酸碱滴定法测定天然石膏中碳酸盐的不确定度评定

对酸碱滴定法测定天然石膏中碳酸盐的结果进行不确定度评定。测量过程中的不确定度主要来源于样品制备过程引入的不确定度、滴定导致的不确定度、标定NaOH标准滴定溶液和HCl标准溶液引起的不确定度及重复性实验引起的不确定度等。合成各不确定度分量,并乘以扩展因子2得到扩展不确定度。对于CO₂平均含量为8.66%（质量分数）的天然石膏样品,其扩展不确定度为0.17%。     

Seagrass development in terrigenous-influenced inner ramp settings during the middle Eocene (Urbasa–Andia Plateau,Western Pyrenees,North Spain)

Since their first occurrence in the late Cretaceous, seagrasses have played a major role in carbonate production and sedimentation across shallow-water and nearshore environments, sustaining a prolific carbonate factory and contributing to sediment accumulation through the combination of baffling and trapping effects. Most reported Palaeogene seagrass occurrences developed in oligo?mesotrophic shallow warm-water habitats and are characterized by distinct associations of small and larger benthic foraminifers adapted to low terrigenous influence. This study describes a number of seagrass episodes interbedded in the Bartonian (middle Eocene) of San Fausto–Lazkua area (Navarra region, North Spain), within a nearshore to inner-ramp succession that, in spite of being deposited under general transgressive conditions, was highly influenced by terrigenous supply from the adjacent land. Up to twelve different seagrass bed intervals occur interbedded in a cyclical manner with high-energy nearshore siliciclastics and inner ramp bioclastic carbonates rich in mesophotic?oligophotic foraminifers and heterozoan biota (red algae, echinoderms, bryozoans). Seagrass deposits exhibit typical unsorted textures, abundant bioturbation and moderate to high terrigenous content, and comprise a characteristic skeletal association of epiphytic foraminifers, red algae and, most particularly, of abundant encrusting acervulinids, commonly with distinct hooked and tubular growth forms. This abundance of suspension-feeders relative to autotrophs and mixotrophs may be indicative of temperate waters, although the taxonomic diversity of the foraminiferal assemblages in both seagrass and non-seagrass embedding deposits supports the interpretation of shallow, warm-water conditions. The studied seagrass deposits provide evidence that high siliciclastic supply and associated nutrient input may determine the occurrence of temperate-like seagrass deposits in warm-water settings, analogous to extensive heterozoan carbonate production in modern shallow-tropical environments. Thus, the identification and correct interpretation of past seagrass-vegetated environments are crucial for reconstructing palaeoecological conditions in ancient shallow-marine environments. Therefore, in comparison with carbonate-dominated environments, the mixed terrigenous?carbonate seagrass deposits are volumetrically less important, presenting a more irregular, patchy distribution, and a skeletal assemblage dominated by heterotrophs, regardless of the water temperature.     

Evidence of direct particle trapping by a tropical seagrass meadow

The capacity of seagrass canopies to directly retain sestonic particles was tested by quantifying the rate at which suspended fluorescent tracer particles were retained within a tropical Philippine seagrass meadow and by examining whether the test particles lost from the water column were later bound to seagrass leaves or inside epibionts. The particle loss rates in the presence of seagrass canopies were up to 4 times higher than those in unvegetated and plankton controls. The seagrass canopies trapped particles with a maximum rate of 0.73 (±0.24) h^?1. As much as 5% of the particles trapped by the seagrass leaves were physically adhered to the leaf surfaces following rinsing. Particles were also observed to be ingested by protozoa (ciliates and amoeba-like organisms), residing on the surface of the leaves, and may be the dominant particle trapping mechanism by seagrass leaves. These processes should provide an efficient mechanism for the transfer of planktonic production to the benthos, adding to the high organic carbon input maintained by the high production of the seagrass themselves.     

