Beiya Gold Deposit,Heqing County,Yunnan——One of China's Ten Biggest Gold Deposits

<正>The Beiya gold polymetallic ore district covers an area of 22.06 km2 and is located 47.5 km away in the direction 172°from Heqing county seat of northwestern Yunnan.Its geographical coordinates are 100°11′15″–100°13′00″E and6°07′30″–26°10′30″N.Since its discovery in 1999 until November 31st 2013,it has had accumulative proven(111b+122b+331+332+333)gold metal amounts of 258.475t at an average grade of 2.61 g/t.This deposit contains 88.98million tons of paragenetic and associated iron ores,with TFe grade varying from 9%to 36%;metal amounts are:gold     

Typology of Natural Hazards and Assessment of Associated Risks in the Mount Bambouto Caldera(Cameroon Line,West Cameroon)

Mount Bambouto is a polygenic stratovolcano of the Cameroon Volcanic Line,built between 21 Ma and 4.5 Ma.It is situated approximately 200 km NE of Mount Cameroon,between 09°55′and 10°15′longitude east and,05°25′and 05°50′latitude north.The volcano covers an area of 500 km~2 and culminates at 2740 m at Meletan dome and bears a collapsed caldera at the summit (13×8 km).Mount Bambouto is characterized by several natural hazards of different origins: meteorological,such as landslides and rock falls;anthropog...     

Many New Dinosaur Fossil Spots Discovered in the Dunhuang–Yumenguan–Jiuquan Area of Gansu Province, China

<正>Two Mesozoic intramontane basins are developed in the Dunhuang-Yumenguan-Jiuquan area of Gansu Province,China,i.e.,the Gongpoquan Basin(E97°30′-98°10′,N41°30′-41°45′)and the Yujingzi Basin(E98°15′-99°00′,N40°15'-40°40')(Fig.1).A large number of dinosaurs and other fossils have been discovered in these two basins,which are called dinosaur'tribes'by paleontologists.     

西藏阿里革吉县隆日铁矿矿产分布规律及矿产类型

<正>勘查区位于青藏高原西部,革吉县城150°方向直距约60 km处,行政区划属西藏自治区阿里地区革吉县革吉镇管辖。勘查区地理坐标:东经81°15′00″~81°19′00″;北纬31°51′00″~31°55′00″,面积46.66 km2。根据本次工作成果,结合勘查区所处成矿地质背景,初步认为隆日铁矿床为热液交代裂隙充填型铁矿床。其主要依据为:(1)矿体产于侵入岩岩体、凝灰岩地层中;(2)已发现的地表矿(化)体主     

西藏拉萨幅1/25万Cu、Pb、Zn地球化学异常特征及找矿远景圈定

<正>1区域地质概况拉萨幅位于青藏高原中南部,研究区范围:东经:90°00′⁹1°30′,北纬:29°00′91°30′,北纬:29°00′³0°00′,面积约15964 km2。地跨冈底斯-念青唐古拉陆块、雅鲁藏布江结合带、喜马拉雅陆块,经历了冈瓦纳古陆北缘自泛非运动以来长期的沉积-构造演变,特别是受三叠纪以来特提斯洋盆     

陕西省镇安县东沟金矿床成因分析

<正>1成矿地质背景陕西省镇安县东沟金矿区位于陕西省镇安县城南东方向30 km的张家乡营胜村,行政区划属陕西省镇安县张家乡所辖。矿区地理坐标:东经109°23′30″¹09°24′00″,北纬33°19′45″109°24′00″,北纬33°19′45″³3°20′30″。矿区历次工作共投入岩芯钻探13726.28 m/48孔,水文地质钻探861.08 m/2孔,坑探15277.50 m,坑道放射性测量97点/7条等     

Study on Certain Structural Features Occurring in the Central Region of the Weiyuan Anticline, Szechuan

正 The name Weiyuan' Anticline has been used by geologists to designate the anticlinal mountain range to the north of the city of Weiyuan district. It is situated at longhude 140°20′ E. and latitude 29°40′ N. [Plate I]. Extending in a NEE. -SWW. direction for about 75 km. and rising to some 600 m. ab     

五大连池

五大连池位于黑龙江省中北部(东经126°00′～126°26′,北纬48°34′～48°48′)。在其1060km2内,矗立着14座新、老火山,喷发年代从史前的200多万年到近代的280多年前,是闻名世界的环太平洋火山带之一。     

