非均匀载荷和内压作用下石油套管的抗挤能力分析

油井套管往往处于管内外复杂的受力环境下,揭示和分析这些因素对套管抗挤能力的影响就显得非常重要,并可为套管强度设计提供理论依据。根据套管在受到外部非均匀载荷和内压作用下的受力特点和材料力学理论,建立了单位长度的理想圆管的环向应力的计算模型,得到了套管内外壁的环向应力分布规律。计算结果表明：套管发生破坏失效位置在圆周方向与最大水平地应力成90°角的内壁上。依据Von Mises屈服准则由失效点得到了非均匀外挤载荷和内压作用下套管屈曲时抗外挤能力的新公式。实例计算表明：在影响套管的抗挤能力的因素中,外载荷的非均匀系数对套管抗外挤能力影响最大,外载荷的非均匀系数越大,套管抗外挤能力下降得越快;在外载荷非均匀性较小的条件下,提高套管外载荷承载能力可通过增大内压和减小套管径厚比来实现。     

套管护孔问题初探

对套管柱的受力及强度的计算与分析,得出设计、校核套管强度不仅要考虑抗拉、抗挤、抗崩,同时还应重视孔壁完整及高速回转钻杆等附加外载对套管强度的影响,并提出了具体护管措施.     

挤扩支盘桩在地下建筑抗浮设计中的应用

对目前地下建筑的各种抗浮措施进行了分析,根据挤扩支盘桩的受力特征,提出了采用挤扩支盘桩作为抗浮桩的新思路,给出了挤扩支盘桩单桩承载力的计算公式和构造要求,阐述了该方法的施工要点,并结合工程实例进行了技术经济分析。工程实践表明,采用挤扩支盘桩解决地下建筑抗浮问题是一种比较经济、合理的新方法。     

非均匀椭圆载荷下套管抗外挤能力分析

目前大多数油井套管的损坏很大程度上是由非均匀载荷引起的,外载荷的非均匀性等因素大大降低了套管的承载能力,为此,揭示这些因素对套管抗挤能力的影响具有重要的实际意义。根据非均匀椭圆载荷作用下套管的受力特点,利用材料力学理论建立了理想套管的环向应力计算模型,分析了套管的应力分布规律,结果表明：套管承载的危险点为圆周方向与最大水平地应力成90°夹角的内壁上,与有限元数值模拟结果有着很好的一致性。并以危险点应力状态为依据,得到了套管在不同的非均匀载荷下的等效外挤压力计算的新公式。计算结果表明,椭圆载荷中的非均匀部分对套管等效外挤压力影响极大;外载荷非均匀度越大,径厚比越大,套管承受外挤载荷能力越差,越容易发生挤毁失效。     

抛石挤淤深度的计算方法和模型试验

在含水率大、抗剪强度低的淤泥中采用抛石挤淤的办法加固地基或建造围埝,处理效果好且经济效益显著,因此得到了广泛地应用。抛石在软弱地基中下沉,直至其重力与地基承载力平衡为止。挤淤所形成截面的形状及抛石下沉深度的计算是此项研究的重点,基于抛石截面为倒梯形和矩形两种形状的假定,考虑淤泥表面隆起对承载力的影响,利用土体极限平衡理论,推导出抛石挤淤深度与抛石高度的关系。通过抛石挤淤的模型试验和现场挤淤的数据,分析比较两种假定下挤淤公式的准确性和适用性,试验结果与公式吻合性很好,该研究结果可为相关工程的设计和施工提供参考。     

挤扩支盘桩在郑州70万吨氧化铝种子分解工程中的应用

通过对挤扩支盘桩和常规泥浆护壁钻孔灌注桩两种桩型的对比分析，前者具有承载力高、用料省的优点。介绍了挤扩支盘桩的成桩工艺，并对其单桩承载力进行了计算。经载荷试验检测，挤扩支盘桩单桩极限承载力〉5000kN，累计沉降量仅25mm，完全满足设计要求。     

挤扩支盘桩在某地铁车站抗浮工程中应用

详细地介绍了挤扩支盘桩在地铁车站抗浮工程中的应用和挤扩支盘桩的设计原理、施工方法和力学特性以及在抗浮工程中的优越性及经济性。为保证地铁车站的安全顺利通车打下了技术基础,为今后类似地下构筑物抗浮设计、施工积累了宝贵的经验。     

对灰土挤密桩复合地基桩土应力比复合地基承载力计算的探讨

本文通过用２：８灰土挤密桩处理湿陷性黄土地基的几个典型工程试验成果的分析与总结，揭示了灰土桩复合地基承载力的相应公式，为灰土挤密桩地基设计提供了更为方便的，切合实际的计算方法，便于工程设计人员使用。     

