欧盟机构对“一带一路”倡议的认知以及中国的应对策略

欧盟机构对中欧“一带一路”合作的关键领域拥有专属或共享权限,对于“一带一路”倡议的推进发挥着重要作用。欧盟机构的认知总体较为复杂,既重视其中的贸易、投资等经济机遇,又担忧规则透明度等;政治方面有明显的疑虑,尤为担忧欧盟的团结和政治影响力的衰落,其认知无法摆脱中国对其“分而治之”的传统叙事;战略安全方面可以理解为能源安全和非传统安全的双赢,但是担忧“一带一路”倡议对西方主导国际规范和秩序的影响。复杂认知背后的动因是欧盟的行为体特征、力量性质以及在国际体系中的身份。基于欧盟机构对“一带一路”的认知和欧盟的权限特征,中国可以考虑就“一带一路”倡议与欧盟开展多重对接,从欧盟机构、欧盟成员国和地方政府及企业等多层次入手,结合第三方市场合作以及教育与人文领域的长期交流机制来推动中欧“一带一路”合作。     

浅析海南岛海岸带的有效保护与合理利用

海岸带的有效保护与合理利用已经成为沿海地区可持续发展的重要途径。文章在回顾海南岛海岸带保护利用研究的基础上,梳理取得的成效和存在的问题,阐释海岸带有效保护与合理利用的重要意义;基于海岸地质和海岸动力对海岸线的控制机理,深刻剖析海南岛海岸带独特而脆弱的生态特征、人类活动影响以及丰富的旅游资源,揭示海岸动力过程和海岸带的重要性以及大气、海洋、陆地如何相互作用;提出海南岛海岸带有效保护与合理利用的新概念,构建海南岛海岸带有效保护与合理利用的顶端战略模型。为促进海南岛海岸带的有效保护与合理利用,必须以生态平衡为本,加强对海岸动力过程的调查研究,科学评估旅游地的承载能力,适时开展资源数据挖掘与监测预警,启动海南岛海洋类世界自然遗产申报及建设工作,探索以“立法先行、统筹规划、宏观调控、科学支撑、财力保障、统一管理、公众参与” 为核心的“海南模式”。     

论海上丝绸之路背景下中国与丝路沿线国家海洋空间规划合作:动因、挑战与路径

深化中国与海上丝绸之路沿线国家全方位合作是“一带一路”倡议向高质量发展转变的重要驱动力。加强与丝路沿线国家海洋空间规划合作应该成为 “海上丝绸之路”建设和构建蓝色伙伴关系的重要内容。文章在梳理国际与国内海洋空间规划演变脉络的基础上,探讨了强化中国与丝路沿线国家海洋空间规划合作的动因;深入分析了合作存在的海洋科学认识不足、跨界数据管理困难等方面的挑战;提出了构建陆海统筹的国土空间规划体系、打造蓝色伙伴关系合作抓手、构建“三位一体”主体布局以及构建多维度规范化合作机制等合作方法与策略,以期深入推动中国与丝路沿线国家的海洋空间规划合作。     

辽宁沿海经济带融入"一带一路"的路径探析

为充分把握“一带一路”建设契机,加快我国东北地区海洋经济发展,文章对辽宁沿海经济带融入“一带一路”的路径进行分析。研究结果表明：辽宁沿海经济带在地缘区位、海洋产业基础、港口物流设施和对外贸易等方面具有优势条件,但在区域联动发展、海洋产业结构转型和技术创新、海洋开发利用方式和海洋资源配置等方面存在不足;未来应进一步激发海洋资源新动能、推动陆海统筹与区域联动发展、创新跨境海洋合作机制、推动海洋产业开发与合作以及推进跨境海洋经济合作区建设。     

