Geochemistry of porewater and sulfate-reducing bacteria in sediment cores from the Chianan Plain, Taiwan

High concentrations of arsenic and humic substances in groundwater from the southwestern coastal plain of Taiwan were well known for their probable relationships with black-foot disease. In order to realize the relationships between the concentrations of humic substances and arsenic in this area, 24 well water samples were analyzed. After filtered through 0.45 μm glass fiber membrane in the field, samples were kept in the dark at 4℃ and then separated into six fractions with varying range of molecular weight （〈0.5, 0.5-1, 1-5, 5-10, 10-50 and 〉50 k Da） by ultrafiltration apparatus （Molecular/Por Stirred Cell system） in the lab. Concentrations of humic substances were measured by fluorescence spectrometer （HITACHI F-2000, ex=370, em=445） and arsenic by FIAS-AA （Perkin Elmer AAnalyst 100, FIAS-400）. On average, only 6.2% of the total arsenic in water existed in the fraction of 〉0.5 k Da. and the others were complexed with humic substances （including humic acid and fulvic acid）. The results demonstrated a distinct positive correlation between the concentrations of humic substances and arsenic.     

Combined amino acid speciation in lake sediment and porewater (Aydat Lake, France)

Dissolved and particulate fractions extracted from a lake diatom ooze were examined for individual amino acids. The study focused on combined amino acids, the predominant form in the interstitial dissolved pool (> 90%). An abundance of glycine and -alanine was observed in porewater samples of sediments both squeezed manually and gathered with in-situ dialysis (peeper). Sedimentpress squeezing and leaching of the sediment by water gave higher total quantities and different compositions (with more aliphatic and aromatic protein amino acids, -alanine being predominant). These two methods modify the original composition, presumably due to the formation of Fe-oxides and dissolution of sediment organic fractions, the alteration being aggravated if squeezing is delayed.Filtration after acidification of porewaters enabled us to distinguish two compartments: a protein-like agglutinated fraction, and a filtrate with a high glycine and -alanine content. Further division of the filtrate by adsorption on XAD or cation-exchange resins did not reveal additional fractions with different individual amino acid compositions. A link is suggested between the agglutinated fraction and the special composition of the porewaters extracted with sediment-press.Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved hydrolysable amino acids (TDHAA) ( 10 mg/l and 13 M, respectively) did not increase with depth, as opposed to dissolved inorganic carbon and volatile carbon. Amino acid-C accounted for less than 4% of DOC in porewaters.Individual amino acid compositions in the sediments were similar in all grain size fractions. Chemically extracted fractions had specific compositions: (l) organic fractions (alkali extracts and HF-insoluble residues) have a similar protein amino acid composition; (2) acid extracts have more acidic amino acids (HCI) or more glycine and non protein amino acids (BF). The similarity of amino acid compositions in the sediment HF-soluble fraction and the dissolved pool is discussed with respect to interactions between iron-silicate authigenic phases and porewaters.     

Preferential flow,diffuse flow,and perching in an interbedded fractured-rock unsaturated zone

Layers of strong geologic contrast within the unsaturated zone can control recharge and contaminant transport to underlying aquifers. Slow diffuse flow in certain geologic layers, and rapid preferential flow in others, complicates the prediction of vertical and lateral fluxes. A simple model is presented, designed to use limited geological site information to predict these critical subsurface processes in response to a sustained infiltration source. The model is developed and tested using site-specific information from the Idaho National Laboratory in the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), USA, where there are natural and anthropogenic sources of high-volume infiltration from floods, spills, leaks, wastewater disposal, retention ponds, and hydrologic field experiments. The thick unsaturated zone overlying the ESRP aquifer is a good example of a sharply stratified unsaturated zone. Sedimentary interbeds are interspersed between massive and fractured basalt units. The combination of surficial sediments, basalts, and interbeds determines the water fluxes through the variably saturated subsurface. Interbeds are generally less conductive, sometimes causing perched water to collect above them. The model successfully predicts the volume and extent of perching and approximates vertical travel times during events that generate high fluxes from the land surface. These developments are applicable to sites having a thick, geologically complex unsaturated zone of substantial thickness in which preferential and diffuse flow, and perching of percolated water, are important to contaminant transport or aquifer recharge.     