用标贯击数确定抗液化振动挤密砂桩的间距

在考虑了抗液化振动挤密砂桩的侧向和竖向加密的同时,又考虑了砂桩的充盈系数对加固作用的影响,从而提出了一种基于抗震规范的液化判别方法,根据标准贯入击数确定抗液化振动挤密砂桩间距的经验关系。     

对灰土挤密桩复合地基桩土应力比及复合地基承载力计算的探讨

本文通过用２：８灰土挤密桩处理湿陷性黄土地基的几个典型工程试验成果的分析与总结，揭示了灰土桩复合地基桩土应力比值ｎ与荷载、相对应变之间的关系，给出了在允许承载力下ｎ值的大小及计算桩间土承载力和复合地基承载力的相应公式，为灰土挤密桩地基设计提出了更为方便的、切合实际的计算方法，便于工程设计人员使用．     

Stress-strain analysis of geogrid-supported liners over subsurface cavities

Summary Finite element analyses were conducted to investigate the magnitude of tensile strains imposed on landfill liners due to the formation of subsurface cavities. The study incorporated the significance of using geogrids to reduce the magnitude of strains and possibly the potential for collapse of landfill liners. Variations of key parameters included depth of overburden (D) and diameter of the cavity (B). Estimated stress distributions were compared to theoretical values obtained from a model reported in the literature. Results indicated that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the critical area based on the mechanics of arching was above the edge of the cavity where stress concentration occurred. Incorporation of geogrid reinforcement reduced the magnitude of tensile strains. The tensile force in the geogrid was dependent upon the size of the cavity, the depth of the overburden, and the applied pressure.     

Statistical considerations for grain-size analyses of tills

Relative percentages of sand, silt, and clay from samples of the same till unit are not identical because of different lithologies in the source areas, sorting in transport, random variation, and experimental error. Random variation and experimental error can be isolated from the other two as follows. For each particle-size class of each till unit, a standard population is determined by using a normally distributed, representative group of data. New measurements are compared with the standard population and, if they compare satisfactorily, the experimental error is not significant and random variation is within the expected range for the population. The outcome of the comparison depends on numerical criteria derived from a graphical method rather than on a more commonly used one-way analysis of variance with two treatments. If the number of samples and the standard deviation of the standard population are substituted in at-test equation, a family of hyperbolas is generated, each of which corresponds to a specific number of subsamples taken from each new sample. The axes of the graphs of the hyperbolas are the standard deviation of new measurements (horizontal axis) and the difference between the means of the new measurements and the standard population (vertical axis). The area between the two branches of each hyperbola corresponds to a satisfactory comparison between the new measurements and the standard population. Measurements from a new sample can be tested by plotting their standard deviation vs. difference in means on axes containing a hyperbola corresponding to the specific number of subsamples used. If the point lies between the branches of the hyperbola, the measurements are considered reliable. But if the point lies outside this region, the measurements are repeated. Because the critical segment of the hyperbola is approximately a straight line parallel to the horizontal axis, the test is simplified to a comparison between the means of the standard population and the means of the subsample. The minimum number of subsamples required to prove significant variation between samples caused by different lithologies in the source areas and sorting in transport can be determined directly from the graphical method. The minimum number of subsamples required is the maximum number to be run for economy of effort.     

L'archivage des activités humaines par les neiges et glaces polaires : le cas du plomb

The investigation of the occurrence of lead in dated snow and ice from Greenland and Antarctica has played a major role in our understanding of the history of the pollution of the atmosphere of our planet by this metal. Such studies have however proved to be very demanding, mainly because of the extreme purity of polar snow and ice. Reliable measurements can be obtained only if ultra-clean and highly sensitive procedures are used, as pioneered by Clair Patterson. The Greenland data show evidence of large-scale pollution of the atmosphere of the Northern Hemisphere for lead as early as two millennia ago during Greco–Roman times, especially because of mining and smelting activities in southern Spain. It peaked at the end of the 1960s, with lead concentrations in snow about 200 times higher than natural values, before declining during recent times because of the fall in the use of leaded gasoline. Lead pollution in Antarctica was already significant at the end of the 19th century as a consequence of whaling activities, the traffic of coal-powered ships crossing the Cape Horn, and mining activities in South America, South Africa and Australia. After declining because of the opening of the Panama Canal, the great economic depression and World War II, it reached a maximum during the 1980s, with lead concentrations 20 times higher than natural values. Other studies focus on past natural variations of lead in ancient ice dated from the last climatic cycles. To cite this article: C. Boutron et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