西藏北部发现含兰闪石类岩石

西藏地矿局区调大队二分队,在1979—1983年进行1:100万改则幅区域地质调查工作中,在西藏北部迎春口（东经89°30′～90°00′,北纬34°50′～35°20′）;果干加年山至西亚尔岗（东经86°00′～88°40′,北纬33°15′～33°35′）地区,首次发现含兰闪石类岩石,现就其产出地质背景及特点,作一概略介绍。 （一） 迎春口地区的含兰闪石类岩石特征: 该区广泛分布着三叠系若拉岗日群,它是一套厚约8000～10000m的浅变质岩系,主     

Study on the Isothermal Evaporation Process at 5℃ with the Brine of Laguocuo Salt Lake

正1 Introduction Tibet has nurmerous salt lakes.Laguocuo is one of the salt lakes,which is located to the sorthern of Ali Plateau,31°59′02″N-32°04′08″N,84°02′03″E-84°12′03″E.Its lake water is rich in potassium,magnesium,lithium,boron,rubidium,cesium and other resources.The study of     

震旦纪灯影组磷块岩及其生成特点

灯影组磷块岩有四种类型,即泥晶磷块岩、内碎屑磷块岩、藻磷块岩和细晶磷块岩。组成磷块岩的主要矿物是磷灰石、白云石、石英和少量伊利石等。磷块岩主要沉积在陆缘海内,它的沉积环境是与深水有联系的浅水地区。深水和浅水环境的地质背景分别为构造拗陷和碳酸盐岩台地。前者提供成矿物质,后者提供有利于磷质成矿的沉积环境。     

云南滇池地区磷块岩的风化门限及风化磷矿的成矿模式探讨

滇池地区下寒武统磷块岩以碳酸盐类磷块岩为主。原生矿多属中低品位矿，风化后富集。磷块岩经历风化强弱可用风化成熟度来表示，风化磷块岩是风化成熟期的产物，表明矿石风化进入了风化门限之内。根据磷块岩的特点及风化磷块岩形成机制初步建立的本区风化磷块岩的成矿模式将磷块岩的风化分三个阶段，不同的风化阶段，磷块岩的风化成熟度存在明显的差异，风化磷块岩是前两个风化阶段的产物。     

朝阳磷矿磷块岩的类型和成因特征

朝阳磷矿的磷块岩有五种类型,即泥晶磷块岩、球粒磷块岩、鲕粒磷块岩、内碎屑磷块岩和细晶磷块岩。其中内碎屑磷块岩占优势。磷酸盐岩沉积在海退旋回中,是处于深水向浅水过渡的层位。磷块岩的沉积环境主要是隆起附近的浅水带。     

Secondary phosphate mineralization in a karstic environment in Central Sri Lanka

At Eppawala in central Sri Lanka secondary phosphate mineralization is intimately associated with laminated fabrics within depressions (sinkholes and smaller cavities) formed in the thick weathering profiles of a hilly terrain underlain by a Precambrian apatite-bearing formation. The lowermost levels of the profile show extensive zones of leaching where derived apatite crystals occur within fine-grained, laminated stromatolite sequences. The stromatolitic groundmass, which diagenetically formed by percolating oxygenated phosphate and carbonate-rich groundwaters, is impregnated by the phosphate minerals francolite and collophane. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) reveals that fine filaments, characteristic of microorganisms, are associated with the secondary phosphate mineralization. Continuous degradation and fragmentation of the stromatolitic mat has produced pellets, peloids, and intraclasts all enriched in secondary apatite. Degrading recrystallization around the edges of the primary apatite crystals has developed coated grains. The widespread occurrence of phosphate-enriched allochems in stromatolitic groundmasses is a unique development of a modern phosphorite in a karstic environment.     

