筱溪水电站重力坝坝基锚筋桩加固研究

介绍了岩体锚杆的加固机制,推荐了相应的极限平衡法和有限元法,并将其应用于筱溪重力坝坝基的锚筋桩锚固研究。该坝坝基受顺河向区域性断层影响,河床中部破碎带及影响带宽达180 m。为解决坝基稳定问题,布置了系统的锚筋桩。通过现场试验,证实了坝基锚筋桩锚固的可靠性。通过分析计算,对锚筋桩的倾角、长度、间距等参数进行了设计。在施工工艺方面也作了精心安排。该工程已顺利实施,并于2008年1月开始正常运行。     

Rock mass rating and Kinematic analysis for slope stability investigation of Utari dam,Lalitpur district,Uttar Pradesh

Rock mass characterization of Utari dam in Lalitpur district of Uttar Pradesh was done to identify different stability classes of rock mass. For better stability of Utari dam, foundation conditions were carefully studied by detailed field investigations of the site supplemented by laboratory tests. During feasibility and preliminary stages, rock mass characterization of slopes was conducted to identify the vulnerable zones of failure. Rock mass characterization was done by compilation of information obtained from intact rock as well as from rock mass to determine its grade and long term slope stability of the site. On the basis of Rock Mass Rating (RMR) and Geological Strength Index (GSI) slope stability is identified which lies under good quality rock mass. Kinematic analysis was conducted to find out the probability for different types of structurally controlled slope failure. Microscopic analyses were conducted to identify the degree of chemical alteration of feldspar. Clay formation by sericitization along joint planes is harmful for the stability of dam structure. Remedial measures must be taken to reduce the extent of chemical alteration. Granitoids at dam site forms a compact and stable foundation consisting of four sets of joints in which two sets were prominent which are dipping on the upstream side of the dam which reveals good condition on the dam site as leakage from reservoir will be minimum and least up-thrust on the dam structure.     

基于界面元法的向家坝重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析

重力坝的深层抗滑稳定分析多采用刚体极限平衡分析方法和非线性有限元法,但通常的刚体极限平衡法不能反映坝基岩体渐近失稳过程和破坏的力学机制,非线性有限元法则难以解决坝基中软弱结构面位移不连续问题。结合向家坝工程,建立了泄④坝段的计算模型,采用界面元法进行了大坝深层抗滑稳定分析,给出了坝基中破坏区的范围和分布,以及坝基的渐进破坏过程和可能滑体的抗滑稳定安全系数等成果,为坝基处理措施提供了重要的技术参考依据。研究结果表明,所建立的分析方法可以自然描述坝基岩体各种介质的错动、张开和滑移等不连续变形的特征,可用于重力坝坝基的深层抗滑稳定 分析。     

渗透压力对重力坝有限元分析的影响研究

针对有限元分析重力坝的应力和抗滑稳定性时,如何正确模拟作用在建基面上的扬压力的问题,通过对有限元法中不同扬压力施加方式对计算结果影响的分析比较,探讨了各自的适用性。采用平面渗流理论,分析了渗透压力对坝体变形、应力分布及抗滑稳定的影响。数值计算结果表明：坝体内渗流场形成后,将扬压力以面力的形式施加在建基面上的方法是不可取的;采用浮重度的方式模拟扬压力的作用,得出结果的可以近似地满足工程精度要求。计算结果还表明,防渗帷幕和排水孔对重力坝的应力、抗滑稳定具有较大的影响。     

基于分项系数法的重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析

针对基于有限元法的重力坝深层抗滑稳定分析问题,根据工程实际中软弱结构面上的抗剪断摩擦系数和凝聚力变异性不同的特点,在计算中引入滑动面上抗剪断强度参数的分项系数,提出了一种新的应用于重力坝抗滑稳定的有限元计算方法--分项系数有限元法。该方法基于可靠度思想,以达到用极限承载状态时的强度储备系数或超载系数来表征大坝安全度。在已有研究成果的基础上,从坝基渐进破坏过程和破坏机理的角度进一步探讨了非线性有限元法应用于深层抗滑分析应注意的几个关键问题,以及基于分项系数法的深层抗滑稳定分析的安全系数控制标准。研究结果表明,滑动面上的应力分布性态和坝基岩体变形特性对抗滑稳定安全系数有重要影响。与常规刚体极限平衡方法的控制标准相比,分项系数有限元方法可以采用偏低一点的安全系数标准。     

