基于GNSS天线阵列的定姿方法研究

针对车载移动测量系统对运动载体姿态的确定,研究车载全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)天线阵列定姿方法,分析直接法和最小二乘法定姿的姿态解算公式,并进行GNSS天线阵列车载实验. 为得到两种定姿方法的精度,在不同软件定位模式解算的基础上,利用直接法和最小二乘法进行了姿态解算. 实验和分析结果表明:四天线阵列最小二乘法定姿精度优于三天线阵列直接法,可靠性更高;在所有组合中,基于Moving-base定位模式的四天线阵列最小二乘法定姿精度最高,其航向角、俯仰角和横滚角精度分别可达0.066 0°、0.168 4°和0.267 8°.      

陆地导航中GNSS/陀螺仪组合实时测姿方法

在陆地导航系统中使用GNSS/INS组合导航会增加系统成本,多天线GNSS测姿精度受基线长度影响,且存在的模糊度固定问题。本文提出仅利用一个陀螺仪和单天线GNSS组合来进行实时测姿。先由单天线GNSS计算姿态角3参数,航向角为陆地导航的关键参数,为此将陀螺信息与GNSS导出的航向角进行融合。分析了单天线测姿在载体静止或低速运动时精度很差的原因,提出了在组合滤波中进行解决的方案。推导了GNSS和陀螺信息融合的滤波模型,将陀螺仪信息作为状态模型的控制输入,以GNSS航向为滤波观测值。实验结果表明,GNSS/陀螺仪组合计算的航向角精度和可靠性相对GNSS测姿结果均有很大提升。     

一种基于加表零偏稳定性的GNSS/SINS组合导航异常探测方法

在地面车载组合导航中,全球导航卫星系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）的观测值容易受地面复杂环境的干扰,导致其定位结果出现异常,严重影响GNSS/捷联惯性导航系统（strap-down inertial navigation system,SINS）组合的滤波解算。从惯导系统误差特性的角度,研究了一种基于加表零偏稳定性的组合导航异常探测新方法。该方法从加表零偏解算的异常来发现GNSS位置、速度等观测值中的粗差,并采取剔除和降权的抗差方法抵御粗差影响。通过一组车载数据的分析表明,观测粗差对加表零偏解算的影响十分显著,以此为判别条件能够准确地发现观测粗差。采用该方法后,位置误差、速度误差和姿态误差的均方根分别减小了70.8%、87.9%和77.7%,显著提高了组合导航的解算精度和鲁棒性,为组合导航数据的抗差处理提供了一种新思路。     

附加约束条件对GNSS/INS组合导航结果的影响分析

针对车载全球导航卫星系统/惯性导航系统（global navigation satellite system/inertial navigation system,GNSS/INS）组合导航中卫星信号中断,惯性导航系统单独导航误差积累较大的问题,提出了附加载体运动条件约束的卡尔曼（Kalman）滤波解算方法。通过利用载体固有的运动约束,包括近似高程约束、近似速度约束和近似姿态约束,减少载体自由度和模型参数;通过引入新的观测类型,增加观测冗余,可以加强Kalman滤波解,提高在GNSS信号中断时组合导航系统的定位精度,实现无缝导航。     

运动状态下MEMS IMU随机误差的Allan方差分析方法

在车载全球卫星导航系统（global navigation satellite system,GNSS）/微机械系统（micro-electro mechanical system,MEMS）惯性测量单元（inertial measurement unit,IMU）组合导航滤波解算时,通常使用MEMS厂商标定的加速度计和陀螺仪的随机模型参数（简称为标称参数）。这些标称参数由传感器厂商在静止状态或通过实验室转台设备来测定,是否适用于运动状态下的组合导航滤波解算并获得最优的定位精度,需要进一步研究和评估。本文提出了一种运动状态下MEMS IMU随机误差的Allan方差分析方法,将不同精度等级的IMU安装在同一车载平台上同步采集观测数据,用高精度IMU观测数据提取车辆运动信息,然后从低精度MEMS IMU观测数据中剔除车辆运动信息得到类似静止的观测数据,进行Allan方差分析,获得运动状态下的MEMS随机模型参数,并将其应用于GNSS/惯性导航系统（inertial navigation system,INS）组合导航解算。试验结果表明,采用运动状态下标定的随机模型参数,组合导航的定位精度优...     

