Study of zooplankton ecology in Zhejiang coastal upwelling system-Species distribution and diversity of zooplankton

The species distribution and diversity of zooplankton and the effects of hydrodynamic factors of Zhejiang coastal waters during the active period of upwelling are discussed.High dominance (low diversity), high biomass and short food chain were found in the landward margins of the central region of the upwelling. There were evident interactions between the distribution of zooplankton and the environmental factors. The expression of these interactions is that different ecotypes of zooplankton adapt to different hydrological situations. There is significant positive correlation between the diversity indices of zooplankton and the mean water temperature in the survey area. It is noted that the vertical distribution of Calanus sinicus indicates to a certain extent the colder water environment of the upwelling (Fig. 7, Table 2, Reference (Hargreaves, 1981).     

浙江沿岸海域浮游动物的分布特征

2003年和2004年的夏、秋季对浙江沿岸(27°05′～30°54′N、121°04′～123°19′E)50 m等深线(禁渔线附近,下称外侧海域,站号为P1至P20)和10 m等深线(下称内侧海域,站号为1至17)37个采样站大、小潮汛浮游动物的种类组成、数量分布、优势种及群落特征进行了调查和分析.在调查海区被发现的浮游动物共有234种,属19个大类,其中桡足类66种,水母类42种,浮游软体类、端足类和毛颚类各13种,浮游多毛类9种,糠虾7种,介形类和樱虾各6种,被囊类5种,涟虫和磷虾各4种,枝角类3种,另有各种浮游幼体、仔鱼30种及其它.浮游动物的生物量均值分布是:内侧海域为289.9±43.4 mg/m3,大潮汛为258.9±73.6 mg/m3,小潮汛为320.8±47.3 mg/m3;外侧海域为318.9±49.8 mg/m3,大潮汛为390.5±89.1 mg/m3,小潮汛为247.2±41.4 mg/m3.浮游动物的丰度均值分布是:内侧海域为751.2±138.4个/m3,大潮汛为531.8±94.4个/m3,小潮汛为971.5±253.2个/m3;外侧海域为816.8±137.2个/m3,大潮汛为1 041.0±243.8个/m3,小潮汛为592.5±111.8个/m3.本次调查的结果表明,桡足类对浮游动物丰度的贡献最大,其余依次为毛颚类、水母类、被囊类和浮游幼虫,它们是浮游动物组成数量的主要类群.调查海区出现优势度大于0.02的种类有15种,内侧海域有9种,外侧海域有10种,其中有4种是内、外侧海域共有种.就潮汛和纬度而言浮游动物群落结构指数无明显区别,丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数较高而单纯度低,群落结构状态良好.但各类指数变幅较大(种类数为16～55,丰富度为1.73～6.77,单纯度为0.06～0.54,多样度为1.67～4.51,均匀度为0.33～0.87),表明了浮游动物群落结构的不稳定性还存在.根据调查海区浮游动物的生态习性和分布特点,可将其划分为近岸低盐、沿岸暖温、近海暖水、暖水广布和热带外海5个生态类型,其中以近海暖水和暖水广布性种类为主要类群.     

A numerical study for the coastal upwelling and the coastal front off Zhejiang coast

A two-dimensional numerical model is constructed to study the interaction between the coastal upwelling and the coastal front off Zhejiang coast in summer. In the f-plane model, the shelf topography, continuous stratification, and Richardson number-dependent eddy coefficients are considered. The results show that the coastal up-welling off Zhejiang in summer can be divided into two regions, the nearshore one (Region A) and the offshore one (Region B). In Region A, the alongshore wind stress has more important effect on the coastal upwelling while in Region B, the upwelling is mainly induced by the Taiwan Warm Current. The results also suggest that the formation of coastal front off Zhejiang in summer is closely related to the strength of the coastal upwelling in Region A.     

浙江省近岸海域底栖生物生态研究

对2003年4~5月在浙江省近岸海域底栖生物调查中获得的126种底栖生物的种类组成、生物量及栖息密度的分布和群落结构进行了叙述和讨论。结果表明:底栖生物种类组成以甲壳动物及软体动物占优势,两者占生物总种数的51.6%;浙江近岸海域底栖生物总平均生物量为18.74 g/m2;总平均栖息密度为89.1个/m2。按生态特征划分,调查海域的底栖生物可分成7个群落。分析调查海域各测站群落结构指数可以看出,浙江近岸海域70%测站呈现出生物多样性指数低及种类分布不均匀等特点。     

The patterns of distribution of chlorophyll a and primary production in coastal upwelling area off Zhejiang

-Investigations of Chi, a and primary production were carried out in the coastal upwelling area (27°'-30°30'N, west to 124°00'E) off Zhejiang in August and October 1981. The high-value areas of Chl. a were in nearshore waters and on top of the upwelling front, where Chl. a occurred the maximum 7.40 mg/m3. With the average of 1.25 g C/m2.d, the primary production was more than 2.0gC/m2·d incenteral area of the upwelling, and the whole surveyed area's output was about 4.4 ×104 tons C/d.     