Removal of lead minerals from copper industrial flotation concentrates by xanthate flotation in the presence of dextrin

Potato starch and dextrins resulting from thermolysis of potato starch in the absence of reagents and presence of -amino acids are promising depressants for separation of lead and copper minerals present in the Polish industrial copper concentrates. The polysaccharides were used for differential xanthate flotation of the final industrial concentrates produced by flotation with sulfhydryl collectors in the absence of depressants. The polysaccharides depressed galena and provided froth concentrate rich in chalcocite and other copper minerals as well as cell product containing lead minerals. The best results of separation were obtained in the presence of plain dextrin prepared by a thermal degradation of potato starch. The industrial concentrate containing 18.5% Cu and 5.5% Pb was divided into a froth product containing 38.1% Cu with 77% recovery of copper and a cell product assaying 7.3% Pb with 83% recovery of lead. It was accomplished using 2500 g/t of dextrin, 50g/t of potassium ethyl xanthate, and 50 g/t of frother (α-terpineol). The pH of flotation was 8.0–8.2.     

具彩色斑纹颅形贝在广西桂林下石炭统黄金组中的发现:兼论颅形贝属的地质地理分布

文中描述了产自广西桂林地区下石炭统黄金组下部的颅形贝属一新种,桂林颅形贝(Cranaena guilinensis)。新种以平直的前结合缘和背壳上发育中槽为特征。在4枚标本上发现保存有放射状的彩色条带,表明该种当时生活在温暖海域的浅水环境。对该属70个种的地质地理分布和生物多样性变化的初步分析表明,该属可能起源于早泥盆世欧美大陆西北缘的老世界区,之后的地理分布和生物多样性发展以北美地区为中心,经历了中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期和早石炭世2次比较明显的辐射演化、迁移扩散高峰和晚泥盆世晚期的1次严重衰退。第1次高峰是中泥盆世—晚泥盆世早期,该属的生物多样性达到巅峰,生物地理分布范围扩大到欧美大陆之外的西伯利亚板块、哈萨克斯坦板块和华南板块等;第2次高峰是早石炭世,该属的生物多样性虽不及前一次,但获得了最广泛的地理分布,不仅在北方大陆有分布,而且已进入到冈瓦纳大陆边缘。晚泥盆世晚期该属的1次严重衰退显然与F/F灭绝事件有关。早石炭世之后,该属进入衰退阶段,最终在二叠纪初灭绝。     

渭河中游宝鸡-扶风北岸斜坡结构及其对大型滑坡形成机理的指示意义

渭河中游宝鸡-扶风段北岸塬边集中发育大型黄土滑坡,体积超过1 000×10⁴ m³的滑坡达58处。在区域活动断裂调查、地球物理勘察、典型斜坡结构与构造调查基础上,研究了大型滑坡结构及其形成机理。研究表明：渭河北缘活动断裂以地堑式结构控制北坡塬边斜坡的地貌,主断裂面倾向南,倾角平均为68°,而次级断面结构组合控制斜坡结构,影响塬边大型黄土滑坡结构;塬边主断裂面与多个大型黄土滑坡后缘滑壁一致,断裂最大下挫距离7.1 m,影响大型滑坡的形态及发生过程;活动断裂呈地堑式结构,局部次级断面控制塬边多级滑动面的结构及其演化过程,如杨家村滑坡,局部滑坡剪出受断裂结构控制,剪出口角度可达72°,大部分剪出口未受到断裂面影响,角度平均为23°;三门组黏土岩黏粒体积分数超过35%,塑限平均值为23,是滑坡的层间剪切带;降雨诱发老滑坡复活是目前新滑坡发育的主要形式,大量的老滑坡形成于0.009 Ma BP二级阶地侵蚀期,而古滑坡形成于0.13 Ma BP三级阶地侵蚀期。     

Grands gisements d'albite dans le massif métamorphique de Menderes (Turquie occidentale)

Albite deposits of western Turkey occur within gneiss in the basal part of the Menderes Metamorphic Massif. The most important deposits are located along the Karadere mineralization zone, within an anticlinorium of 15-km length with a direction of N10–30E. Detailed study of the four deposits forming the northern part of this zone has allowed us to discover large reserves of 100.65 million tons, of which 78% is composed of high-grade ore with a content of 10.27% Na₂O. The remainder is formed by low-grade ore with 8.37% Na₂O and 1.11% K₂O and mixed ore with 4.61% Na₂O and 4.05% K₂O, with reserves of 14.4 and 8.2 million tons, respectively. To cite this article: U. Çak?r, C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

