Englacial hydrological characteristics of a typical continental-type glacier in China as detected by ground-penetrating radar

The englacial structures and ice thickness of the Laohugou No. 12 (L12) Glacier in the Qilian Mountains, China, were retrieved from ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profile data acquired in August of 2007. Here the interpretation of a typical GPR image is validated using two-dimensional, Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) numerical modeling. Data analyses revealed many englacial characteristics, such as temperate ice, crevasses, and cavities at the position of convergence between the eastern and western glacial branches of L12, and at an altitude between 4,600 and 4,750 m a.s.l. on the east branch. Combining ice thickness, englacial structures, subglacial topography, and surface flow velocities of this glacier, we analyzed the reasons for the distribution of temperate ice. The results show that greater englacial water content is associated with englacial crevassing and surface moulins, which allow water to be channeled to the temperate ice aquifer beneath the surface cold ice layer. Analysis of air temperature data shows that as more meltwater imports into the ice body, this has a great effect on water conservation and dynamics conditions. With climate warming, and under the influence of crevasses, subglacial structures, and ice thickness, ice thickness reduction on the L12 east branch is more rapid than that on the west branch.     

巴丹吉林沙漠湖相沉积的探地雷达图像及光释光年代学证据

 应用探地雷达对巴丹吉林沙漠南部高大沙丘下伏地层进行了探测,在探地雷达剖面沿线采集湖相沉积样品进行光释光测年。对探地雷达数据进行了处理与图像解译,探地雷达反射波与沉积相有相关关系,根据探地雷达数据与沉积信息重建沙丘下伏结构与沉积环境。研究发现,巴丹吉林沙漠南部该测区下伏地形平坦,流沙覆盖区的风成沙是覆盖在古湖相沉积层之上的。样品光释光测年结果反映,在MIS 5e阶段和MIS3阶段,巴丹吉林沙漠南部存在大湖期或高湖面,之后湖相沉积物或钙质胶结层与风成沙因不同的干湿环境而交替叠积; 局部流沙覆盖区甚至在距今7 ka前后还存在有浅湖-沼泽环境。质言之,在巴丹吉林沙漠高大沙丘的形成过程中,气候的多次波动是主要因素之一。     

中国北方农牧交错带城市扩展过程对植被净初级生产力影响研究——以呼包鄂地区为例

评价中国北方农牧交错带城市扩展过程对植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）的影响是揭示区域城市扩展过程生态效应的基础。以正在经历快速城市化的呼包鄂地区为例,基于空间分辨率为30 m的土地利用/覆盖数据,评价了该地区2000-2015 年城市扩展过程对NPP的影响。研究结果表明,呼包鄂地区城市扩展导致NPP明显增加,2000-2015 年城市扩展区域NPP均值从429.67 NDVI·PAR增加到489.71 NDVI·PAR,增加了13.97%。呼包鄂地区以城市土地占用草地为主要特征的城市扩展方式是城市扩展区域NPP增加的主要原因。     

Estimation of diffuse photosynthetically active radiation and the spatiotemporal variation analysis in China from 1981 to 2010

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is the energy source of plant photosynthesis, and the diffuse component can enhance canopy light use efficiency, thereby increasing the carbon uptake. Therefore, diffuse PAR is an important driving factor of ecosystem productivity models. In this study, we estimated the diffuse PAR of over 700 meteorological sites in China from 1981 to 2010 using an empirical model based on observational data from Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) and China Meteorology Administration. Then we derived the spatial data set of 10 km monthly diffuse PAR using ANUSPLIN software, and analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of diffuse PAR through GIS and trend analysis techniques. The results showed that: (1) The spatial patterns of annual average diffuse PAR during 1981-2010 are heterogeneous across China, lower in the northeast and higher in the west and south. The nationwide average value for 30 years ranges from 6.66 mol m^-2 d^-1 to 15.27 mol m^-2 d^-1, and the value in summer is the biggest while the value in winter is the smallest. (2) There is an evident increasing trend of annual diffuse PAR during recent 30 years, with the increasing amplitude at 0.03 mol m^-2 d^-1/10a. But a significant declining trend is shown in the first 10 years, and obvious anomalies can be seen in 1982, 1983, 1991 and 1992. And there is a downtrend in spring and an uptrend in all the other seasons. (3) The spatial distribution of temporal variation rates of diffuse PAR is inhomogeneous across the country, generally decreasing in the north and increasing in the south.     

Minority population and sustainable development in mountain regions a case study of the Tibetan inhabited region in Sichuan, China

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2000-2014年黄河源区ET时空特征及其与气候因子关系

黄河源区地处青藏高原东缘,具有独特的自然生境和丰富的自然资源,是中国西南区域经济发展的重要生态安全屏障。以MODIS ET产品作为研究黄河源区地表蒸散发（ET）的数据源,结合黄河源区内部及周边18个气象站数据、全国1∶100万植被类型图和黄河源区DEM数据,利用趋势分析、相对年际变化和相关分析法,研究2000-2014年黄河源区ET时空变化特征及不同土地利用类型下ET的变化规律,重点探讨了ET与气候因子的关系。结果表明：① 黄河源区多年ET区域分异规律明显,北部ET显著弱于中部和东南部,最强ET位于黄河源区的东南部,多年平均ET值为538.61 mm/a,距平相对变化显著,ET年际变化呈先减小后增加的趋势,平均趋势变化率为0.44 mm/a;② 年内ET呈周期性单峰变化趋势,7月达到峰值;2000-2014年黄河源区多年四季ET季节性差异明显,夏季ET最强达到188.14 mm/a,春秋季次之,冬季ET最弱仅97.15 mm/a;③ 研究时段内不同土地利用类型的ET大小表现为沼泽地>林地>草地>其他>裸地,整体上各土地利用类型的ET呈逐渐增加趋势;④ 相关分析结果表明,ET与同期气温、降水呈正相关关系,与相对湿度呈负相关关系,其中降水对ET的影响强于气温;驱动分区结果显示黄河源区ET受气候因子驱动的地区主要表现为降水驱动。