海洋浮游生态系统连续介质动力学模型的建立

运用质点、连续介质和状态变量等观点来描述海洋浮游生态系统,根据生物生命运动、生化反应、水动力学和物质守恒等基本规律,建立海洋浮游生态系统动力学的模型方程。推广地球流体力学的湍流二阶闭合理论,建立实用的雷诺平均生态系统动力学模型方程及其二阶相关项的闭合模型方程,将生态动力学状态变量的湍扩散参数化。本文还讨论了该模型与通常的N-P-Z-D模型的关系,提出了其适用范围。     

莱州湾围隔浮游生态系统氮、磷营养盐迁移-转化模型研究

通过对目前生态动力学模型的总结和综合，以生态系统中氮、磷营养盐循环为主线，建立了适用于海洋围隔浮游生态系统的多变量的营养盐迁移-转化动力学模型。该模型包括浮游植物、浮游动物、溶解无机态营养盐、溶解有机态营养盐和生物碎屑5个模块，涉及溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷、浮游植物、浮游动物和生物碎屑7个状态变量。利用2002年8月末莱州湾围隔生态实验数据进行了模型的验证工作，成功地模拟了富加营养盐条件下围隔浮游生态系统中氮、磷营养盐生物化学迁移-转化过程，并通过灵敏度分析探讨了模型主要状态变量对参数改变的灵敏程度。     

海洋浮游生态系统连续介质动力学的模型的建立

运用质点、连续介质和状态变量等观点来描述海洋浮游生态系统,根据生物生命运动、生化反应、水动力学和物质守恒等基本规律,建立海洋浮游生态系统动力学的模型方程,推广地球流体力学的湍流二阶闭合理论,建立实用的雷诺平均生态系统动力学模型方程及其二阶相关项的闭合模型方程,将生态动力学状态变量的湍扩散参数化,本文还讨论了该模型与通常的Ｎ－Ｐ－Ｚ－Ｄ模型的关系,提出了其适用范围。     

胶州湾围隔浮游生态系统氮、磷营养盐迁移-转化模型研究

通过对目前生态动力学模型的总结和综合,以生态系统中氮、磷营养盐循环为主线,建立了适用于海洋围隔浮游生态系统的多变量的营养盐迁移-转化动力学模型.该模型包括浮游植物、浮游动物、溶解无机态营养盐、溶解有机态营养盐和生物碎屑5个模块,涉及溶解无机氮、磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷、浮游植物、浮游动物和生物碎屑7个状态变量.分别利用1999年秋季和2000年夏季胶州湾围隔生态实验数据进行了模型和验证工作,成功地模拟了富加营养盐条件下围隔浮游生态系统中氮、磷营养盐生物化学迁移-转化过程,并确定了20余个参数的量值.     

胶州湾北部水层生态动力学模型与模拟 Ⅰ.胶州湾北部水层生态动力学模型

建立了一个包括浮游植物、浮游动物、无机氮和磷、溶解态与悬浮有机物及溶解氧七状态变量的浅海水体生态动力学箱式模型,并且考虑了海面太阳辐照度变化、海水与底泥温度变化以及营养盐海底溶出和陆源流入的影响。初步分析了在胶州湾北部浮游生态系统演变的几个特征时期动力学方程中的物流动态特征。结果是比较合理的。     

厦门湾浮游生物量和营养盐含量时空分布的数值模拟研究

初步构建了一个以浮游植物（P）、浮游动物（Z）和营养盐（N,包括无机氮和活性磷酸盐）为生态变量的NPZ简单生态模型,并通过与POM三维水动力模型的耦合,建立了三维浮游生态动力学模型,开展了厦门湾全海域三维浮游生态系统时空变化的模拟研究.结果显示,厦门海域浮游动植物有明显的季节变化,春、夏季生物量最高,秋、冬季较低,但不同的海区达到峰值的季节并不相同;活性磷酸盐含量冬季最高,春季最低,与浮游植物量值有较明显的反位相关系,表明厦门湾海域浮游植物的生长主要受活性磷酸盐含量限制.模拟结果符合历史观测特征,且模拟值与实测值量级比较吻合,因此所建立的三维浮游生态动力学模型可用于描述厦门湾海域浮游生态的时空变化特征.     

