说明在靠近滑脱面的弱变形城中水力压裂作用会增强，其矿化类型将以蚀变岩型为主、脉型为辅。     

新疆北山210金矿床断裂构造控矿作用及成因机制

210金矿床位于新-甘边界地区哈密市境内,大地构造背景位于哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块与塔里木板块交汇部位东北缘的北山裂谷。断裂构造是矿床内最为重要的控矿因素。F210韧脆性剪切断裂带为矿床内的主干断裂,由该断裂张性破裂发育的逆冲断裂破碎带为210金矿床的直接控矿构造,控制了蚀变岩型金矿化的发育,由逆冲剪切产生的叠瓦式逆断层不含矿,而近NS向缓倾斜构造控制了210金矿床石英脉型矿化的发育。并运用里德尔剪切理论对逆冲断裂带控矿构造成因机制进行了分析。     

Analysis of the Ore-Controlling Structure of Ductile Shear Zone Type Gold Deposit in Southern Beishan Area, Gansu, Northwest China

The ductile shear zone-type gold deposit is a kind that both the ore-forming mechanism and ore-controlling factors are closely related to the ductile shear zone and its evolution. Ductile shear zone develops in Beishan area, Gansu of Northwest China, and develops especially well in the south belt. The controls of the ductile shear zone on gold deposits are as follows. (1) The regional distribution of gold deposits (and gold spots) is controlled by the ductile shear zone. (2) The ductile-brittle shear zone is formed in the evolution process of ductile shear zone and both are only ore-bearing structures and con- trol the shape, attitude, scale, and distribution of mineralization zones and ore-bodies. (3) Com- presso-shear ductile deformation results in that the main kind of gold mineralization is altered mylonite type and the main alteralization is metasomatic. (4) Ore-bearing fracture systems are mainly P-type ones, some D-type and R-type ones, but only individual R’-type and T-type ones. (5) Dynamic differen- tiation and dynamic metamorphic hydrothermal solution resulting from ductile deformation is one of the sources of ore-forming fluid of gold mineralization, and this is identical with that ore-forming ma- terials are mainly from metamorphic rocks, and ore-forming fluid is mainly composed of metamorphic water, and with the fluid inclusion and geo-chemical characteristics of the deposit. (6) There is a nega- tive correlation between the gold abundance and susceptibility anisotropy (P) of the altered mylonite samples from the deposit, which shows that the gold mineralization is slightly later than the structural deformation. All above further expound the ore-forming model of the ductile shear zone type of gold deposits.     

Mary Kathleen metamorphic‐hydrothermal uranium — rare‐earth element deposit: Ore genesis and numerical model of coupled deformation and fluid flow

The Mary Kathleen U‐REE orebody of the Proterozoic Mt Isa Block was the product of chemical and physical interaction between regional metamorphic/hydrothermal fluids and preexisting calcic skarns. The deposit provides excellent examples of mechanical control on ore localisation and of the complexity of ores in rocks with protracted thermal histories. Host skarns were produced by contact metasomatism around the 1740 Ma Burstall Granite, whereas the allanite‐uraninite ore formed under amphibolite‐facies conditions, late during the D₂ phase of the ca 1550–1500 Ma Isan orogeny. Observations of ore geometry are consistent with previous geochronologic data demonstrating a large time gap between skarn formation and ore genesis. Numerical modelling of coupled deformation and fluid flow suggests that veins at the core of ore shoots may have formed as tensile or shear fractures during coupling of the competent skarn host with the late‐D₂ Mary Kathleen Shear Zone, allowing a change of orientation of ore shoots with distance from the shear zone. Mineral chemistry and petrographic observations suggest the possible role of a redox control on chemical localisation of ore by conversion of Fe²⁺‐rich clinopyroxene‐rich skarn host to Fe³⁺‐rich secondary garnet ‘skarn’ and uraninite‐allanite ore. Alternately, fluid pressure drops as a consequence of fracturing of the host skarn may have triggered fluid unmixing, or fluid mixing, leading to ore precipitation. Available data do not allow clear definition of the ultimate source of the U and REE, nor of the specific chemical ore‐forming mechanism. However, regional constraints, previous Sm–Nd modelling, and our numerical models suggest a combination from proximal skarn hosts and from distal sources accessed by flow of metamorphic and/or late tectonic igneous‐derived fluids. The deposit has some similarities with ironstone‐hosted Cu–Au ± U deposits found in the nearby Cloncurry Belt.     

海南岛石碌韧性剪切带的主要特征与“北一”式铁矿的成因

在详细介绍了海南石碌韧性剪切带宏观和显微构造特征的基础上,本文运用“构造控制成岩成矿”新理论,对石碌铁矿成因进行了全面剖析。通过多年的调查及研究,提出石碌矿床控矿构造是韧性剪切带及其“构造透镜体(箭鞘褶皱)”。石碌富铁矿床主要成因是:原始沉积的贫铁矿在构造透镜体形成过程中经过塑性流动富集、压溶去硅等构造—成岩成矿作用,使贫铁变富铁,形成厚大的“北一”式矿体。总结了“北一”式铁矿的主要特征,根据厘定的石碌韧性剪切带及其构造透镜体的构造控矿及成岩成矿机制圈定了“北一”式矿体的找矿靶区,并进一步探讨了在基底变质岩系中和深部的找矿问题。     

德兴斑岩铜矿床断裂与侵入体产状对成矿的控制作用:从力-热-流三场耦合数值模拟结果分析

斑岩矿床的成矿机制是一种典型的力-热-流多物理场耦合的岩浆-热液过程,因而从成矿动力学数值计算模拟的角度研究斑岩矿床成矿作用过程,对揭示斑岩岩浆-热液系统动力学演化机制及其成矿响应情况具有十分重要的意义.德兴铜矿(包括朱砂红、铜厂和富家坞)作为目前中国华南已发现的最大斑岩型铜矿床,是研究(大型/超大型)斑岩矿床成矿作用...     

陕西凤太矿集区柴蚂金矿床成矿时代的40Ar/39Ar年龄证据

柴蚂金矿床位于陕西凤太矿集区的西北部,矿体产于长沟-八卦庙向斜和长沟-打柴沟背斜核部和两翼的NWW向脆韧性剪切构造带中,赋矿地层为上泥盆统星红铺组的斑点状铁白云质粉砂质千枚岩。金矿化类型包括石英脉型和蚀变岩型2种。成矿过程划分为早期石英-碳酸盐阶段、主成矿期石英-碳酸盐-硫化物阶段和晚期石英脉阶段。对主成矿阶段热液蚀变形成的绢云母开展40Ar/39Ar测年研究,获得坪年龄为(219.0±2.0)Ma,指示其成矿作用始于219 Ma左右,即晚三叠世。前期工作获得该阶段碳酸盐矿物的Sm-Nd同位素年龄为(203.0±1.6)Ma,2个年龄值可能限定了成矿作用的上限与下限。结合前人有关区域地质与成矿作用的研究成果分析认为,柴蚂金矿床属于造山型金矿床,其成矿作用的多阶段性与剪切带长期演化过程中的构造递进变形密不可分。