Detecting trends in seagrass abundance using aerial photograph interpretation: Problems arising with the evolution of mapping methods

In the late 1970s and early 1980s an inventory of seagrass distribution in southeast Australia was made from multiscale aerial photographs using a simple analog mapping method, referred to here as theCamera lucida technique. Four priority estuaries were remapped in 2003, also using multi-scale aerial photographs, but using a geographic information system (GIS)-based analog mapping technique. We quantified the degree of error that arose when estimates of seagrass distribution were compared for the two techniques be ressessing. with GIS, the same aerial photographs used earlier for four estuaries: Port Hacking, Bermagui River, Merimbula Lake, and St Georges Basin.Camera lucida produced a larger estimate of total seagrass area than GIS in all four locations: 8% of total seagrass area or 12.9 ha in Port Hacking, 15% or 5 ha in Bermagui River, 20% or 38.0 ha in Merimbula Lake, and 243% or 502.2 ha in St Georges Basin. The consistent and moderate discrepancy in Port Hacking, Bermagui River, and Merimbula Lake was attributed mainly to differences betweenCamera lucida and GIS, such as the tendency ofCamera lucida to overestimate seagrass area by amalgamating disjunct seagrass patches into continuous meadows. The large discrepancy at St Georges Basin was attributed to interoperator error; i.e., the operators who mapped photographs taken in 1979 had widely differing interpretations of the aerial photographs. A 20-yr trend was calculated for each estuary using either theCamera lucida or revised GIS value as the start point. Perceived management status of the seagrass depended greatly on the initial data used. In St Georges Basin, a catastrophic decline (65%, 553.9 ha) occurred based on theCamera lucida-GIS comparison but only a small decline (14.7%, 51.8 ha) when all photos were GIS assessed, In view of the technical developments in habitat mapping, evaluation of change in seagrass abundance using remote sensing needs an assessment of intra-operator error, inter-operator error, and systemic error before maps produced by superseded technology are considered useful baselines.     

Differences in the Feeding Ecology of Two Seagrass-Associated Snails

Grazing by small epifauna on live seagrass leaves was formerly viewed as unimportant in controlling plant biomass and growth, instead researchers focused on the indirect benefits of small invertebrates that crop algal competitors. Recent evidence shows that the emerald nerite Smaragdia viridis preferentially ingests seagrass leaf tissue. In contrast, the button snail Modulus modulus feeds on epiphytes and periphyton coating the leaves. We conducted laboratory microcosm and field experiments to investigate how the different feeding preferences of these seagrass-associated snails affect turtlegrass Thalassia testudinum primary production. Data revealed that after 24 h S. viridis reduced foliar biomass (25%) and chlorophyll (30%) and injured the equivalent of 50% of daily seagrass growth per shoot. Conversely, M. modulus did not affect these variables. Our results emphasize that in subtropical seagrass communities not all small epifauna browse off leaf surfaces and some can have important direct negative impacts on their seagrass host.     

Selectivity by dense populations of small invertebrates foraging among seagrass blade surfaces

Current information on feeding habits of the numerous small invertebrates concentrated among seagrass blades has been inadequate to predict basic food requirements, natural influences of these crowded animals on their shared foods, or the animals’ resulting influences on each other. Apparently detrital food webs in seagrass meadows are reported frequently, but recent data from various seagrass meadows and other environments indicate that such detritus is often refractory to digestion by microorganisms and small invertebrates. A summary of literature on natural feeding habits among common seagrass meadow invertebrates, and detailed analyses of foraging by the commonest invertebrates in NW Gulf of Mexico seagrass meadows, show various degrees of feeding selectivity for epiphytic algae. Different species of epiphytes progressing along a seagrass blade can provide a gradient of food types and abundance for detailed studies on selective feeding. For minimal disturbance to feeding behavior, remote photographic sampling coupled with microacoustic monitoring and immediate, high-resolution gut analyses enable one to compare foraging frequencies on different foods to the available areas of those foods. Such comparisons can be interpreted for evidence of selectivity when an animal forages on a food more frequently than is expected by chance movement over the available areas of food. Feeding appears to be most frequent while the various invertebrates are among epiphytic algae at night, not while they are on bottom detritus. Based on available evidence from various detrital and other food webs, an hypothesis for future research is derived in which particular ephemeral algae are generally selected over other foods, but detritus may be important insteads when particular epiphytic foods are scarce. Even when total detrital foods are common, highly selected foods may be limited among such densely populated animals as in seagrass meadows.     