On the stress distribution at the bonding interface between rock and bolt

Rock bolt is a major reinforcement technique for roadways in coal mines in China. Generally, separation of the bonding interface between the rock mass and the bolt may lead to collapse of the bolted rock mass due to stress concentration. In order to establish the stress concentration mechanism on the bonding interface, the distribution functions for shear stress and longitudinal force on the interface are derived using Mindlin's model, and a failure criterion for the interface is proposed. In addition, influencing factors for the stress distribution mode are identified. Both analytical study and numerical simulations by ANSYS have shown that, as the elastic modulus of rock increases, both shear stress and the longitudinal force-concentrating zone move towards the outer end of bolt and decrease gradually from the free surface to the rock mass body. Also, there is an optimizing cement thickness which results in relatively uniform distributions of shear stress and longitudinal force on the interface. It is valuable to investigate the bolt invalidity mechanism as well as reinforcement safety estimation in underground rock engineering design.     

复杂条件下高拱坝应力及坝肩稳定分析

众所周知,研究复杂地质条件下的高拱坝应力和坝肩稳定对确保工程安全具有重要的意义。研究的江坪河高拱坝地质构造较复杂,坝基及坝肩岩体存在大量断层、软弱夹层、泥化夹层和卸荷、风化岩体等地质缺陷,引起两岸坝肩岩体变形不对称、压缩变形量增大以及坝肩局部岩体承载能力低,直接影响到拱坝正常运行和稳定性。因而,对各种工况下的坝体及坝肩岩体进行了三维有限元分析,研究了坝体及坝肩的应力和变形发展状态、可能失稳模式、破坏形态和破坏机制。研究成果表明,未加固时坝肩岩体不稳定,因此,通过研究采用合理的加固处理措施,右岸采用6个传力洞进行加固;左岸采用锚洞进行加固。采取加固措施以后对其进行三维有限元分析,其研究成果表明,加固有一定的效果,改善了两岸的受力状况和变形分布,提高了坝肩稳定性,但左岸坝肩仍不能完全满足规范要求,还需要进一步增加锚洞的面积。     

复杂地质条件下多结构面对重力坝坝基稳定性的影响及处理

武都重力坝坝基地质条件复杂,发育有断层、层间错动带等多种不利地质构造,且结构面相互交错组合形成多条潜在滑移面,坝基深层抗滑稳定问题突出。为了研究多结构面对坝基深层抗滑稳定的影响及加固处理,结合武都重力坝19#坝段,建立了三维数值模型进行有限元分析。首先,对坝基中各软弱结构面的力学参数进行敏感性分析,研究影响坝基稳定的主要因素,揭示了坝踵处倾向下游的10f2、F31断层对坝基抗滑稳定影响较大,应进行重点加固处理。在该基础上,在断层10f2、F31拟定不同深度的混凝土置换,对断层置换混凝土的深度进行敏感性分析,得出不同置换深度下坝基的超载稳定安全系数。结果表明,断层10f2、F31的置换深约19 m时可以达到良好的加固效果,位移和应力值得到良好的改善,坝基塑性区域明显减小,抗滑稳定安全系数得到明显提高,并满足设计规范要求。研究成果对武都重力坝工程的加固处理提供了重要的科学依据,对类似工程的稳定分析与加固处理具有参考价值。     

基于离散元的重力坝多滑面深层抗滑稳定分析

重力坝的深层抗滑稳定分析多采用刚体极限平衡法和非线性有限元法,但刚体极限平衡法不能反映坝基岩体渐进失稳过程和破坏的力学机制,非线性有限元法模拟岩体不连续效率低,且还未有统一的失稳判据。基于离散块体边界应力计算结果,提出重力坝坝基多滑面抗滑稳定安全系数计算公式,并探讨了以坝体-坝基系统能量突变作为坝基失稳判据的物理意义。通过与非线性有限单元法、刚体极限平衡法计算结果的比较,验证了所提方法及判据的可靠性及合理性。结合向家坝水电站重力坝泄12#坝段进行计算分析,结果表明：基于离散元强度储备系数法搜索的坝基失稳通道由坝基岩体屈服区和结构面滑移带组成,所提计算方法与判据适用于实际工程的坝基深层抗滑稳定计算分析,且计算结果偏安全。     