A regional stratigraphic correlation for the upper Campanian phosphorites and associated rocks in Egypt and Jordan

Facies analyses and a sequence stratigraphical framework with regional correlation of the upper Campanian phosphate province are presented, based on three main sections located in Egypt (Gebel Duwi and Abu Tartur sections) and north Jordan (Umm Qais section). Fifteen facies types were grouped into: phosphate (FT1–5), carbonate (FT6–11) and siliciclastic (FT12–15) facies associations. The main component of phosphate rocks is pellets in situ and common reworked biogenic debris, especially in the upper phosphate beds (e.g. fish teeth and bones), which along with abundant Thalassinoides burrows suggests that the skeletal material was the main source for phosphates in Egypt; in contrast the common authigenic phosphatic grains (pristine) in Jordan reflect an upwelling regime. Based on age assignment as well as stratigraphical position, the phosphorite beds show great similarity that may suggests a similar origin and proximity during the period of deposition of the Duwi Formation of the Red Sea coast of Egypt and its equivalent, the Al-Hisa Phosphorite Formation in Jordan, which represents an early transgressive system tract of a depositional sequence. On the Abu Tartur plateau, the presence of sandy pyritic phosphatic grainstone (FT1) and glauconitic quartz arenite (FT12) in the middle part of the studied section, along with the absence of chert facies (FT14), reflects a more shallow marine depositional environment with increased fluvial sediment supply compared to those along the Red Sea coast and north Jordan.     

鲕粒,豆粒磷块岩的显微结构和生成特点

晚震旦世陡山沱组和早寒武世渔户村组、辛集组磷矿中有各种鮞粒、豆粒磷块岩。豆粒、鮞粒内核的成分和结构复杂,有来自陆地的各种岩石砂屑、细砾,也有盆内沉积物破碎成的各种内碎屑。鮞粒、豆粒的壳层是同心纹层状磷灰石,它是内核在富磷海水扰动中逐层淀积而成。大部分豆粒、鮞粒在滨海高能浅水中与陆源砂、砾和岔内碎屑沉积在一起,少量鮞粒则沉积在滨外深水低能环境巾。豆粒、鮞粒和碎屑等沉积后又被不同物质胶结。     

Structural CO2 in the Apatite of the Late Cretaceous Phosphorite Resources in Egypt: Effect on the Crystal Chemistry and Geologic Implications

Abstract: Phosphorite deposits in Egypt, known as the Duwi Formation, are a part of the Middle East to North Africa phospho‐genic province of late Cretaceous to Paleogene age. Based on the petrographical observation, the phosphatic grains in the phosphorites are classified into phosphatic mudclasts and phosphatic bioclasts. Both of them are composed of francolite. The structural CO₂ contents in the francolite range from 3.3 to 7.2 % with an average of 5.3 %. Results indicated that the substitution with CO₃^2‐ of PO₄^3‐ in the francolite decreases the unit cell volume and a‐cell dimension, and increases the c/a ratio. Effect is more obvious in the a‐cell dimension; therefore, it is more significant in distinction between the different apatite species. Lack of covariance between structural CO₂ contents in the francolite and the carbonate minerals contents may render the supposition that the phosphorites formed as a result of replacement of preexisting calcareous sediments is doubtful. Similarity in CO₂ content in both weathered and fresh samples indicates that the structural CO₂ content in the phosphorites is not affected by weathering, and reflects the conditions and CO₂ concentration of the depositional environment. Similarity in mineralogy and CO₂ contents in the different phosphatic grains and higher CO₂ content in the Egyptian phosphorites compared with the authigenic phosphates of Peru margin, which formed by the same mechanism as the Duwi phosphorites, suggest that the phosphatic grains in the Duwi Formation were francolitized during diagenesis by introducing CO₂ from the surrounding pore water and diagenesis took place at an elevated temperature. Scattered values of structural CO₂ contents suggest the reworking origin of the phosphatic grains in the late Cretaceous phosphorites in Egypt.     

Neoproterozoic peritidal phosphorite from the Sete Lagoas Formation (Brazil) and the Precambrian phosphorus cycle