Production and nutrient dynamics of aSyringodium filiforme Kütz. Seagrass bed in Indian River Lagoon,Florida

A year-long analysis of the characteristics of the seagrassSyringodium filiforme and the associated dynamics of the nutrient pool in the sediment pore water was done to assess co-variation. Changes in seagrass growth rate and standing stock throughout the year were accompanied by seasonal changes in the nutrient pools. The link between plant production and morphometrics and the sediment nutrient pool was found to be predominantly physiological, with the plant balancing the ability to photosynthesize with the nutrients needed for maintaining production. Measurements of whole plant growth for this seagrass, rather than the more typical leaf growth measurements, show that the production of new shoots and rhizome elongation for these plants represents as substantial amount of growth that usually goes unmeasured. Further, these whole plant growth measures demonstrate the rapid lateral rhizome spread of this species, exceeding one meter per plant per year. The primary cause of seasonal variation in the yearly seagrass cycle was investigated. Correlation analysis supported the hypothesis that the major factor controlling seasonal variation in this seagrass was light. During the peak growing season, however, growth was not regulated by light but by nitrogen. Depletion of the sediment ammonium pool and reduction in pore water ammonium relative to adsorbed ammonium, as well as changes in N content of seagrass leaves, support our hypothesis of peak growing season nitrogen limitation. Our results forSyringodium filiforme in terrigenous sediments are in contrast to our recent findings of phosphorus limitation in this same species occurring in carbonate sediments.     

Epiphyte-grazer relationships in seagrass meadows: Consequences for seagrass growth and production

Studies of seagrass meadows have shown that the production of algal epiphytes attached to seagrass blades approaches 20% of the seagrass production and that epiphytes are more important as food for associated fauna than are the more refractory seagrass blades. Since epiphytes may compete with seagrasses for light and water column nutrients, excessive epiphytic fouling could have serious consequences for seagrass growth. We summarize much of the literature on epiphytegrazer relationships in seagrass meadows within the context of seagrass growth and production. We also provide insights from mathematical modeling simulations of these relationships for a Chesapeake BayZostera marina meadow. Finally we focus on future research needs for more completely understanding the influences that epiphyte grazers have on seagrass production.     

名铁矿中三氧化二铝含量测定的方法研究

名铁矿试样经碱熔,直接分离铁,再酸化,中和后用六次甲基四胺沉淀铝与络合物,沉淀酸溶,用氟盐取代－EDTA容量法测定三氧化二铝。该法充分消除了铁的干扰,使滴定终点比DZG93－012（铬铁矿操作规程－氟盐取代）－EDTA容量法测定三氧化二铝）方法的滴定终点更清晰,准确,结果重现性好。     

A new method to describe seagrass habitat sampled during fisheries-independent monitoring

We explain a new method of quantifying seagrass cover and describing seagrass species composition during fisheries-independent monitoring. This new method is similar to a point-intercept method developed to estimate arboreal crown cover, but it uses an aquascope designed for shallow water. The method does not require a diver. Seagrass cover (cover ratio) distinguished different percentage cover categories in 0.25-m² seagrass plots. Estimates of species composition determined by using the new method were most similar to those obtained by using estimates of aboveground biomass. Within each 141-m² area sampled with a 21.3-m fish seine, we accurately estimated seagrass cover ratio and species composition with six observations that typically required less than 6 total minutes. Within such areas, 42 trials were conducted to evaluate the precision with which different observers estimated seagrass cover ratio and species composition. In 98% of the trials, observers attained statistically similar estimates of cover ratio, and in 100% of the trials in areas with multiple seagrass species, observers attained statistically similar estimates of species composition. We conclude that the new method provided efficient and reasonably accurate means to quantify seagrass cover and species composition.     