Double-celled circulation in coastal upwelling

Simple numerical experiments on two-dimensional coastal upwelling are made with emphasis on the role of non-geostrophic solenoidal field of density in the formation of double-celled circulation and multi-celled density front. Geometry of shelf and slope is not taken into account. Existence of poleward undercurrent presumably caused by the longshore variation of the large scale pressure field is also suppressed for the sake of simplicity.The results are, (1) double-celled circulation revealed in the present experiment is closely related with the internal frictional layer, where the horizontal density gradient balances with the vertical gradient of the longshore velocity and the vertical diffusion of the vorticity. (2) density front formed by the emergence of the pycnocline to the sea surface is successively advected offshoreward by the Ekman transport. (3) the pycnocline intersecting the sea surface forms the density front which is nearly vertical on account of the small scale convection. The surface currents converge at the front and construct an anti-clockwise circulation (viewed from the lee side). (4) small coefficient of eddy viscosity and strong wind stress lead the Ekman transport unstable and form a multi-celled structure in the frontal region.     

Distribution of inorganic phosphate and dissolved oxygen and their relationship in the coastal upwelling area off Zhejiang

The change and distribution of inorganic phosphate and dissolved oxygen content in sea water pos-sess a certuin regularity and correlation, which are closely related to the direct influence of biologicalactivities. During the period of phytoplankton bloom, phosphate content may be exhausted and, at thesame time, oxygen content in sea water increases in the euphotic layer. With the decomposition of or-ganic matter, phosphate content increases and oxygen content decreases in the deeper layer. In addi-tion, the upwelling carries the "new" nutrients to the euphotic layer, which provides advantageous     

The near-surface dynamics of coastal upwelling

An attempt is made to examine some observational and theoretical aspects of upper ocean dynamics in regions of strong coastal upwelling. “Upper ocean” is roughly defined as about the upper 10–30 m of the water column for most systems. First, the basic surface Ekman and mixed layers are discussed, including some of the modifications due to upwelling. Next, coastal upwelling fronts and their associated circulation are treated. Finally, areas of strongly three-dimensional upwelling are classified and discussed. Horizontal advection of heat and momentum appear to be generally important for the near-surface dynamics of coastal upwelling, and these phenomena make realistic theoretical treatments especially difficult.     

Diel variations of the bathymetric distribution of zooplankton groups and biomass in Cap-Ferret Canyon,France

The bathymetric distribution, abundance and diel vertical migrations (DVM) of zooplankton were investigated along the axis of the Cap-Ferret Canyon (Bay of Biscay, French Atlantic coast) by a consecutive series of synchronous net hauls that sampled the whole water column (0–2000 m in depth) during a diel cycle. The distribution of appendicularians (maximum 189 individuals m⁻³), cladocerans (maximum 287 individuals m⁻³), copepods (copepods<4 mm, maximum 773 individuals m⁻³, copepods>4 mm, maximum 13 individuals m⁻³), ostracods (maximum 8 individuals m⁻³), siphonophores (maximum >2 individuals m⁻³) and peracarids (maximum >600 individuals 1000 m⁻³) were analysed and represented by isoline diagrams. The biomass of total zooplankton (maximum 18419 μg C m⁻³, 3780 μg N m⁻³) and large copepods (>4 mm maximum 2256 μg C m⁻³, 425 μg N m⁻³) also were determined. Vertical migration was absent or affected only the epipelagic zone for appendicularians, cladocerans, small copepods and siphonophores. Average amplitude of vertical migration was about 400–500 m for ostracods, some hyperiids and mysids, and large copepods, which were often present in the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic zones. Large copepods can constitute more than 80% of the biomass corresponding to total zooplankton. They may play an important role in the active vertical transfer of carbon and nitrogen.     

河口浮游动物生态学研究进展

河口位于河流与海洋的交汇处,是二者相互作用的复杂区域,其营养物质丰富,生物生产力大,生态环境多变。河口范围通常划分为三段:河口上游段,主要为淡水控制,每天经受潮汐的影响;河口中游段,发生咸淡水混合;河口下游段,与开阔的海洋自由相通。河口是一种独特的生态系统,理化环境与河流和海洋均有差异[1～4]。河口是水产资源的宝库,是渔业的重要基地。     