城市环境下智能手机车载GNSS/MEMS IMU紧组合定位算法

针对城市环境下卫星信号遮挡严重,智能手机全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)定位难以保证连续性和可靠性的问题,提出了一种基于智能手机内置传感器数据的GNSS/微机械惯性测量单元（microelectro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit,MEMS IMU)紧组合车载导航算法。算法使用惯性导航系统机械编排进行时间更新,在车辆运动模型约束的基础上,使用伪距、多普勒频移和载波相位时间差分计算的航向角作为观测值进行测量更新。采用3部不同型号的智能手机进行车载试验分析,结果表明：城市场景下紧组合滤波定位算法平面位置精度统计约为5～6 m,高程方向约为5 m,且在GNSS信号失锁的隧道场景下具有短时间推算功能。该算法受GNSS观测条件的影响较小,大幅提升了城市复杂环境下智能手机车载定位的连续性和可靠性。     

GPS/BDS组合姿态测量及精度分析

给出了GPS/BDS组合双差观测模型和姿态测量解算算法,采用Kalman滤波进行动态基线解算的参数估计,利用LAMBDA方法固定双系统模糊度,获得动态基线固定解,最后通过基线的坐标系转换获得姿态角。比较了单系统和GPS/BDS双系统静态姿态角与动态短基线解算结果。试验结果表明,GPS/BDS组合姿态测量的精度和可靠性较GPS单系统都有显著提高。     

一种城市环境下GNSS/MEMS IMU车载实时精密定位方法

针对城市环境下全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)信号严重遮挡和微机械惯性测量单元(micro-electro-mechanical system inertial measurement unit,MEMS IMU)误差快速累积导致GNSS/惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system,INS)组合定位精度下降的问题,提出了一种GNSS载波相位实时动态差分(real time kinematic,RTK)+载波相位时间差分(time-differenced carrier phase,TDCP)/INS实时精密定位方法。在观测条件良好时,采用固定模糊度的RTK与INS紧组合;当信号严重遮挡RTK解算失败但TDCP解算成功时,使用TDCP观测值与INS紧组合;若TDCP解算失败,采用INS推算导航。在武汉大学校园及周边开展车载实验,结果表明,在除了隧道等密闭环境以外的城市道路上,多系统GNSS的TDCP解算成功率接近90%。在RTK解算失败的连续时间小于45 s的复杂环境下,TDCP/INS组合定位的平...     

一种改进的加权整体最小二乘GNSS船姿估计方法

为提高GNSS船姿测量精度,该文构建了基于先验模糊度信息的乘性欧拉角GNSS载波观测方程,提出了一种基于部分变量误差模型(Partial-EIV)的加权整体最小二乘(WTLS)动态船姿估计方法。首先利用GNSS动对动加以基线长约束快速精确固定模糊度,然后将整周模糊度固定解作为已知值代入乘性姿态角载波观测误差方程,并将观测方程进行向量化;针对状态方程以及观测方程系数矩阵包含随机元素和固定元素的结构特征,引入Partial-EIV模型,采用一种改进目标函数的WTLS方法估计乘性欧拉角,该方法可以同时顾及状态方程以及观测方程误差,充分利用观测值以及姿态约束信息,减小误差累积。通过实测GNSS三天线匀速测姿算例对本文方法进行验证,结果表明,该文方法优于动态参考站差分(MBD)基线姿态直接解法,对于复杂海洋环境船姿测量具有一定的参考价值。     

3Dsurs系统姿态精度分析

GPS是3Dsurs系统中关键传感器之一,用于测量车载平台的位置和姿态角。姿态角获取是3Dsurs系统关键技术之一,其精度决定系统所能达到的测量精度。本系统中使用NovAtel DL-4型双频、高精度、高采样率GPS,采用差分后处理方法,数据处理中利用三台GPS间固定位置关系进行约束平差,并采用滤波方法提高解算精度。多组实验结果表明:使用GPS测姿可获得较高精度,系统中三个姿态角的精度有差异,航向角的精度最高,横滚角和俯仰角的精度接近。     

CNS+GNSS+INS船载高精度实时定位定姿算法改进研究

天文导航(CNS)、卫星导航(GNSS)和惯性导航(INS) 3种系统组合可提供高精度的定位定姿结果。实际工程中因INS长时间误差累积,以及系统硬件传输存在不可忽略的时间延迟,导致INS提供给CNS的预报粗姿态误差较大,恶劣海况下难以保障快速搜星,造成天文导航可靠性下降、姿态测量精度较低的问题。为此,本文提出了一种CNS+GNSS+INS高精度信息融合实时定位定姿框架,引入了等角速度外推措施,有效地解决了惯导信息延迟问题。通过高精度转台模拟恶劣海况下载体大角速度摇摆,验证了本文提出的改进算法的有效性。试验结果表明,该算法架构简单,性能可靠,显著提高了恶劣环境下星敏感器的快速、准确搜星能力,保障了三组合姿态测量的精度和可用性。     

Integrity monitoring of high-accuracy GNSS-based attitude determination

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based attitude determination has been widely used in the navigation fields. The reliability of attitude determination is indispensable for safety-critical applications. Since the multi-antenna-based attitude determination uses ultra-short baseline carrier phase double differential processing, the incorrect ambiguity resolution and the excessive measurement error are two main factors affecting the reliability of attitude determination. Since the ambiguity correctness validation cannot guarantee the reliability of the attitude solution, therefore an integrity monitoring method is proposed for the attitude determination in the measurement domain. The proposed integrity monitoring method constructs double test statistics to satisfy the requirements of integrity risk and continuity risk, simultaneously. Furthermore, the attitude alarm limit has been derived from the required navigation performance as the threshold to test the availability of attitude determination. The performance of the proposed method is tested by conducting the static and kinematic experiments, respectively. The static results have shown that the proposed integrity monitoring method is able to monitor the ambiguity fault and the excessive measurement noise. The real-world kinematic data have indicated that the proposed method can reduce the maximum attitude error by about 2.3°, when compared with the standalone ratio-test method.     