Capillary hysteresis and gravity segregation in two phase flow through porous media

We study the gravity driven flow of two fluid phases in a one dimensional homogeneous porous column when history dependence of the pressure difference between the phases (capillary pressure) is taken into account. In the hyperbolic limit, solutions of such systems satisfy the Buckley-Leverett equation with a non-monotone flux function. However, solutions for the hysteretic case do not converge to the classical solutions in the hyperbolic limit in a wide range of situations. In particular, with Riemann data as initial condition, stationary shocks become possible in addition to classical components such as shocks, rarefaction waves and constant states. We derive an admissibility criterion for the stationary shocks and outline all admissible shocks. Depending on the capillary pressure functions, flux function and the Riemann data, two cases are identified a priori for which the solution consists of a stationary shock. In the first case, the shock remains at the point where the initial condition is discontinuous. In the second case, the solution is frozen in time in at least one semi-infinite half. The predictions are verified using numerical results.

     

太原盆地孔隙地下水潜力评价

本文从地下水的利用潜力和开采潜力分析入手,包括农业灌溉节水量、污水再利用量、咸水、微咸水的利用、增加评价深度可扩大的水量几方面分析计算,在全区资源评价结果基础上,确定各地区地下水潜力系数和地下水综合潜力模数,最终得出潜力评价结果。     

平面二维水流泥沙数值模拟

基于三角形网格划分,采用有限元方法,建立了河道平面二维水流泥沙数学模型。采用质量集中的简化处理和预估校正的时间推进算法,较好地解决了有限元计算存储量和计算速度问题。以空腔流和突扩段两种情况为例对模型进行了检验计算,结果表明,模型能较好地模拟河道水流泥沙运动及河床变形情况,且计算稳定性好、速度快、精度较高。     

Simultaneous flow of water and solutes through geological membranes—I. Experimental investigation

The relative retardation by geological membranes of cations and anions generally present in subsurface waters was investigated using a high pressure and high temperature ‘filtration cell’. The solutions were forced through different clays and a disaggregated shale subjected to compaction pressures up to 9500 psi and to temperatures from 20 to 70°C.The overall efficiences measured increased with increase of exchange capacity of the material used and with decrease in concentration of the input solution. The efficiency of a given membrane increased with increasing compaction pressure but decreased slightly at higher temperatures for solutions of the same ionic concentration.The results further show that geological membranes are specific for different dissolved species. The retardation sequences varied depending on the material used and on experimental conditions. The sequences for monovalent and divalent cations at laboratory temperatures were generally as follows: Li < Na < NH₃ < K < Rb < Cs Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba.The sequences for anions at room temperature were variable, but at 70°C, the sequence was: HCO₃ < I < B < SO₄ < Cl < Br.Monovalent cations contrary to some field data were generally retarded with respect to divalent cations. The differences in the filtration ratios among the divalent cations were smaller than those between the monovalent cations. The passage rate of B, HCO₃, I and NH₃ was greatly increased at 70°C.     

振荡流底层悬沙运动的数值研究

建立了平底振荡流底层立面二维水沙数值模型,利用Smagrionsky(SGS)格子涡模型封闭二维Navier Storkes方程水流运动方程组,控制方程采用SMAC法求解。该模型能较精确地模拟振荡流底层水流流动特性,以及含沙量沿垂线分布和随相位变化的情况,且与水槽实验的实测资料基本吻合。     

水沙变异条件下的河流系统调整及其研究进展

保持河流各方面整体协调是流域开发研究的重点和必然趋势,研究水沙变异条件下河流系统的调整机理,对于河流健康的保障具有重要意义.总结分析了水沙变异与河流系统的作用特性,明确了河流系统中水文、水力、地貌、生态等方面的各种调整实际上是与系统输入特性的特定变化相联系的;回顾了对河流系统及其功能的认识过程与研究现状,展望了将来的研究趋势.     

输沙能力模式在坡面非恒定输沙过程中的应用

在坡面土壤侵蚀输沙计算中,可选用的输沙能力模式较多,但这些模式多运用于恒定输沙,在非恒定输沙中运用不多。建立了坡面土壤侵蚀非恒定输沙数学模型,模型中的输沙能力运用水流切应力、水流功率、单位水流功率3种模式,对模型过程采用有限差分格式离散求解。根据实测水沙资料进行模型参数率定,运用3种输沙能力模式于不同降雨强度、不同坡度的非恒定坡面输沙过程中。结果表明:在坡面非恒定输沙计算中,不同输沙能力模式对计算结果有明显影响,在降雨强度较小时,单位水流功率模式结果较其他两个模式为好,而在雨强较大时,切应力模式计算结果较好。     

Estimation of ecological flow requirement in Zoige Alpine Wetland of southwest China