Engineering geological assessment of the proposed Uru Dam, Turkey

This paper describes the results of the engineering geological investigations and rock mechanics studies carried out at the proposed Uru Dam site. Analyses were carried out in terms of rock mass classifications for diversion tunnel, kinematic analysis of excavation slopes, permeability of the dam foundation and determination of rock mass strength parameters.Uru Dam is a rock-filled dam with upstream concrete slab. The dam will be built on the Suveri River in the central part of Turkey. The foundation rocks are volcanic rocks, which consist of andesite, basalt and tuff of Neogene Age. Studies were carried out both at the field and the laboratory. Field studies include engineering geological mapping, intensive discontinuity surveying, core drilling, pressurized water tests and sampling for laboratory testing.Uniaxial, triaxial and tensile strength tests were performed and deformation parameters, unit weight and porosity were determined on the intact rock specimens in the laboratory. Rock mass strength and modulus of elasticity of rock mass are determined using the Hoek–Brown empirical strength criterion. Rock mass classifications have been performed according to RMR and Q systems for the diversion tunnel.Engineering geological assessment of the proposed dam and reservoir area indicated that there will be no foundation stability problems. Detailed geotechnical investigations are required for the final design of the dam.     

鱼简河水库坝基岩体模量研究

岩体变形模量的确定是岩石力学界研究的难点问题。贵州省鱼简河水利工程是国家重点工程,该工程大坝坝型为拱坝,坝基岩体变形模量的大小直接影响其坝体结构设计。本文在坝基岩体分组的基础上,利用Monte-Carlo模拟技术,采用RMR法与岩体损伤的分形模型对岩体变形模量进行估算,最后结合原位试验和工程地质类比给出岩体参数建议值,为坝体设计提供合理的计算参数。      

喜河水电站坝址区缓倾角结构面综合分析研究

喜河水电站坝型为混凝土重力坝,重力坝对地基岩体的抗剪强度有较高的要求。前期勘查成果表明喜河水电站坝址区存在较多的缓倾角结构面,缓倾角结构面的存在是影响坝基抗滑稳定的关键,因此要对坝基作出抗滑稳定性评价。首先要研究坝址区缓倾角结构面的分布规律及连通情况,通过对坝址区缓倾角结构面的综合分析研究提出合理的坝基岩体的综合抗剪强度。     

锚杆支护圆形隧洞的等效强度参数及可靠性分析

通过采用均匀化方法,研究了圆形隧洞的锚杆支护特性,将高密度支护模式下的岩石和锚杆复合体考虑成均匀、连续、强度参数增强的等效材料,简化了岩石和锚杆间复杂的力学耦合问题。通过定义锚杆密度参数来反映不同支护模式的特性,建立锚杆密度参数与Mohr-Coulomb屈服准则中主要参数之间的关系,推导出等效弹性模量、等效黏聚力和等效内摩擦角的表达式,并分析比较了隧洞在支护前后的位移情况。结合可靠性理论,采用容许极限位移量作为失稳判据,分析了隧洞在支护前后的可靠性指标与破坏概率,结果表明,文中提出的方法简单可靠,锚杆支护对隧洞的位移限制效果明显,可显著提高隧洞的可靠性。     

Experimental and numerical investigations of stresses in a fully grouted rock bolts

Rock bolts are widely used for rock reinforcement in hard-rock mining and civil engineering since a long time. However the use of fully grouted rock bolts and cable bolts is limited in coal mines. In order to improve performance of the rock bolts as a supplementary roof support system for any type of roof condition in coal measured formations, it is necessary to have a good understanding of the behavior of the bolt–grout and grout–rock interactions as well as the mechanism of load transfer in rock bolts.As the performance of grouted bolts depends on bond strength, extensive laboratory pullout as well as pushout tests were conducted in the present investigations with the variations in the bolt diameters, length and cement–water mixing ratios of grout. The load–displacement curves were developed and were verified with the numerical results obtained from finite element analysis using ALGOR software.Numerical models were validated for pushout tests and a detailed analysis was carried out to know the displacement, stress, strain distribution along the bolt.     

