基于小波变换的盆地沉积-构造波动分析

波动分析是一种定量研究盆地沉积-构造演化的方法.本文分析了滑动窗口法在盆地沉积波动分析数理方法中的诸多不足,采用小波变换的多尺度分解思想对研究区19个点处的信号做了处理,方法是使用db4小波对沉积速率直方图做Level9次分解.结果表明:以东营凹陷616-2点为例做沉积波动分析发现,通过小波变换可以获得能量波(A)、次能量波(n)、沉积演化波(g)和高频波(l)四个分解波,其中周期波n、g、l的周期分别是91、50、14 Ma;平面对比各分解波发现,能量波反映的是盆地沉积的整体趋势和盆内某点的平均沉积速率,次能量波反映的是盆地构造演化周期和断陷结构,沉积演化波反映的是板块聚敛控制下的盆地沉积-剥蚀演化,沉积干涉波反映的是盆地多尺度周期波叠加所呈现的地层沉积速率;空间尺度波动分析表明,一期构造运动会在空间内产生一个特定的构造波,而多个构造波在空间内会有规律地相互干涉,即产生多期构造叠加.     

On sedimentary waves at the western slope of the Middle Caspian Sea

Based on data of high-resolution acoustic profiling performed in the upper part of the sedimentary succession at the western continental slope of the Middle Caspian Sea (at a depth range from 100 to 400 m), we revealed specific accumulative forms of a running wave type. Examination of their morphology and inner structure allowed us to suggest two mechanisms of their formations: (a) by means of flank growth due to migration of channels of sedimentary flow associated with the Samur and other rivers and (b) due to flows of sedimentary material forming sedimentary waves.     

考虑散射效应沉积河谷空间相关多点地震动模拟

提出了一种考虑地震波散射效应的沉积河谷空间相关多点地震动模拟方法。基于弹性波传播理论,采用合理功率谱、相干函数和传递函数模型,借助原型谱表示法得到沉积河谷空间相关多点地震动,并验证了方法的可行性。其中,传递函数应用动力边界元法计算,可在很宽的频带内精细模拟沉积河谷中波型转换及聚焦效应。针对常见V型河谷开展了计算模拟,结果表明,河谷地形及松软沉积层对地震波传播具有显著影响,河谷地表地震动空间差异性十分显著,一维模型难以考虑地震波的散射及聚焦效应,从而会明显低估沉积内部部分区域的地震动峰值加速度。沉积河谷中大跨结构抗震设计宜采用考虑地震波散射效应的空间相关多点地震动输入。     

Estimation of parameters of the flows forming sediment waves on the western slope of the middle caspian sea

By means of mathematical modeling, the parameters of flows forming sedimentary waves on the western slope of the Derbent basin were estimated. The height of these flows depends on the slope steepness and varies from 25 to 170 m to reach its maximum values at gentler slope areas. However, the flow rate is independent of the slope steepness and depends only on the concentration of sediment matter supplied by the flow. At the upper part of the slope (the flow starting), the rate amounts to 0.4–1.4 m/s, being almost halved at the depths where the sedimentary waves are damped. The present rates of near-bottom currents show pronounced seasonal differences, and their values are close to flow rates obtained by numerical modeling.     

沉积旋回叠置形式的波形分析及旋回层序划分方法

在陆源碎屑岩地层的沉积记录中,测井曲线上一个砂泥岩旋回可以采用正弦波进行描述,测井曲线幅度的高低反映旋回粒度大小的变化,旋回波长则是度量旋回厚度的标尺。本研究表明,测井曲线变化幅度与其平均值之差计算的累积残差曲线,是识别沉积体系、判别旋回层序界面的一个有效图解方法。根据数值模拟实验,证实对于任意一个级次的旋回复合波系,累积残差曲线的正半波和负半波曲线分别对应低频旋回的向上变细和向上变粗的沉积序列,正半波和负半波曲线的转换点位置对应旋回层序界面的深度。同时,引进测井曲线的频谱分析和滤波方法,可以划分沉积旋回的级别,进而研究沉积旋回变化形式的驱动机制。文中以柴达木盆地东部地区仙3井为例,根据测井数据计算的累积残差曲线,说明了划分低频和高频旋回层序的方法和流程,讨论了旋回幅度、波长变化与沉积环境和沉积速率的关系。     