Impacts of seagrass habitat architecture on bivalve settlement

We investigated the effects of differing spatial scales of seagrass habitat architecture on the composition and abundance of settling bivalves in a sub-tropical seagrass community. The density of newly settled bivalves was generally greater atThalassia testudinum grass bed edge (<1 m) compared to interior portions of the bed (>10 m). Deviation from this generalized pattern occurred when high densities of newly settled tulip mussels (Modiolus americanus) were recorded from the interior of the meadow, associated with aggregations of adult mussels. Bivalve settling densities appear to reflect settlement shadows of passively delivered larvae, bedload transport of newly settled individuals from unvegetated regions, as well as gregarious settlement among adult conspecifics. We also investigated the impact of seagrass patch shape and size on settlement by using artificial seagrass units (ASU) in separate short-term and long-term experiments. We found a positive relationship between ASU perimeter and bivalve abundance, suggesting that larval encounter rates with seagrass habitat may determine initial settlement patterns. Using ASUs we also investigated the relative role seagrass epiphytes play in determining the density of settling bivalves. Results showed greater settling densities where epiphytic secondary structure was elevated compared to controls, and bivalve density was significantly greater when ASUs were fouled with a natural community of epiphytes, suggesting that both microstructure and biofilms positively influenced bivalve settlement. We conclude that structural components of seagrass habitats increase bivalve settlement at multiple spatial scales, including epiphytic micro-structure, small-scale patch shape and size, and large-scale within habitat differences.     

氧弹燃烧-电位滴定法测定煤中氯

介绍了氧弹燃烧-电位滴定法测定煤中氯离子含量的方法：将样品于加入已知量的碳酸铵溶液的氧弹内燃烧，释放出的氯被碳酸铵溶液吸收后用0．01mol／L的硝酸银标准溶液进行电位滴定。方法的检出限为0．007mg，回收率为96．4％-101．4％。用于实际样品的测定，准确度和精密度与ISO和国标方法相当，但操作简便、快捷。     

Enriched stable carbon isotopes in the pore waters of carbonate sediments dominated by seagrasses: Evidence for coupled carbonate dissolution and reprecipitation

Studies of the δ¹³C of pore water dissolved inorganic carbon (δ¹³C-DIC) were carried out in shallow water carbonate sediments of the Great Bahamas Bank (GBB) to further examine sediment-seagrass relationships and to more quantitatively describe the couplings between organic matter remineralization and sediment carbonate diagenesis. At all sites studied δ¹³C-DIC provided evidence for the dissolution of sediment carbonate mediated by metabolic CO₂ (i.e., CO₂ produced during sediment organic matter remineralization); these observations are also consistent with pore water profiles of alkalinity, total DIC and Ca²⁺ at these sites. In bare oolitic sands, isotope mass balance further indicates that the sediment organic matter undergoing remineralization is a mixture of water column detritus and seagrass material; in sediments with intermediate seagrass densities, seagrass derived material appears to be the predominant source of organic matter undergoing remineralization. However, in sediments with high seagrass densities, the pore water δ¹³C-DIC data cannot be simply explained by dissolution of sediment carbonate mediated by metabolic CO₂, regardless of the organic matter type. Rather, these results suggest that dissolution of metastable carbonate phases occurs in conjunction with reprecipitation of more stable carbonate phases. Simple closed system calculations support this suggestion, and are broadly consistent with results from more eutrophic Florida Bay sediments, where evidence of this type of carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation has also been observed. In conjunction with our previous work in the Bahamas, these observations provide further evidence for the important role that seagrasses play in mediating early diagenetic processes in tropical shallow water carbonate sediments. At the same time, when these results are compared with results from other terrigenous coastal sediments, as well as supralysoclinal carbonate-rich deep-sea sediments, they suggest that carbonate dissolution/reprecipitation may be more important than previously thought, in general, in the early diagenesis of marine sediments.     