In many vulnerable wetlands, water is the most crucial factor for sustaining human development, economic growth, as well as existence and evolution of various indigenous ecosystems. This has led to intensive competitions against limited water resources and caused a number of potentially adverse effects on local ecosystems and human society. As water demand by human activities is increasing, balancing water demands between human society and ecosystems is desired to improve economic development without causing too much disturbance on the environment and ecosystems within a wetland. In this study, a computationally efficient quantitative method was developed to calculate the ecological flow requirement (i.e., water demand by ecosystems) in an alpine wetland of western China. The proposed method was also carried out by means of remote sensing images interpretation. Through this method, variations in water demands by human beings and ecosystems could be reflected and analyzed, which would be useful in helping formulate water allocation strategies under multiple objectives such as environmental protection, economic development, and ecological conservation. The method was then applied to assess ecological flow requirements in Zoige Wetland of western China. The results indicated that to maintain the basic ecological structure and integrity of the wetlands, the minimum reserve of 6.218 billion m³/a and a suitable reserve of 6.639 billion m³/a of water would be required. Also, the application results indicated that the method is applicable and can be expanded to other similar wetlands for balancing water demands between ecosystems and human beings.     

河网非恒定水沙数学模型研究

建立了能够适用于多种情况的河网非恒定流水沙数学模型。推导提出了河网泥沙方程组的分级解法,提出了适用于河网计算的汊点分沙模式,分析和对比了多种分沙模式的适用性,对河网区域中可蓄水汊点也提出了相应的处理办法。采用汉江杜家台分蓄洪区的资料作了模型的验证和应用。     

Natural weathering of pulverized fuel ash and porewater evolution

Borehole samples of pulverized fuel ash (PFA) were taken from the unsaturated zone in a disposal mound at a decommissioned power station in the UK. The aim was to investigate the long-term natural weathering reactions of PFA and the chemical evolution of the contained porewaters.Concentrations of most species, including Al, Na, K, Ca, SO₄, B, Co, Cr, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb and Sr in the porewaters, increase with borehole depth, consistent with these elements being released from the PFA through continued weathering reactions with infiltrating porewaters. The concentration of Ba shows a near-constant value throughout the depth range investigated and this element is thought to have achieved equilibrium with respect to a sulphate phase. The Ca and S in the PFA show depletion near-surface, consistent with the higher porewater concentrations with depth. Using mass balance calculations for these two elements, approximate infiltration rates are obtained. Other elements which are depleted in near-surface samples are Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Higher concentrations, particularly of Na₂O and K₂O, in near-surface borehole samples demonstrate, however, that the ash was probably not homogeneous at the time of emplacement. Other elements in solution, such as Cl and NO₃, show peak concentrations in the depth profiles, which are thought to represent a time-dependent migration of an anthropogenic input, probably fertiliser. No significant changes were detected in the mineralogy using XRD and SEM.Porewater analyses were processed using a geochemical modelling program, WATEQ4F, to investigate equilibrium relationships and to identify potential solubility controlling solid phases. Several solid phases were identified, including Al(OH)₃ for Al, Fe(OH)₃(am) for Fe and CaSO₄.2H₂O (gypsum) for Ca and SO₄.     

水流和电解质对黏性泥沙絮凝沉降影响试验

为探索河口海岸地区水流和盐度共同作用对黏性泥沙絮凝沉降的影响,以泥沙浓度和絮团粒径为参数,采用自制的同轴旋转双筒产生运动水流和外加电解质的方法,研究6个水流强度（0 s-1、1.38 s-1、2.54 s-1、4.67 s-1、7.19 s-1、13.2 s-1和20.3 s-1）和3种电解质（NaCl、CaCl₂、AlCl₃）作用下的黏性泥沙絮凝沉降过程。试验结果表明:① 水流对黏性泥沙絮凝沉降的影响与其强度相关。低强度水流（水流强度小于4.67 s-1）表现为初期促进、中后期阻碍的规律;高强度水流则由于强水流剪切力和自上而下的紊动掺混作用始终起阻碍作用。② 电解质的存在将分别增强和减弱高、低强度水流所起作用;相同浓度下,当阳离子化合价从+1价变成+3价时,水流的影响作用更明显,尤其体现在稳定段。     