Features and Origin of Turbidity Current Sediment Waves in the Huatung Basin off the Eastern Taiwan Island

Based on numerous high-resolution seismic profiles, sediment waves and their distribution, morphological characteristics, internal structure, and potential origins were revealed in the eastern waters of Taiwan. The sediment waves are located at the junction between the Taitung Canyon and other canyons in the slope. The wave length and the wave height of a single waveform ranged from 0.8 to 7.2 km and from 18 to 75 m, respectively (NE-SW direction). Sediment waves, located inside the bend of the Taitung Canyon, were characterized by an upward migration and showed mass transport deposits (MTDs) at the bottom, while the inner curve of the bend was subdivided into lower and upper wavy transition units. The sediment waves on the outer curve of the bend were characterized by vertical accumulation, and there was no mass flow deposit at the bottom. According to the geometry of the sediment waves, the calculated flow thicknesses across the entire wave field ranged from 196 to 356 m, and the current velocity ranged from 15 to 21 cm/s. The morphological characteristics, the internal structure, and the distribution of sediment waves, as well as the numerical calculations, evidenced that these sediment waves had formed by turbidity currents. The development of the sediment wave field in eastern Taiwan was found to be similar to that in southwestern Taiwan. It was the sedimentary response of the tectonic movement between 3 and ~1 Ma which created the sedimentary systems where gravity flow processes predominated. Turbidity current sediments settled in the place of less topographical constraints or overflowed in the bend section of the Taitung Canyon, which resulted in the formation of sediment wave fields.     

藏北雁石坪夏里组高频岩相旋回的驱动机制研究

Walsh频谱分析引用不连续的方波代替傅里叶频谱分析中连续的正弦波和余弦波,由于Walsh函数的不连续性,它广泛应用于地层旋回周期的检测。藏北雁石坪地区中侏罗统夏里组发育一套以砂岩、泥岩为主的高频岩相旋回,在地层颜色上也表现出较好的旋回性。对该组地层岩性和颜色进行Walsh频谱分析对比发现,岩性频谱曲线及颜色频谱曲线的主频周期与米兰科维奇旋回周期之间均具有极好的对应关系,认为海平面的周期性变化是夏里组高频岩相旋回的驱动机制。同时根据岩性旋回频谱和颜色旋回频谱计算得出夏里组的沉积速率约为0．111m／ka,沉积持续时间约为3．689Ma。     

Dynamics of Sedimentary Waves over the Western Slope of the Caspian Sea

Doklady Earth Sciences - Data on the assessment of the dynamics of sedimentary waves over the western slope of the Caspian Sea are presented. The process of formation of the wave structure of...     

Tsunami deposits in the geological record

A review is presented here of tsunami deposits in the geological record. It begins with a discussion of the relationships between the processes of tsunami generation and propagation and the sedimentary responses. This is followed by a consideration of the sedimentary processes associated with the passage of tsunami waves across coastlines. Attention is also given to the sedimentary processes associated with tsunami-triggered gravity backwash flows and comparisons are made with turbidity current action. We observe that despite sedimentary evidence for recent tsunamiites, geological research on ancient tsunamis has not identified stratigraphic units associated with onshore tsunami sedimentation. Equally, it is noted that nearly all published studies of sedimentary processes associated with modern tsunamis have not considered patterns of sediment transport and deposition in the offshore zone.     

Sedimentary Waves and Reconstruction of Bottom Currents in the Novaya Zemlya Trough of the Kara Sea

Doklady Earth Sciences - Reconstruction of bottom currents has been performed for the first time using the distribution of sedimentary waves in the Novaya Zemlya Trough in the Kara Sea based on the...     

四川龙门山地区中泥盆统金宝石组混合沉积特征

四川龙门山地区是中国泥盆系出露较好、研究程度较高的地区。中泥盆统金宝石组发育由碎屑岩、碳酸盐岩、混积岩组成的混积沉积。本研究以平武县平驿铺剖面和北川县甘溪剖面为切入点,基于实测资料和薄片观察对金宝石组沉积相开展详细研究,认为龙门山地区中泥盆统金宝石组发育河流、碎屑滨岸、陆棚和碳酸盐岩缓坡4种沉积相,沉积演化经历了2个沉积旋回。金宝石组以相混合和原地混合2种方式形成混合沉积。相对海平面的变化、陆源碎屑的供应、碳酸盐生产速率和古气候是引起相混合的主要控制因素,波浪和风暴浪则是引起陆源碎屑和碳酸盐组分混合沉积的主要作用方式。对金宝石组沉积序列、沉积特征及沉积演化过程的研究,有利于增进对龙门山地区泥盆系沉积古环境的认识。     