Selection of the most appropriate method to determine the carbonate content for engineering purposes with particular regard to marls

Because of the influence of carbonates on the geotechnical properties of foundation and construction materials in civil engineering, a simple, precise, and inexpensive method of determining soil-carbonate content is needed. A large number of methods exist to determine the carbonate content in soils; but, for diverse reasons (precision (accuracy), cost, sensitivity, etc.) not all are appropriate in a civil-engineering laboratory. In the present work, different laboratory methods to determine the carbonate content in soils have been compared in order to choose the most appropriate one. The most suitable method has been selected on the basis of a number of general criteria: precision (accuracy), equipment cost, operating and maintenance costs, staff requirements, and sensitivity of the equipment. According to these general criteria, three methods can be considered suitable: flame photometry, volumetric calcimeter, and EDTA complexometry. These three methods present errors of less than 5%, involve low to medium cost, and the maintenance operations are simple. In addition, a suitability index has been defined (depending on three specific criteria: degree of precision (accuracy), level of standardization, and suitability of the operation method and type of ion analysed) which enabled the selection of the most appropriate from among the three methods. For the study, marl samples were taken from quarries used to construct the impermeable cores of three dams in the upper Guadalquivir River Basin (S Spain), as well as Standard samples were made with pure and inert calcium carbonate. Finally, it is concluded that the volumetric method (Bernard calcimeter) is the overall best technique to determine the carbonate content in civil-engineering laboratories.     

The seagrass skeletal assemblage from modern to fossil and from tropical to temperate: Insight from Maldivian and Mediterranean examples

Seagrasses are marine angiosperms that form extensive submarine meadows in the photic zone where carbonate producing biota dwell as epiphytes on the leaves or as infaunal forms, and act as prolific carbonate sediment factories. Because seagrasses have a low preservation potential and records of exceptionally well‐preserved and plant material from marine settings are rare, these palaeoenvironments are difficult to identify in the rock record. Consequently, sedimentological and palaeontological proxies are the main indicators of the presence of seagrass‐dominated ecosystems. This work investigates the skeletal assemblage of Modern (Maldivian and western Mediterranean) and fossil (Eocene; Apula and Oman carbonate platforms and Oligocene; Malta platform) seagrass examples to characterize the skeletal assemblage of modern and fossil seagrasses. Two main types of grains, calcareous algae and foraminifera, constitute around 50% of the bioclastic sediment in both tropical Maldivian and temperate Mediterranean scenarios. However, in the tropical setting they are represented by green algae (Halimeda), while in the Mediterranean they are represented by corallinacean red algae. In contrast, in the Eocene examples, the foraminifera are the most conspicuous group and the green algae are also abundant. The opposite occurs in the Maltese Chattian, which is dominated by coralline algae (mean 42%), although the foraminifera are still abundant. It is suggested to use the term foralgal to identify the seagrass skeletal assemblage. To discriminate between red algae and green algae dominance, the introduction of the prefixes ‘GA’ (green algae) and ‘RA’ (red algae) is proposed. The investigated examples provide evidence that the green algae–foralgal assemblage is typical of tropical, not excessively dense seagrass meadows, characterized by a well‐illuminated substrate to support the development and calcification of the Halimeda thallus. Contrarily, the red algae‐foralgal assemblage is typical of high density tropical to subtropical seagrass meadows which create very dense oligophotic conditions on the sea floor or in temperate settings where Halimeda cannot calcify.     

Dynamics of epiphytic photoautotrophs and heterotrophs inZostera marina (eelgrass) microcosms: Responses to nutrient enrichment and grazing

The combined effects of nutrient enrichment and grazing by isopods and amphipods on abundances of seagrass epiphytes were tested inZostera marina L. (eelgrass) microcosms. Using epifluorescence microscopy, densities of epiphytic diatoms, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic flagellates, and heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated after 1 mo and 2 mo of treatment. In general, numbers of diatoms decreased, in the presence of grazers and showed little response to nutrient enrichment, whereas numbers of cyanobacteria increased with nutrient enrichment and showed little response to grazing. Thus, macrofaunal grazing maintained a photoautotrophic community domainated by cyanobacteria, particularly under nutrient enriched conditions. Following 2 mo of treatment, dense macroalgal growth under nutrient-enriched conditins with grazers absent appeared to limit populations of both epiphytic autotrophs. Patterns of abundance of heterotrophic bacteria suggested that the original bacteria population was nutrient limited. Bacteria populations may have been limited by organic carbon supplies at the end of the experiment. Abundances of heterotrophic flagellates and bacteria were strongly correlated on both sampling dates. Results suggest that heterotrophic flagellates might serve as a link between heterotrophic bacterial production and higher trophic levels in seagrass epiphyte food webs.     