Tropidc ecology of carnivorous zooplankton in the Benguela

Carnivorous zooplankton in the Benguela system have tended to be ignored by all but early taxonomists and a handful of recent researchers. An attempt is made here to address the importance of carnivores in this system but, because the database is poor, it was necessary to apply material from outside the region. The taxa covered include ctenophores, cnidarians (Scyphozoa and Hydrozoa, including Siphonophora), chaetognaths and hyperiid amphipods as well as such minor groups as pelagic gastropods and decapods. Most groups of carnivores within the Benguela are represented by only one or two "common" species. These tend to be epiplanktonic and generally concentrated inshore of the shelf-break, where their distributions are influenced by changes in local hydrography. Their densities frequently exceed those of herbivores. The dominant carnivores share a number of attributes: wide-ranging diets, high assimilation and growth efficiencies and mostly a Type I functional response to food concentration. They fall into two categories. The first is the gelatinous species, which have short lifespans and exhibit rapid growth and often massive reproductive response to high concentrations of food. They are patchily distributed and some appear to have behavioural traits that enable them to stay within localized patches of prey on which they may be dependent because of high metabolic costs. In the second category are crustacean predators and chaetognaths which have slower response times to the food environment but may have longer lifespans, lower daily maintenance needs and an ability to store lipids. They are less dependent on high densities of food organisms and can survive throughout winter, when gelatinous predators are rare. The effect of predation on abundance of copepods is estimated on the basis of both published and unpublished data. Should swarms of predators coincide with a critical gateway of zooplankton or larvae, then there may be total depletion. This applies especially to the nearshore zone of the West Coast and to semi-enclosed bays. The role of carnivorous zooplankton in the diets of commercially important fish species is stressed, but their importance in the regeneration of nutrients may be insignificant.     

Phytoplankton assemblages in the CoOP-WEST coastal upwelling area

Elevated levels of phytoplankton were observed at the Northern California coastal upwelling ecosystem studied as part of the CoOP-WEST project during monthly summer surveys in 2000, 2001 and 2002. The high concentrations of chlorophyll were made up mostly of larger cells; the phytoplankton communities that resulted were dominated by centric diatoms. The highest chlorophyll a concentrations were observed when large diatoms or small colony-forming species dominated the assemblages. In contrast, when smaller nano-flagellates and picoplankton were dominant, total chlorophyll a concentrations were over four or five-fold lower than when diatoms were prevalent, illustrating the importance of large diatoms to total phytoplankton biomass. Each year, when chlorophyll concentrations were greatest, Chaetoceros species created a Chaetoceros-dominated system. A few other genera contributed to the upwelling diatom community, mostly the centric diatoms Asterionella, Thalassiosira, Rhizosolenia (including Guinardia and Proboscia), and the pennate Nitzschia. These diatoms have been described in other coastal upwelling ecosystems, and at this study site form a functional group that are apparently well adapted to the high-nutrient, turbulent conditions that are typical of these coastal regions.     

Effects of the 1997–1999 El Niño and La Niña events on zooplankton abundance and euphausiid community composition within the Monterey Bay coastal upwelling system

Zooplankton abundance and euphausiid community composition were sampled seasonally (spring, summer, fall) within Monterey Bay, California, between 1997 and 1999. Measurements of sea surface temperature (SST), mixed layer depth, and upwelling indices provided concurrent data on physical oceanographic parameters. Both total zooplankton and krill abundance dramatically declined in the summer of 1997 coincident with a rapid increase in SST and mixed layer depth. Changes in euphausiid community composition occurred in concert with the decline in overall abundance. The relative abundance of the southern neritic Nyctiphanes simplex increased from August to November in 1997, the abundance of cold temperate Euphausia pacifica decreased significantly, and that of the northern neritic Thysanoessa spinifera declined dramatically. The sudden appearance of an adult cohort of N. simplex in July 1997 suggests that rapid poleward flow characteristic of coastally trapped Kelvin waves occurred between June and July of 1997. The persistent presence of warm temperate and subtropical taxa in samples collected between August 1997 and October 1998 indicates that this poleward flow continued in 1998. Zooplankton abundance, euphausiid community composition, and physical oceanographic parameters gradually returned to a more typical upwelling-dominated state in the spring and summer of 1998. E. pacifica and T. spinifera abundances gradually increased during the summer and fall of 1998, while N. simplex abundance abruptly declined in the spring of 1998. However, this recovery was confined to a narrow coastal band as a result of the onshore movement of the oceanic waters of the California Current. This was reflected by higher than normal numbers of the oceanic Nematoscelis difficilis within samples collected during the spring and summer of 1998. By the spring and summer of 1999, both zooplankton and euphausiid abundance had increased to the highest levels recorded during the 3-year study. Both E. pacifica and T. spinifera abundance increased relative to 1998 while N. simplex was completely absent in all samples. These changes reflected the cooler, highly productive environmental conditions associated with the 1998/1999 La Niña.     