沉积河谷-建筑群地震动力相互作用的二维IBEM模拟

众多城市坐落于沉积河谷之中,沉积河谷-密集建筑群间的地震动力相互作用规律尚不明确。采用间接边界元方法（IBEM）,对在平面SV波入射下,沉积河谷-建筑群之间的地震相互作用进行二维模拟计算和参数分析。研究结果表明：沉积河谷-建筑群间存在着显著而复杂的地震动力相互作用;较浅沉积河谷中建筑群地震响应呈现强弱交替变换特征;入射波角度、沉积河谷的材料、几何特征是影响沉积河谷-建筑群整体地震响应规律的关键因素。总体上看,建筑群对浅沉积河谷地震动响应有较大的降幅效应,特别是高频波入射下最大降幅近50%。实际河谷地震放大效应评估需考虑密集建筑群的影响,而位于地震波聚焦位置的建筑物需适当提高设防标准。     

柴达木盆地滩坝沉积特征、成因及沉积模式：以扎哈泉地区上干柴沟组为例

文章在对600多米岩芯颜色、沉积构造、粒度分析、薄片等进行研究的基础上，分析了柴达木盆地扎哈泉地区滩坝 沉积特征，研究了滩坝在层序地层格架中的分布及成因，建立了滩坝砂体沉积模式。结果表明，上干柴沟组滩坝单砂体厚 度较薄，滩坝中发育较多典型的波浪作用形成的沉积构造，粒度概率累积曲线多以跳跃和悬浮两个总体为主。坝砂体主要 发育于中长期基准面旋回的可容纳空间较大处，且多分布于短期基准面旋回上升半旋回可容纳空间较大处；滩主要发育于 各级别基准面旋回中可容纳空间较小处。滩坝的形成与可容纳空间的大小及沉积水动力条件有关，在高可容纳空间条件 下，水体较深，湖泊面积大，易形成大的湖浪和湖流，从而发育坝砂体。最后，根据瓦尔特定律，结合一个中短期基准面 旋回过程中沉积类型垂向变化，建立了上干柴沟组滩坝沉积模式。     

柴达木盆地滩坝沉积特征、成因及沉积模式:以扎哈泉地区上干柴沟组为例

文章在对600多米岩芯颜色、沉积构造、粒度分析、薄片等进行研究的基础上,分析了柴达木盆地扎哈泉地区滩坝 沉积特征,研究了滩坝在层序地层格架中的分布及成因,建立了滩坝砂体沉积模式。结果表明,上干柴沟组滩坝单砂体厚 度较薄,滩坝中发育较多典型的波浪作用形成的沉积构造,粒度概率累积曲线多以跳跃和悬浮两个总体为主。坝砂体主要 发育于中长期基准面旋回的可容纳空间较大处,且多分布于短期基准面旋回上升半旋回可容纳空间较大处;滩主要发育于 各级别基准面旋回中可容纳空间较小处。滩坝的形成与可容纳空间的大小及沉积水动力条件有关,在高可容纳空间条件 下,水体较深,湖泊面积大,易形成大的湖浪和湖流,从而发育坝砂体。最后,根据瓦尔特定律,结合一个中短期基准面 旋回过程中沉积类型垂向变化,建立了上干柴沟组滩坝沉积模式。     

塔中地区中—上奥陶统内波内潮汐沉积与油气勘探

现代海底普遍发育由内波、内潮汐引起的深水牵引流,内波、内潮汐不仅可形成各种小规模、分散的深水牵引流沉积,而且还可建造千米级的大型沉积物波。在古代地层记录中已发现各种厘米级的内波、内潮汐沉积单元,但尚未发现内波成因的大型沉积物波。通过对塔中地区中—上奥陶统碎屑岩段岩心观察和地震剖面的系统分析,发现了该岩段内由内波和内潮汐作用形成的各种牵引流沉积构造单元。已识别出4种内波、内潮汐沉积微相类型及5种基本垂向沉积层序,同时还在研究区中一上奥陶统陆坡相中识别出了内波成因的大型沉积物波。这些内波、内潮汐沉积具有较好的油气潜能,是该区中—上奥陶统潜在的油气勘探新领域。     