海相沉积物碳酸盐相中微量元素的分析方法研究

海相沉积物中自生沉积碳酸盐相的微量元素携带极为丰富的原始地质信息,然而海相沉积物中碳酸盐相的测定还没有建立统一的标准方法.本文以修正的Tessier七步提取流程为基础,以电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)为检测手段,针对海相沉积物碳酸盐相组分中V、Cr、Co、Ni、Sr五种微量元素建立了分级提取方法.实验以海相沉积物样品和标准物质作为参考样品,对比了NaAc和EDTA提取碳酸盐相的效果.结果表明,NaAc不能完全提取出沉积物碳酸盐相中的微量元素;EDTA可以较好地提取自生海相沉积物碳酸盐相中的微量元素,但是由于其络合能力太强还会提取有机物结合态的金属元素.本研究确定的分级提取方法是:首先用中性盐NaC1去除离子交换态,然后用提取专一性较强的焦磷酸钠(pH =10)去除有机态,再用EDTA提取仅自生海相沉积物的碳酸盐相.方法精密度(RSD)均＜5％,各元素的检出限在0.5～ 4.3 ng/g之间,回收率在88.0％ ～ 101.6％之间,方法的选择性和稳定性能够满足地球化学样品形态分析的要求.     

阴极发光在湘西北地区二叠—三叠系界线事件及地层对比中应用的尝试

本文对湘西北桑植仁村坪、小埠头和慈利江垭、黄连峪4条剖面的二叠—三叠系界线附近和上二叠统的碳酸盐岩做了系统的阴极发光测试,得出如下共同规律:（1）二叠—三叠系界线上下碳酸盐矿物发光截然不同;（2）不同时代地层阴极发光的颜色和强度有所差异。又通过电子探针、光谱分析和x射线衍射分析,说明阴极发光特征与微量元素的成分及含量有密切关系,因而认为用阴极发光方法可以做为划分、对比地层的辅助手段之一。     

Effect of Sediment Nutrient Enrichment and Grazing on Turtle Grass <Emphasis Type="Italic">Thalassia testudinum</Emphasis> in Jobos Bay,Puerto Rico

We examined the effect of nutrients and grazers on Thalassia testudinum in Jobos Bay, Puerto Rico by fertilizing sediment and manipulating grazer abundances. Bottom-up effects were variable: Added nutrients did not increase seagrass aboveground biomass, but decreased belowground biomass—perhaps as a result of less biomass being allocated to belowground structures in response to greater nutrient supply in porewater. Experimental fencing of 1.5 × 1.5 m plots provided shelter that attracted large aggregations of fish, including seagrass herbivores. Seagrass biomass and shoot density decreased with increasing abundance of herbivorous fish, indicating a significant top-down effect. There were interactions between nutrient supply, provision of shelter, and grazing pressure. Fertilization enhanced seagrass %N; however, %N also increased in unfertilized plots that were fenced, most likely due to uptake of N excreted from the large numbers of fish associated with the fences. Only plots where shelter was provided and fertilizer was applied to sediments exhibited evidence of heavy grazing, reducing both seagrass cover and aboveground biomass. In the unfertilized fenced plots, signs of grazing were fewer despite large abundances of fish and enhanced nutritional quality of seagrass leaves. This suggests the possibility that high nutrient availability in sediments lowered concentrations of chemical defense compounds in the seagrass and that cues other than %N may have been involved in stimulating grazing. This study highlights the complexity of bottom-up and top-down interactions in seagrass systems and the important role of refuge availability in shaping the relative strengths of these controls.     

DETERMINATION OF THE FORMS OF CARBON IN GEOLOGIC MATERIALS

Total carbon was determined in 30 geological reference materials by combustion/IR and combustion/coulometry methods. The combustion/coulometric method does not require empirical calibration and was found to be more precise than the combustion/IR method despite the use of smaller sample sizes. Carbonate carbon was determined by coulometric titration of acid-evolved CO₂. Non-carbonate carbon was calculated as the difference between the total and carbonate carbon contents.