怀安—大同一带基性麻粒岩变质反应序列与水活度

晋冀蒙三省交界的怀安－大同一带基性麻粒岩有保存完好的变质反应结构。依据岩相学特征，可在基性麻粒岩中区分出四个世代的矿物组合：①峰前阶段（Ｍ１）以包裹在石榴石或紫苏辉石中的Ｈｂ＋Ｐｌ±Ｑｚ、Ｃｐｘ＋Ｈｂ＋Ｐｌ±Ｑｚ组合为代表，Ｔ为６００℃～７００℃，Ｐ为０．７０～０．８２ＧＰａ，相应的ａＨ２Ｏ值为０．５０～０．６２；②峰期阶段（Ｍ２）以三联点结构的基质矿物为特征，组合为Ｏｐｘ＋Ｃｐｘ＋Ｈｂ＋Ｐｌ±Ｑｚ、Ｇｔ＋Ｏｐｘ＋Ｃｐｘ＋Ｈｂ＋Ｐｌ±Ｑｚ，Ｔ为７５０℃～８５０℃，Ｐ为０．８４～１．０５ＧＰａ，相应的水活度降至０．３９～０．５２；③峰后近等温减压阶段（Ｍ３）以石榴石普遍转变为Ｏｐｘ＋Ｐｌ±Ｍｔ及角闪石转变为Ｏｐｘ＋Ｃｐｘ后成合晶为特征，Ｔ为７００℃～７８０℃，Ｐ为０．５０～０．７０ＧＰａ，相应的ａＨ２Ｏ值降至０．０８～０．１１；④至降温阶段（Ｍ４），以无水矿物石榴石、辉石退变为Ｈｂ＋Ｐｌ组合为代表，Ｔ为５３０℃～６３０℃，Ｐ为０．３０～０．４２ＧＰａ，ａＨ２Ｏ值再次升至０．３７～０．４０。研究表明，矿物组合演化和所发生的（脱水）变质反应不仅受ＰＴ条件的控制，而且与体系水活度密切相关     

浙西南陈蔡群变质阶段划分及变质作用p－T－D轨迹研究

按照构造变形不同阶段变质矿物生长发育特征，浙西南陈蔡群变质作用可分为四个阶段。变质阶段Ⅰ与Ｄ＿１变形同期，变质矿物共生组合为绿泥石＋黑云母＋白云母＋斜长石＋石英，相当于绿片岩相变质；变质阶段Ⅱ发生于Ｄ＿１变形和Ｄ＿２变形之间的静态期，变质矿物共生组合为＋字石＋石榴石＋斜长石＋石英＋黑云母＋白云母，变质温度范围为士５ｌ０℃，压力为０．７ＧＰａ；变质阶段Ⅲ与Ｄ＿２变形同期或稍后，变质矿物共生组合为矽线石＋石榴石＋斜长石＋石英＋黑云母＋白云母士钾长石，变质温度范围为６００～６５０℃，压力为０．５５～０．６５ＧＰ３；变质阶段Ｎ发生在Ｄ＿３或Ｄ＿３之后，变质矿物共生组合为绿泥石＋白云母，相当于低绿片岩相变质。根据构造变形不同阶段变质温度、压力变化所建立起来的ｐ－Ｔ－Ｄ轨迹，能够用来反映浙西南陈蔡群变质作用发生的构造环境。     