Interaction of a Masonry Dam and the Rock Foundation

The Urft dam is an old German gravity dam located in the Eifel near Cologne. In order to ensure its stability and for adjustment to today??s technical standards rehabilitation works were required. Two inspection galleries were excavated below the storage level by means of smooth blasting. To reduce the porewater pressure acting on the dam??s base and thus to increase the stability of the dam also the drainage system was reconstructed and improved. Because the Urft dam is curved, its load bearing behavior reveals a certain arching effect. In order to take advantage of this arch action the stability proof was carried out by means of three-dimensional analyses according to the FEM. In these analyses the interaction of dam and the foundation rock was accounted for. Explorations, laboratory and in situ testing of the masonry and the foundation rock were carried out and a monitoring program was established. The monitoring results allowed a calibration of the three-dimensional model for stability analyses by means of back analyses. On this basis the final stability proof could be conducted.     

清江隔河岩坝基工程岩体质量评价研究

采用《工程岩体分级标准》定性和定量相结合的方法,根据岩石坚硬程度和岩石完整程度决定岩体的基本质量,然后考虑地下水状态、初始应力状态、工程轴线方位与主要软弱结构面产状的组合关系等修正因素,确定坝基工程岩体的级别。针对隔河岩工程考虑岩溶、层间剪切带、应力水平、岩体所处工程部位等因素,给出隔河岩工程坝基工程岩体分级。     

锦屏一级高拱坝坝基加固效果分析

锦屏一级高拱坝复杂的坝址地质条件使基础加固处理工程巨大,主要包括左岸混凝土垫座置换、左岸传力硐、左岸f5、f8、煌斑岩脉混凝土网格置换,右岸f13、f14断层混凝土网格置换。采用非线性有限元分析方法,对坝基加固后锦屏一级水电站坝体在多种工况下的的应力、变形特性进行了计算分析,给出了坝体蓄水期的应力、位移分布及超载、降强对位移的影响结果,并与无垫座方案的相关数据进行对比,表明加固后坝体蓄水期总体变形规律明显改善,坝踵拉应力减小,坝体与坝基安全储备能力提高,满足设计要求;在应力、变形方面肯定了大规模加固措施的必要性。     

Engineering geological studies and tunnel support design at Sulakyurt dam site, Turkey

This paper presents the results of engineering geological investigations and tunnel support design studies, carried out at the Sulakyurt dam site, northeast of Ankara, Turkey. The Sulakyurt dam will be used for flow control and water storage for irrigation projects. Studies were carried out both in the field and the laboratory. Field studies include engineering geological mapping, intensive discontinuity surveying, core drilling and sampling for laboratory testing. The diversion tunnel will be driven in rock mass, consisting of granite and diorite. Empirical, analytical and numerical methods were combined for safe tunnel design. Rock mass rating (RMR), Rock mass quality (Q) and Geological strength index (GSI) systems were used for empirical rock mass quality determination, site characterization and support design. The convergence–confinement method was used as analytical method and software called Phase², a 2D finite element program, was utilized as numerical method. According to the results acquired from the empirical, analytical and numerical methods, tunnel stability problems were expected in both granite and diorite rock masses. The support system, suggested by empirical methods, was applied and the performance of suggested support system was evaluated by means of numerical modelling. It was concluded that the suggested support systems were adequate, since after applying the suggested support system to granite and diorite, tunnel deformation and the yielded elements around the tunnel decreased significantly. Thus, it is suggested that for more reliable support design empirical, numerical and analytical methods should be combined.     

应用RMi法估算岩体变形模量

RMR法与Q法是国内外八、九十年代岩体质量和参数估算的常用方法,然而RMR法和Q法对质量较差的岩体不太实用,而RMi法是一种既适用于软岩又适用于硬岩的岩体质量评价和参数估算方法。本文在介绍RMi法基本原理的基础上,对贵州省鱼简河水库坝基岩体变形模量进行确定。     

VJC-RMR法在岩体变形模量确定中的应用

在介绍VJC-RMR法 ( Volumetric joint count-rock mechanics rating method )基本原理的基础上,对贵阳市鱼简河水库坝基岩体进行了质量评价和变形模量确定,并与原位试验法、Q法 (Rock mass quality) 和岩体损伤的分形模型(Fractional model of rock mass damage)进行了比较。结果表明,VJC-RMR法能够将一维问题转化为三维问题,更好地反映岩体的实际情况,是进行岩体质量评价和参数确定较好的一种方法。