日照市海岸带保护与利用初探

在生态文明建设背景下,如何构建人-海和谐的海岸带空间发展格局,是海岸带开发利用过程中亟须探索的问题。文章通过SWOT分析方法对日照市海岸带的优势与劣势、机遇与威胁进行了详细分析,并据此提出了差别化管制的海岸线分类、海岸带功能分区利用和陆海统筹的空间管控策略,同时强调了海岸带综合管理体系建设的重要意义,为协调日照海岸带资源开发利用与生态建设的关系,合理布局海洋产业带来思考。     

日本海岸开发计划

日本是经济大国,海岸线总长35000公里,其中有各类海岸,如砂滩、砾石、岩石、珊瑚礁,以及复合海岸、人工海滩和人工岛等。海岸动力有风浪、潮流、海啸、冰凌等,并伴有地震灾害。日本海岸带开发利用历史悠久,在“三湾一海”(东京湾、伊势湾、大阪湾与濑户内海)一带形成临海工业带,海港集中,城镇     

粤东海岸带生态系统现状及其生态保护修复

为促进粤东地区发挥区域优势、提升海岸带生态功能和促进可持续发展,文章概述粤东海岸带生态系统的类型及其分布,分析其面临的问题,并结合已开展的海岸带生态保护修复项目提出建议。研究结果表明：粤东具有砂质海岸生态系统、重要河口生态系统、红树林生态系统、珊瑚礁生态系统和海湾生态系统等海岸带生态系统,海洋资源十分丰富;但面临海岸侵蚀、环境污染和过度开发利用等问题,不利于发挥海岸带生态和减灾功能;在已开展的中央海域使用金支持项目、“蓝色海湾”整治行动、围填海项目生态保护修复和海岸带保护修复工程等的基础上,未来应开展海岸带生态系统现状调查和评估、加强滨海湿地保护、建立海岸带生态系统动态监视监测平台以及加快海岸带生态保护修复标准体系建设。     

“一带一路”倡议促进海洋产业结构转型升级评估——基于DID双重差分模型

为应对海洋经济增长动能不足、海洋产业结构同构化矛盾,响应“引进来”与“走出去”相结合的政策号召,提升海洋产业结构转型升级的质量和效率,文章基于沿海11地区2007—2019年的面板数据,采用双重差分模型(DID)对“一带一路”倡议启动前后的海洋产业结构转型升级水平进行量化评估,并进行异质性检验。结果表明：“一带一路”倡议显著促进海洋产业结构的转型升级,并且存在区域异质性差异,长三角和珠三角地区的海洋产业结构转型升级较为明显;对外直接投资对海洋产业转型升级的促进作用较为显著;受限于技术溢出和资本积累的滞后效应,外商直接投资的影响并不明显。据此提出,中国应依托“一带一路”倡议,积极推进对外直接投资,提高海洋科技创新能力,充分发挥区域优势,构建多元化的开放型海洋产业体系。     

澳大利亚海岸带综合管理及其对中国的借鉴

“陆海统筹”已上升为国家战略高度,对国民经济社会发展意义重大。国外的海岸带综合管理与我国“陆海统筹”具有相似性,在实施“陆海统筹”战略时,澳大利亚海岸带综合管理有许多成功经验可以借鉴。文章系统梳理了澳大利亚海岸带综合管理的特征与趋势,继而结合我国海岸带管理的实际情况,提出相应对策。包括开展基于海岸带生态系统的海岸带综合规划;健全和完善海岸带管理的法律法规体系;建立海岸带综合管理委员会和海岸带管理非政府组织;加强海岸带保护区建设,发展海岸带生态产业;强化公众的参与意识,引导利益相关者的参与等推进海岸带管理建设。希望对中国政府部门进行海岸带管理决策有所参考。     

长江口海岸带环境及管理问题

人类活动影响和全球变化因子相互叠加，使得长江口海岸带面临生态恶化、湿地损失、海岸工程安全系数降低和渔业资源衰退等诸多问题，实行海岸带综合管理是该区可持续发展的有效途径，本文讨论了海岸带综合管理的模式和目标，提出了解决问题的建议和措施。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.