自适应抗差Kalman滤波在多天线原始观测值瞬时姿态确定中的应用

由载波相位观测值直接解算姿态能实现观测及姿态约束信息的最优利用。本文推导了基于失准角及乘性误差四元数的载波相位观测模型,分别建立了有外部角速度传感器和无外部传感器辅助下姿态参数估计的状态模型;利用自适应抗差滤波估计姿态误差,借鉴分类自适应因子的思想,分别确定模糊度和姿态误差参数的自适应因子,其中姿态自适应因子由Ratio值构造的三段函数确定。自适应抗差滤波能够充分利用约束信息和历史信息,将其融合在浮点解计算过程中,极大提高模糊度浮点解精度及其协方差的结构,在此基础上使用整数最小二乘模糊度降相关平差法(least-squares ambiguity decorrelation adjustment,LAMBDA)方法即能快速搜索出固定解,满足实时性需求。采用实测舰载GNSS 3天线测姿算例对方法进行了验证,结果表明,基于自适应抗差滤波的观测值直接定姿方法效率高、可靠性好。     

INS/GNSS/ODO嵌入式系统的容错技术研究

车载低成本嵌入式组合导航系统的可靠性容易受到多种传感器故障和环境的影响,基于全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)状态的惯性导航系统(INS)/GNSS/里程计(ODO)抗差组合导航算法,提出了一种两级故障检测处理方法.其中,第一级检测使用了基于解析冗余的残差卡方检验法,第二级检测使用了改进的双状态传播卡方检验算法.利用自主研制...     

抗差估计在RTK／INS紧组合中的应用研究

针对动态环境下GNSS／INS导航定位结果常受粗差影响的问题,提出了一种基于抗差卡尔曼滤波的GPS／BDS双系统RTK／INS紧组合导航定位算法,根据方差膨胀模型,建立抗差卡尔曼算法,得到GNSS／INS紧组合抗差解,并通过两个不同区域的实测车载实验进行了算法验证. 实验结果表明:本方法相较于传统方法,在N、E、D三个方向的导航精度分别提高1.4～4.6 cm,0.7～9 cm,1.5～2 cm,模糊度固定成功率提高10.3％～25.6％,导航精度及可靠性得到显著提高,对动态环境下车载或自动驾驶等应用具有一定的理论参考和实用价值.      

Testing of a new single-frequency GNSS carrier phase attitude determination method: land,ship and aircraft experiments

Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) ambiguity resolution is the process of resolving the unknown cycle ambiguities of the carrier phase data as integers. The sole purpose of ambiguity resolution is to use the integer ambiguity constraints as a means of improving significantly on the precision of the remaining GNSS model parameters. In this contribution, we consider the problem of ambiguity resolution for GNSS attitude determination. We analyse the performance of a new ambiguity resolution method for GNSS attitude determination. As it will be shown, this method provides a numerically efficient, highly reliable and robust solution of the nonlinearly constrained integer least-squares GNSS compass estimators. The analyses have been done by means of a unique set of extensive experimental tests, using simulated as well as actual GNSS data and using receivers of different manufacturers and type as well as different platforms. The executed field tests cover two static land experiments, one in the Netherlands and one in Australia, and two dynamic experiments, a low-dynamics vessel experiment and high-dynamics aircraft experiment. In our analyses, we focus on stand-alone, unaided, single-frequency, single-epoch attitude determination, as this is the most challenging case of GNSS compass processing.     

Using Allan variance to improve stochastic modeling for accurate GNSS/INS integrated navigation

MEMS-based integrated system of a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and an inertial navigation system (INS) has been widely used in various navigation applications. However, such integration encounters some major limitations. On the one hand, the noisy MEMS-based INS undermines the accuracy with time during the frequently occurring GNSS outages caused by signal blockage or attenuation in certain situations such as urban canyon, tunnels, and high trees. On the other hand, the model mismatch between actual GNSS error and the assumed one would also degrade the obtained accuracy even with continuous GNSS aiding. To improve the overall performance for GNSS/MEMS-INS, better error models can be obtained using Allan variance (AV) analysis technique for modeling inertial sensor errors instead of the commonly recommended auto-regressive processes, and on the other hand, the measurement update in Kalman filter is improved using innovation filtering and AV calculation. The performance of each method and the combined algorithm is evaluated by a field test with either differential GNSS (DGNSS) or single-point positioning (SPP) as external aid. In addition to the considerable navigation enhancement brought by each method, the experimental results show the combined algorithm accomplishes overall accuracy improvements by about 18% (position), 8% (velocity), and 38% (attitude) for integration with DGNSS, and by about 15% (position), 75% (velocity), and 77% (attitude) for that with SPP, compared with corresponding traditional counterparts.