The Neoproterozoic Sete Lagoas Formation (ca 610 Ma) of the São Francisco Basin, Brazil, is a succession of siltstone, limestone and phosphorite. Phosphorite forms part of a previously unrecognized 150 to 200 m thick, unconformity bounded depositional sequence. Lithofacies stacking patterns indicate that deposition was punctuated by higher order fluctuations in base level that produced aggradational parasequences. These shallowing‐upward cycles record the progradation of phosphate‐rich intertidal flats over shallow subtidal deposits as accommodation filled. The presence of mudcracks, authigenic chert nodules, lack of coarse terrigenous clastics and the abundance of silt with fine, abraded quartz grains suggests accumulation along an arid coastline with significant aeolian input. Delivery of phosphorus adsorbed on aeolian Fe‐(oxyhydr)oxide and clay is interpreted as having stimulated phosphogenesis in peritidal environments. Lithofacies associations indicate that windblown phosphorus promoted the establishment of cyanobacterial communities along the coast, which produced photosynthetic oxygen and the suboxic conditions necessary for the precipitation of authigenic carbonate fluorapatite. As in other Precambrian phosphatic systems, nearshore oxygen oases were a prerequisite for phosphorite accumulation because redox sensitive phosphogenic processes were pushed into the sediment to concentrate phosphorus. In more distal, anoxic environments phosphorite could not form because these biotic and abiotic processes were suspended in the water column, which cycled phosphorus in sea water rather than at the sediment–water interface. Such shallow‐water phosphorite is unlike larger, younger Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic phosphatic deposits inferred to have formed in deeper‐upwelling related environments. The increasing size of phosphatic deposits through the latest Precambrian is interpreted as reflecting the progressive ventilation of the oceans during the Neoproterozoic Oxygenation Event, and resultant expansion of phosphogenic environments into distal settings. The widespread cycling of bioavailable phosphorus at the sea floor not only produced the first true phosphorite giants, but may have also been an important precondition for the evolution of multicellular animals.     

富磷矿三阶段动态成矿模式:黔中开阳式高品位磷矿成矿机制

震旦系陡山沱组沉积期形成的黔中开阳、瓮安富磷矿沉积区,矿石产量大、品位高,是国内外重要的磷矿资源产区。黔中磷矿主要分布于黔中古陆周缘的滨浅海环境中,矿石类型以碎屑状磷块岩为主,间夹原生泥晶磷块岩、生物结构磷块岩和次生土状结构磷块岩。开阳式高品位磷块岩的动态沉积成矿过程通常为“三阶段成矿”: 第一阶段为初始成磷作用阶段,在新元古代大规模成磷背景下,上升洋流携带深部富磷海水进入滨浅海地区,并通过生物化学作用使磷质聚集并形成原生磷块岩沉积;第二阶段为簸选成矿作用阶段,高能波浪、风暴水流对原生磷块岩持续的破碎、磨蚀、搬运和再沉积过程中,簸选去除了原生沉积物中的陆源细碎屑、砂泥质成分,保留并聚集磷质碎屑颗粒,形成品位较高的碎屑状矿石;第三阶段为淋滤作用阶段,海平面升降变化使之前形成矿石受暴露事件影响,遭受强烈的风化淋滤作用,碎屑状磷矿石内的碳酸盐岩胶结物和白云石条带被淋滤运移,导致矿层发育大量溶蚀孔洞,甚至形成土状磷块岩,矿石品位再次得到大幅度提升。三阶段成矿作用随古地理条件和海平面变化在沉积成岩过程中多期次、动态进行,最终形成工业价值极高的磷矿石。     

Petrography, chemistry and genesis of phosphorite concretions in the Eocene Umm Rijam Chert limestone Formation, Ma'an area, south Jordan

Phosphorite concretions are recorded for the first time within the lower part of the Umm Rijam Chert Limestone Formation (Eocene) in the Ma'an area, southern Jordan. The phosphorite concretions are typically hosted and encountered as individual layer in moderately lithified sediments of marl, chalk and chalky marl. The phosphorite concretions are present in thin layer (10–30 cm thick). They are localized on a hardground surface that formed as a result of cementation of soft ground by bioclastic materials. Light grey and brownish to black colors are encountered with isometric, ellipsoid, elongated, subangular to subrounded phosphorite concretions (up to 6 cm in length). Most of the phosphorite concretions preserve bioturbation structures; they also include fecal pellets of various sizes. The main biogenic components are fragments of macrofossils (bivalves) and microfossils (planktonic foraminifera) in different proportions. Petrographic examinations reveal that the phosphorite concretions are composed of cryptocrystalline apatite that characteristically appears in cross-polarized light almost as isotropic phosphate and minor anisotropic phosphate. Apatite and calcite are the main mineral constituents of the phosphorite concretions identified by XRD. The apatite is identified as francolite (carbonate-flour-apatite). Chemical analyses of the phosphorite concretions using X-ray florescence indicate that the P₂O₅ content ranges from 18.8 to 31.19%, whereas SEM–EDS analyses indicate that the phosphorus proportion is around 14% by volume. It could be argued that the phosphorite concretions were transported after being reworked, or were derived from carbonate and chalk pebbles that were later phosphatized and subjected to erosion, forming residual lag deposit along the hardground surface.