The coastal undercurrent— A role of longshore scales in coastal upwelling dynamics

A simple three-dimensional model of a time-dependent coastal upwelling is discussed for time scales of several days to a week, with the linear, two-layer, flat-bottom and $\text{?-}\text{plane}$ approximation. Emphasis is placed on the effects of longshore scales determined by the longshore variabilities in the wind stress distributions. The responses of the inshore motions are shown to depend critically on the longshore scales. For a certain wide range of the scales, the system reveals dominantly baroclinic responses and a full development of the poleward coastal undercurrent without β effect. Somewhat detailed discussions are given on the coastal upwelling, the coastal jet and the poleward undercurrent, which are interpreted simply as the orbital velocities of the forced Kelvin-type waves.     

Growth and grazing rate dynamics of major phytoplankton groups in an oligotrophic coastal site

There has been more attention to phytoplankton dynamics in nutrient-rich waters than in oligotrophic ones thus requiring the need to study the dynamics and responses in oligotrophic waters. Accordingly, phytoplankton community in Blanes Bay was overall dominated by Prymnesiophyceae, remarkably constant throughout the year (31 ± 13% Total chlorophyll a, Tchl a) and Bacillariophyta with a more episodic appearance (20 ± 23% Tchl a). Prasinophyceae and Synechococcus contribution became substantial in winter (Prasinophyceae = 30% Tchl a) and summer (Synechococcus = 35% Tchl a). Phytoplankton growth and grazing mortality rates for major groups were estimated by dilution experiments in combination with high pressure liquid chromatography and flow cytometry carried out monthly over two years. Growth rates of total phytoplankton (range = 0.30–1.91 d⁻¹) were significantly higher in spring and summer (μ > 1.3 d⁻¹) than in autumn and winter (μ ∼ 0.65 d⁻¹) and showed a weak dependence on temperature but a significant positive correlation with day length. Microzooplankton grazing (range = 0.03–1.4 d⁻¹) was closely coupled to phytoplankton growth. Grazing represented the main process for loss of phytoplankton, removing 60 ± 34% (±SD) of daily primary production and 70 ± 48% of Tchl a stock. Chla synthesis was highest during the Bacillarophyceae-dominated spring bloom (Chl a_synt = 2.3 ± 1.6 μg Chl a L⁻¹ d⁻¹) and lowest during the following post-bloom conditions dominated by Prymnesiophyceae (Chl a_synt = 0.23 ± 0.08 μg Chl a L⁻¹ d⁻¹). This variability was smoothed when expressed in carbon equivalents mainly due to the opposite dynamics of C:chl a (range = 11–135) and chl a concentration (range = 0.07–2.0 μg chl a L⁻¹). Bacillariophyta and Synechococcus contribution to C fluxes was higher than to biomass because of their fast-growth rate. The opposite was true for Prymnesiophyceae.     

2006年夏季琼东、粤西沿岸上升流研究

利用2006年夏季广东、海南、广西近海的海洋水文调查资料和卫星遥感QuikSCAT风场资料分析琼东、粤西沿岸上升流的空间结构特征, 探讨风场、风应力旋度对上升流的影响以及上升流区水温、海流、海平面对上升流的响应。结果表明:琼东、粤西沿岸上升流区并非相互独立, 从10 m层以下已经连成一片。琼东沿岸上升流主要由夏季西南季风驱动而产生, 风应力旋度也有一定贡献。琼东沿岸上升流的强度比粤西强。琼东沿岸海域的上层海水(18 m以浅)以离岸运动为主, 中下层海水以向岸运动为主。上层的离岸流速大于中下层的向岸流速。琼东沿岸的上升流现象是间歇性的, 与沿岸风速强弱有关。琼东沿岸海域海平面的升降与上升流的强弱有良好的关系, 上升流的强弱滞后于海平面的升降约1～2 d。     

东寨港红树林小型底栖动物的密度和生物量研究

2012年2月对海南省东寨港红树林滩涂沉积物小型底栖动物进行研究,结果表明,红树林中有六大类小型底栖动物,包括自由生活线虫、桡足类、涡虫、多毛类、寡毛类、海螨.在种类组成上,自由生活线虫为优势类群,在4个采样站位中,分别占小型底栖动物总数量的95.30％,97.02％,96.45％,90.53％.东寨港红树林小型底栖动物的总栖息密度为(1 082.23±563.76)个/(10 cm2),总生物量为(764.06±511.63)μg/(10 cm2).4个采样站位平均多样性指数H'分别为0.26、0.17、0.20、0.45,平均均匀度指数 J 分别为0.13、0.09、0.10、0.23.最小显著极差法(LSR)进行多重比较分析表明,4个采样点小型底栖动物差异明显.海洋线虫与桡足类的数量之比(N/C)显示东寨港红树林受到了有机质污染.