Coarse-grained sediment gravity flow facies in a large supraglacial lake

Near Williams Lake, in the central interior of British Columbia, the Fraser River exposes long sections of late Pleistocene glaciolacustrine sediments selectively preserved within a bedrock trough. The dominant facies types are thick, normally graded gravels and sands that occupy steeply dipping multistorey channels up to 300 m wide and several tens of metres deep. Channels appear to have been simultaneously cut and filled by high density turbidity currents in a glacial lake floored by stagnant ice. Fining upward sediment gravity flow sequences up to 50 m thick may be the product of quasi-continuous ‘surging’ turbidity flows triggered by catastrophic meltwater discharges into the trough or retrogressive failure of ice-cored sediments. Large-scale post-depositional deformation structures, such as synclinal folds, normal faults, sedimentary dyke swarms and dewatering structures, record gravitational foundering of sediment and pore-water expulsion caused by the melt of underlying glacier ice. Melting of buried ice masses along the floor of the trough appears to have controlled the flow paths of turbidity currents by producing sub-basins within the overlying sediment pile. An idealized model of ‘supraglacial’ lacustrine sedimentation is developed that may be applicable to other glaciated areas with similar bedrock topography.     

Effects of sheet flow rate and slope gradient on sediment load

Sheet erosion is known as one of the most important forms of erosion, particularly in agricultural land. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of flow rate and slope gradient on runoff and sediment discharges in two different soils. Experiments were conducted using a tilting flume facility with the test area of 0.2?×?1.0 m. Overall, 24 experiments on two soils (clay loam and sandy clay loam textures) including six flow rates (75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 ml/s) and two slope gradients (1.5 and 2 %) were performed. The selected flow rates and flume slopes were generated to simulate sheet erosion. The results showed that for both soils and slopes, unit flow discharge (q) and sediment concentration increased with increasing flow rate; however, the effect of slope gradient on flow discharge depends on soil type. In addition, sandy clay loam exhibited higher values of q and sediment concentration and consequently, it showed greater amounts of sediment load. At the start of event, sediment concentration was high but it decreased to approach a steady state. In addition, the time needed to reach a steady state condition was shorter for sandy clay loam than that for clay loam soil and in lower flow rates than higher flow rates. For each soil and slope, there was a direct relationship between sediment load and flow rate. The result implied that the effect of slope gradient on sediment load was almost greater in sandy clay loam soil than clay loam soil. Moreover, the differences between sediment loads of two soils are enlarged at slope 2 %.     

Microstructures of sediment flow deposits and subglacial sediments: a comparison

Microstructural analysis of glacial deposits has recently been used as a research tool to determine sediment genesis. However, the occurrence of microstructures in deposits of known origin has not been sufficiently documented, hindering our ability to confidently interpret microstructures in sediments of unknown origin. Our objective is to present a calibration study of microstructures of recent sediment flow deposits and associated sediments from the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, and to evaluate the degree of commonality with microstructures found in subglacially deformed sediments. Microstructures in sediment flow deposits can be formed as a result of sediment transport, deposition, and/or post-depositional processes, and are related to the viscosity regime of the source flow. Characteristic microstructures formed during brittle deformation include shears, faults, and brecciation; microstructures formed during ductile deformation include folds, pressure shadows, re-orientation of clasts around a 'core' stone, fine laminations, basal shear zones, imbrication, and flow fabrics. Other microstructures include fluid escape and injection structures, clast haloes, and fissility. The results of our comparison suggest that sediment flow deposits share many microstructures in common with subglacially deformed sediments.     

Late Quaternary sediment, sediment mass flow processes and slope stability on the Scotian Slope, Canada

The study area, just to the west of the Verrill Canyon on the Scotian Slope, eastern Canada, exhibits both large and small scale sediment mass movement features. Study of high resolution seismic reflection and sidescan sonar data shows that a large portion (approximately 70%) of the near surface sediment (<20 m) in the area has undergone erosion, rotational slumping and internal deformation. Remoulded sediment observed in physical properties profiles of piston cores and sediment deformation structures are further evidence of slumping. Small scale mass flow events are recorded by abundant turbidites and debris flow deposits noted in piston cores. Sediment physical properties are highly dependent on sediment type (lithofacies). Frequent facies changes, both temporally and spatially, make correlation between cores difficult. Although the small scale mass movement events correlate with glacial recession on the continental shelf and lower relative sea levels, the triggering mechanisms for the large scale events are less obvious. Slope stability analyses indicate that, at present, the seabed is stable. The most plausible explanation for large scale slope failures in this region are ground accelerations related to earthquake shock. Our analyses demonstrate that it is unlikely that large magnitude, distant earthquakes, such as those previously proposed in the Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone (LSP) model, could initiate failure of sediment in the study region. Our data support the interpretation that more frequent, lower magnitude earthquakes, closer to the study region, as previously proposed in the Eastern Slope Experimental Source Zone (ESX) model, are the likely causes of large scale slope failures. Furthermore, excess pore pressures resulting from shallow gas and/or high sedimentation rates during deglaciation contribute to slope failure.