数据稀缺生态系统中多种类质量谱模型的构建

多种类生态模型已经被广泛应用于渔业活动影响应预测和管理措施效果评估。质量谱模型是一种基于生理过程构建的生态模型,该模型为描述鱼类群落在个体摄食变异和随个体发生的生态位迁移提供了一个可行的方法。尽管生态模型在增进生态系统认识上具有重要意义,其应用在数据稀缺的渔业中受到很大限制。作为实践基于生态系统渔业管理(EBFM)的第一步,本研究构建了海州湾鱼类群落的质量谱模型。本研究详述了数据收集和模型参数化的过程,以促进该模型在数据稀缺的生态系统中未来的应用。作为一个范例,研究展示了不同捕捞努力量对生态系统的影响,并采用一套生态指标监测其动态。群落生物量、多样性指数、W指数,大鱼指数(LFI),平均体重和群落质量谱斜率对捕捞压力的响应呈非线性,最大的捕捞强度并非总是对鱼类群落产生最强的影响。本文强调了构建谱模型在生态研究中的的价值和可行性,并讨论了模型的局限性和改进的可能。本研究旨在促进质量谱模型的广泛应用以更好地支持基于生态系统的渔业管理。     

海洋浮游生态系统动力学模式的研究

分析了海洋浮游生态系统动力学模式的结构,讨论了其研究现状。９０年代以来海洋浮游生态系统动力学模式的特点是：状态变量的个数较以前有所增加,从２－４个增加至３－７个生物过程的描述更加细致;注意刻画物理过程的作用,特别是垂直方向上湍流的交换作用;利用或改进原来的模式,研究新问题;模式仍以一维为主,同时三维耦合模式也得取发展和应用;区域仍以北大西洋为主,也出现了研究赤道太平洋、阿拉伯海、东海等海区的工作。     

浮游生态系统非线性动力学研究

建立了新的藻类-浮游动物生态非线性动力学模型,该模型考虑了藻类与浮游动物之间的增长关系。研究了模型平衡点的稳定性,以及Hop f分岔现象。通过对选取的分岔参数进行分析,揭示了该系统的动力学特性。     

藻类生态系统的随机稳定性研究

为了研究随机干扰因素与藻类生态系统稳定性之间的相互关系,运用随机非线性理论建立了藻类—营养盐的随机非线性动力学模型,采用随机平均法和奇异边界理论对模型的稳定性进行了分析,结果表明随机因素对稳定性的影响很大。随机因素可以使系统稳定性发生质的变化。     

海洋生态系统动力学模型研究进展

海洋生态系统动力学模型作为定量地认识和分析海洋生态系统现象的有力工具,近年来得到了长足发展。本文首先回顾了海洋生态动力学模型的发展历史,着重介绍了21世纪以来生态系统动力学模型的三大发展趋势:一是进一步探索海洋生态系统复杂性,二是全球气候变化与海洋生态系统的相互作用;三是不再局限于理论研究,而进入于灾害预报与评估、公共决策等应用领域。其次介绍了海洋生态动力学模型的分类及典型海洋生态动力学数值模型COHERENS的特点、功能和最新的应用情况。最后总结归纳了目前海洋生态动力学模型研究领域的几大问题与挑战,展望了该研究领域未来的发展趋势和方向。     