安徽省大别山南部宿松杂岩变质作用研究

宿松杂岩的变质作用可分为３个阶段：早期、主期和晚期阶段。主期阶段的矿物组合在云母片岩中为石榴石＋多硅白云母＋石英＋磁铁矿±钠云母±绿帘石／黝帘石；在白云母钠长（二长）片岩和片麻岩中为石榴石＋多硅白云母＋钠长石＋石英＋绿帘石／黝帘石±冻蓝闪石；在石榴石钠长角闪岩中为石榴石＋冻蓝闪石＋钠长石＋黝帘石＋石英±钠云母±金红石／磁铁矿。根据多种地质温压计和变质反应可以推测主期变质条件为：Ｔ＝５２０℃～５８０℃，Ｐ＝１．２～１．４ＧＰａ，地热梯度为１２℃／ｋｍ，相当于高压过渡型。晚期阶段变质条件为：Ｔ＝４６０℃～４８０℃，Ｐ＝０．６～０．７ＧＰａ，为中压绿帘角闪岩相。宿松杂岩的变质条件介于其南部的蓝闪绿片岩相和北部的榴辉岩相之间，三者是扬子板块向华北板块之下俯冲到不同深度的产物。     

阜平地区麻粒岩的P－T路径研究

阜平麻粒岩分布于阜平大柳树和坊里一带的原阜平超群下亚群索家庄组花岗质片麻岩中，以不同规模的透镜体、似层状体产出、麻粒岩主要由石榴石、单斜辉石、斜方辉石、角闪石和斜长石等矿物组成，含有少量的石英。根据岩石的矿物组合和结构特征可将其变质作用演化分为四个阶段：①石榴石中的角门石、斜长石、单斜辉石等变质矿物包体代表峰前阶段；②粗粒平衡共生的角闪石、单斜辉石、石榴石、斜长石±紫苏辉石±石英等代表了峰期变质阶段；③石榴石变斑晶后生合晶反应边中外侧细粒斜方辉石、斜长石和石英集合体代表了峰后变质阶段；④后生合晶反应边中内侧角门石、斜长石等，代表了晚期退化变质阶段。这四个变质阶段演化的Ｐ－Ｔ条件依次为：峰前阶段６３６℃、０．８２４ＧＰａ，峰期阶段７５１～８３３℃、０．８５４～１．０８５ＧＰａ，峰后阶段６７０～７４０℃、０．５５～０．７０ＧＰａ，退化变质阶段６６５℃、０．７２７ＧＰａ，构成了一条顺时针的Ｐ－Ｔ路径，反映了该变质区从早期褶皱增厚到晚期构造抬升的地质动力学过程。     

滇西澜沧变质带变质作用和变形作用的关系

滇西澜沧变质带经历了两期变质变形事件，其时代分别为５１９Ｍａ和２８０～１９０Ｍａ。早期变质变形事件（Ｍ１Ｄ１）可由销长石和石榴石变斑晶的包裹体痕迹确定，形成近Ｅ－Ｗ向的变形构造格局。晚期变质变形作用（Ｍ２Ｄ２）以形成蓝片岩相矿物组合，如以蓝门石（青铝门石）＋多硅白云母＋绿泥石＋石英等为特征，并形成近Ｎ－Ｓ向的变形构造格局．钠质问石以青铝闪石和蓝闪石为主，白云母多为３Ｔ＋２Ｍ；型多硅白云母，其ｂｏ均值在９．０４０Ａ以上；蓝片岩相变质作用的Ｐ、Ｔ条件估计分别为０．６～０．７ＧＰａ和３００℃。晚期变质变形事件经历了二个主要阶段（Ｍ２ａＤ２ａ和Ｍ２ｂＤ２ｂ），分别伴随透入性面理（Ｓ２）和褶劈理（Ｓ３）的形成，蓝门石的４０Ａｒ－３９Ａｒ定年分别为２７９Ｍａ和２１４Ｍａ；Ｍ２ｃＤ２ｃ期局部受到热的扰动，以及出现大量的膝折带或宽缓褶皱。上述变质变形演化历史代表了澜沧变质带的隆升及剥蚀过程。     