东非鲁武马盆地海底水道-朵体体系粗粒浊流沉积物波特征及主控因素

海底水道-朵体体系内粗粒沉积物波的研究可以深化浊流搬运过程的认识。利用先进的地球物理成像技术,通过地震地貌分析,对东非鲁武马盆地海底水道-朵体体系内这种后期易被改造的特殊沉积体进行识别和解释,结合粗粒沉积物波的形态、尺度、移动方式、厚度变化、平面分布等特征,探讨其成因和影响因素。鲁武马盆地近海底水道-朵体体系内的粗粒浊流沉积物波具有多变的地貌和逆行砂丘的底形。水道内粗粒沉积物波规模较小,分布范围局限;水道-朵体过渡带的粗粒沉积物波规模大,波高约45~110 m,波长可达一千余米,总体规模大于其他地区已识别出的粗粒深水沉积物波。构造活动、超临界流产生的水跃作用、地形地貌的变化以及底流作用是鲁武马盆地粗粒浊流沉积物波形成的主控因素。     

巴基斯坦N区块浪控三角洲沉积相划分及模式

浪控三角洲砂体是海陆交互带沉积有利的油气储层和勘探目标,目前业界对其微相划分、沉积机理和沉积模式研究较少.以巴基斯坦N区块为例,依据岩心、测井、地震及分析测试资料,开展受波浪改造作用的海相三角洲沉积相带划分、展布及沉积模式研究.结果表明:综合大量沉积相标志分析,研究区白垩系处于砂质高能海岸带,三角洲入海口受到强烈的波浪...     

泰国湾表层沉积物陆源碎屑的粒度特征及其展现的沉积动力环境

海洋碎屑沉积物的粒度特征是海底沉积动力环境的直接体现,是用来研究海洋动力环境变化的重要手段,尤其是陆架海底表层沉积物的粒度分布,对于研究沿岸和水柱底边界层现今海洋动力环境可起到重要作用。该项研究通过调查遍布泰国湾至湄公河口海底表层沉积物陆源碎屑的粒度分布特征,以期获得影响现今特定海域沉积作用的海洋动力环境过程。粒度分析的结果显示,泰国湾表层沉积物的陆源碎屑以细砂-细粉砂为主,分选总体较差,频率分布以正偏为主。其中,细砂-极细砂组分主要分布在曼谷湾和柬埔寨沿岸。湄公河岸外沉积物为细砂,且分选比泰国湾区域的沉积物要好。这些表层沉积物的粒度特征具有良好的环境变化指示作用。湄公河岸外分选较好、近于正态分布的中砂沉积物指示了波浪作用下的沉积环境。曼谷湾和柬埔寨沿岸分选较差的中砂-细砂粗粒沉积物反映了潮汐和波浪的共同作用;泰国湾东西沿岸区域分选中等、呈正偏态的极细砂-中粉砂沉积物体现了潮汐的控制作用;而泰国湾中部分选较差的沉积物则指示了表层洋流作用。研究表明,泰国湾和湄公河岸外表层沉积物陆源碎屑的粒度分布特征可用于区分不同海洋动力因素的控制作用,揭示出泰国湾的沉积动力环境主要受潮汐、波浪和洋流的共同影响,湄公河岸外的沉积动力环境主要受波浪的影响。     

闽西南龙永煤田童子岩组沉积地层精细特征与沉积环境演化分析

运用沉积学、古生物地层学、层序地层学、岩石粒度分析等方法,从岩性特征、沉积构造、沉积体系等方面对研究区童子岩组地层的沉积特征进行了详细的研究,对其沉积环境演化特征进行分析.结果表明:研究区的童子岩组地层主要由较细粒的陆源碎屑物质组成,在整个童子岩组第一段发育过程中,障壁岛及其背后的整个环境组合随着区域海平面的升降而前后...     

Crust and upper mantle structure under the baltic shield and barents sea from the dispersion of rayleigh waves

The dispersion of fundamental-mode Rayleigh waves for several paths in Fennoscandia is consistent with the geological setting for the Baltic shield. Additional dispersion data indicate that the Barents Sea is a shield as well. The dispersion under the Baltic Sea is similar to the north-central United States, suggesting the extension of the mantle shield structure beneath the continental Paleozoic sedimentary cover.