海洋浮游细菌生长率和被摄食的研究综述

海洋浮游细菌利用海水中的溶解有机碳合成自身物质,是海洋浮游生态系统的二次生产者。微型浮游动物是细菌的主要摄食者,也是细菌生产向较高营养级传递的中介。研究海洋浮游细菌的生长率和被(微型浮游动物的)摄食率对理解海洋浮游生态系统的功能具有重要作用。本文综述了利用改变海水中生物类群组成(或功能)的培养方法研究海洋浮游细菌生长率和被摄食率的历程和现状,为我国的同类研究提供借鉴。改变海水中生物类群组成(或功能)进行培养的方法有海水分粒级培养、海水稀释培养和添加选择性抑制剂培养。这些方法各有其局限性,应用并不广泛。细菌及其主要摄食者异养鞭毛虫群落在自然海区和实验室内都有生长周期,鞭毛虫的生长周期落后于细菌,因此细菌的生长率有时会小于被摄食率,有时会大于被摄食率。我国这方面的研究相对落后,应值得引起重视,建议从海水稀释培养法入手开展相关研究。     

围填海造陆引起的海岛周围海域海洋生态系统服务价值损失——以浙江省洞头县为例

利用SPOT5、IRS-P5 高分辨遥感数据、海图并结合实地调查, 以2004 年数据为基准, 分别获取了2008 年和2010 年浙江洞头县14 个有居民岛屿的岸线以及填海造地数据。根据填海工程造成海岛周围海域的供给、调节、支持、文化等多种服务损失构建生态服务价值损失估算模型, 采用直接市场法、替代花费法等方法评估了海岛造地导致的海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失情况, 结果表明: 洞头县2004～2010 年填海造地导致海岛周围海域的海洋生态系统服务价值损失为13 626.95 万元/a, 其中供给价值损失最大, 占价值总损失的87%, 从价值损失分布空间看状元岙岛周围海域损失最大, 其次是洞头岛,小门岛周围海域损失最小。因此, 在开发利用海岛资源时, 应对养殖、捕捞、港口、自然保护等海岛开发活动进行合理的规划和调控, 提高海岛资源的利用效率, 促进海岛经济和环境的可持续发展。     

A discussion of management disputes arising from the multiple utilization of flying fish resources in Taiwan and suggested countermeasures

Flying fish play a vital role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems. In Taiwan, flying fish resources are mainly utilized in three ways. The Tao aboriginal people regard them as an important, and spiritual, source of food and utilize the resource sparingly and cautiously. Conversely, in northern Taiwan, fisheries harvest flying fish roe, which may in the future lead to ecosystem damage. Thirdly, large quantities are caught for promoting seafood to tourists at various events. The latter two utilizations may cause overfishing and scarcity.In 2007, the Taiwanese government began to adjust fisheries management policies for monitoring the utilization of flying fish resources. The current policies protect aboriginal marine culture and employ ‘total allowable catch’ (TAC) as a transitional mechanism in flying fish caviar harvesting. In the future, the government should employ collaborative measures at a regional level, including quota allocation based on scientific evidence, in order to maintain ecosystem balance and ensure the sustainability of fish resources. Activities to promote seafood, and the catching of adult fish on a large scale, must be stringently managed according to the amount of resources available. Finally, the most appropriate and least risky approach, is to designate flying fish spawning grounds as marine protected areas.     

The regional development and management of fisheries: The UK case

The basic structure of the fishing industry in the United Kingdom is outlined, followed by a discussion focusing on six stages of development from the industrial revolution to the present. The industrial focus is evaluated with regard to the catching and shore sides of the industry respectively. The management system is discussed in terms of stakeholder groups, the fisheries resource and marine ecosystem, and regional management. It is concluded that a regional management system closely adjusted to the regional geography of the industry will be most effective.     