地下水对压实高庙子膨润土冲蚀作用研究

采用膨胀渗透仪和浊度仪,通过检测冲蚀循环溶液浊度和膨润土试样膨胀力的变化,获得了冲蚀液对高庙子（GMZ）膨润土的冲蚀规律,对比分析了膨润土干密度、冲蚀液pH值、冲蚀液渗流方向、围岩裂隙条数、溶液类型和浓度等因素对膨润土冲蚀的影响规律。研究表明：膨润土的膨胀力在冲蚀开始的几天内迅速增长,随后达到稳定,膨润土干密度越大,地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用越弱;冲蚀液pH值对膨润土的冲蚀作用影响很大,碱性较强的地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用较弱,而碱性较弱地下水的冲蚀作用则明显;地下水径向渗流时对膨润土的冲蚀作用大于纵向渗流情况,围岩裂隙增多后,地下水对膨润土的冲蚀作用加强;随着冲蚀液中NaCl浓度的增加,冲蚀液对膨润土的冲蚀作用先增强后减弱,冲蚀液中CaCl2的浓度对膨润土的冲蚀影响规律与NaCl浓度对膨润土的冲蚀影响规律相似,但CaCl2浓度的变化对膨润土的冲蚀影响不明显。     

Aeolian dune‐field development in a water table‐controlled system: Skeiđarársandur,Southern Iceland

Aeolian dune fields characterized by partly vegetated bedforms undergoing active construction and with interdune depressions that lie at or close to the water table are widespread on Skei?arársandur, Southern Iceland. The largest aeolian dune complex on the sandur covers an area of 80 km² and is characterized by four distinct landform types: (i) spatially isolated aeolian dunes; (ii) extensive areas of damp and wet (flooded) interdune flat with small fluvial channels; (iii) small aeolian dune fields composed of assemblages of bedforms with simple morphologies and small, predominantly damp, interdune corridors; and (iv) larger aeolian dune fields composed of assemblages of complex bedforms floored by older aeolian dune deposits that are themselves raised above the level of the surrounding wet sandur plain. The morphology of each of these landform areas reflects a range of styles of interaction between aeolian dune, interdune and fluvial processes that operate coevally on the sandur surface. The geometry, scale, orientation and facies composition of sets of strata in the cores of the aeolian dunes, and their relationship to adjoining interdune strata, have been analysed to explain the temporal behaviour of the dunes in terms of their mode of initiation, construction, pattern of migration, style of accumulation and nature of preservation. Seasonal and longer‐term flooding‐induced changes in water table level have caused episodic expansion and contraction of the wet interdune ponds. Most of the dunes are currently undergoing active construction and migration and, although sediment availability is limited because of the high water table, substantial aeolian transport must occur, especially during winter months when the surface of the wet interdune ponds is frozen and sand can be blown across the sandur without being trapped by surface moisture. Bedforms within the larger dune fields have grown to a size whereby formerly damp interdune flats have been reduced to dry enclosed depressions and dry aeolian system accumulation via bedform climb is ongoing. Despite regional uplift of the proximal sandur surface in response to glacial retreat and unloading over the past century, sediment compaction‐induced subsidence of the distal sandur is progressively placing aeolian deposits below the water table and is enabling the accumulation of wet aeolian systems and increasing the likelihood of their long‐term preservation. Wet, dry and stabilizing aeolian system types all co‐exist on Skei?arársandur and the dunes are variously undergoing coeval construction, accumulation, bypass, stabilization and destruction as a result of interactions between localized factors.     

Modes of trace element occurrence in galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit, Primorye

The localization and chemical composition of the galena from the Partizansky base metal-skarn deposit have been studied in the Second Contact ore body and Bol’nichnaya ore lode. The Partizansky deposit was formed during two stages: base metal-skarn and silver-sulfosalt. Much of the galena was deposited with the productive galena-sphalerite assemblage at the first stage. The galena of the productive stage of the Second Contact body shows wide variations in trace element composition. The galena from the root zone of the ore-bodies (the level of ?135 m) is characterized by steady high contents of economically important isomorphic and mechanical admixtures of bismuth and silver. The galena from the middle levels is almost devoid of isomorphic admixtures and occasionally contains fine inclusions of Ag-tetrahedrite. The high silver (and stibium) contents in the galena from the uppermost horizon (the level of +285 m) are mainly related to mineral inclusions of diverse silver minerals of the late silver-bearing assemblage. The galena from the Bol’nichnaya lode over a large depth interval has elevated contents of isomorphic silver and bismuth, with abundant inclusions of native bismuth.