变参数赤潮藻类生长模型的非线性动力分析研究

在对一个营养盐和赤潮藻类摄食模型进行非线性分析的基础上,提出了含有变参数的赤潮藻类生长模型。模型中用一个周期阶跃函数来近似模拟了藻类生长率参数,并对此模型做了数值模拟。结果表明,引入变参数后的模型更能体现藻类生长的季节性特点,和实际情况符合更好。     

Applying chaos to radar detection in an ocean environment: anexperimental study

Ship navigation through ice-infested waters is a problem of deep concern to the oil exploration industry of Northern countries. Conventional marine radars do not perform satisfactorily in detecting small targets such as small pieces of iceberg. This paper reports a new method for detection in an ocean environment. The approach is based on the recent observation that sea clutter, radar echoes from the sea surface, can be modeled as a nonlinear deterministic dynamical system which can be used as an alternative to the conventional stochastic process. Based on this model, detection in sea clutter is considered as dynamical system classification instead of statistical hypothesis testing. Two dynamical detection methods are proposed. The first one uses a dynamical invariant called the attractor dimension to distinguish a target from a pure clutter process. The second approach tries to detect the existence of a target by observing the “difference” of the motion of the target and the clutter process. To show the validity of the idea of dynamical detection in sea clutter, real sea clutter, and target data were used in this study     

Modeling environmental effects on the size-structured energy flow through marine ecosystems. Part 2: Simulations

Numerical simulations using a physiologically-based model of marine ecosystem size spectrum are conducted to study the influence of primary production and temperature on energy flux through marine ecosystems. In stable environmental conditions, the model converges toward a stationary linear log–log size-spectrum. In very productive ecosystems, the model predicts that small size classes are depleted by predation, leading to a curved size-spectrum.It is shown that the absolute level of primary production does not affect the slope of the stationary size-spectrum but has a nonlinear effect on its intercept and hence on the total biomass of consumer organisms (the carrying capacity). Three domains are distinguished: at low primary production, total biomass is independent from production changes because loss processes dominate dissipative processes (biological work); at high production, ecosystem biomass is proportional to primary production because dissipation dominates losses; an intermediate transition domain characterizes mid-production ecosystems. Our results enlighten the paradox of the very high ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios which are observed in poor oceanic regions. Thus, maximal dissipation (least action and low ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios) is reached at high primary production levels when the ecosystem is efficient in transferring energy from small sizes to large sizes. Conversely, least dissipation (most action and high ecosystem biomass/primary production ratios) characterizes the simulated ecosystem at low primary production levels when it is not efficient in dissipating energy.Increasing temperature causes enhanced predation mortality and decreases the intercept of the stationary size spectrum, i.e., the total ecosystem biomass. Total biomass varies as the inverse of the Arrhenius coefficient in the loss domain. This approximation is no longer true in the dissipation domain where nonlinear dissipation processes dominate over linear loss processes. Our results suggest that in a global warming context, at constant primary production, a 2–4 °C warming would lead to a 20–43% decrease of ecosystem biomass in oligotrophic regions and to a 15–32% decrease of biomass in eutrophic regions.Oscillations of primary production or temperature induce waves which propagate along the size-spectrum and which amplify until a “resonant range” which depends on the period of the environmental oscillations. Small organisms oscillate in phase with producers and are bottom-up controlled by primary production oscillations. In the “resonant range”, prey and predators oscillate out of phase with alternating periods of top-down and bottom-up controls. Large organisms are not influenced by bottom-up effects of high frequency phytoplankton variability or by oscillations of temperature.     

Paradigms for planktonic assemblages: 50 years of contributions from the Leigh Marine Laboratory,Northland, New Zealand

Abstract

Plankton includes the primary producers and consumers that are critical for healthy ecosystem function in the marine realm. My objective was to identify the major contributions of the Leigh Marine Laboratory to our broader understanding of planktonic assemblages. Significant contributions were made prior to 1990 on the ecology of larval fishes. From the 1990s the focus changed to the sensory biology of larval invertebrates and fishes, with a strong emphasis given to the role of reef sound in attracting potential settlers. Both early and post 1980s research has been highly influential in a paradigm shift away from passively drifting larvae that have little control over their fate. Important contributions have also been made on the dynamics of nutrient–phytoplankton interactions, larval development and aquaculture. Opportunities abound for future research on the dynamics of planktonic assemblages in shelf waters and in changing seas.