大别山北部石榴二辉麻粒岩变质结构特征

通过对大别山北部石榴二辉麻粒岩中的变质结构及变质反应特征的研究,认为石榴二辉麻粒岩在变质作用过程中,经历了四个主要的变质演化作用阶段：（１）Ｓ１阶段以早期的残留矿物,并呈包体的形式产于石榴石中为特征,以Ｃｐｘ＋Ｑ（Ｃｓ）＋Ｒｕ＋Ｇｔ组合为代表,Ｔ＝６１２～７５０℃,表明石榴二辉麻粒岩曾经历过榴辉岩相阶段的变质作用;（２）Ｓ２阶段是以Ｏｐｘ＋Ｃｐｘ＋Ｇｔ＋Ａｍｐ＋Ｑ＋Ｔｉ＋Ｍｔ矿物组合为牲,其相应的Ｔ＝８３７～８８７℃,Ｐ＝１．０３～０．９５Ｇｐａ,此时的变质条件为麻粒岩相;（３）Ｓ３阶段,矿物组合为Ｃｐｘ＋Ｇｔ＋Ａｍｐ＋Ｐｌ＋Ｍｔ,Ｔ＝５３０～６６０℃,Ｐ＝０．８５～０．９５Ｇｐａ,此时的温故知新压条件代表岩石已经进入了角闪岩相阶段;和（４）晚期的低角闪岩相阶段Ｓ４,其形成的温压条件为Ｔ＝４９５℃,Ｐ＝０．５６～０．７０Ｇｐａ。     

鄂北—豫南地区榴辉岩相岩石变质作用演化特征

鄂北－豫南地区榴辉岩相变质岩石类型多样，其野外产状和岩石化学特征反映了原地变质成因。根据区域地质及榴辉岩相变质岩石的野外产状，结合榴辉岩中石榴石绿辉石的Ｆｅ２＋－Ｍｇ互换温度计所计算出的峰期变质温度，将本区榴辉岩分为两类，一类为中温榴辉岩，产于晚太古界—早元古界大别群，为Ｂ类榴辉岩，由绿帘角闪岩相岩石进变质形成。榴辉岩相变质作用分为两阶段，首先为柯石英榴辉岩相阶段，其峰期变质条件为Ｔ＝６００℃～７００℃，Ｐ＝２．７～３．０ＧＰａ，然后近等温降压，出现蓝闪石等含水矿物，为蓝闪石榴辉岩相阶段，此时水活度在榴辉岩相变质过程中起着重要作用；另一类为低温榴辉岩，产于中元古界七角山组，为Ｃ类榴辉岩，由蓝片岩相岩石进变质形成，其峰期变质条件为Ｔ＝４９０℃～５６０℃，Ｐ＜１．５ＧＰａ。中温榴辉岩与低温榴辉岩具有不同的变质作用特征。最后讨论了本区高压变质带的成因演化。     

华中高压－超高压变质富铝岩石的温压条件研究及其地质意义

华中高压－超高压变质富铝岩石为陆壳岩石经变质而成，其典型的岩石类型为蓝晶石黄玉石英岩。矿物温压计估算其ｐ－Ｔ条件为Ｔ＝７００℃，ｐ＝１．２ＧＰａ；高温高压实验结果表明，蓝晶石＋黄玉组合在Ｔ＝１０００～１２００℃，Ｐ＝３．１～３．７７ＧＰａ范围内可以稳定存在，是高压－超高压变质作用产物。在蓝晶石石英岩中发现柯石英及柯石英假象，区域上其它岩石组合也有高压－超高压变质作用的证据。变质富铝岩石为榴辉岩相变质作用产物，从而证明陆壳岩石可以经历＞２．０ＧＰａ的变质压力条件。     

浙西南陈蔡群变质阶段划分及变质作用p—T—D轨变研究

按照构造变形不同阶段变质矿物生长发育特征，浙西南陈蔡群变质作用可分为四个阶段，变质阶段Ｉ与Ｄ１变形同期，变质矿物共生组合为绿泥石＋黑云母＋白云母＋斜长石＋石英，相当于绿片岩相变质；变质阶段Ⅱ发生于Ｄ１变形和Ｄ２变形这间的静态期，变质矿物共生组合为十字石＋石榴石＋斜长石＋石英＋黑云母＋白云母，变质温度范围为±５１０℃，压力为０．７ＧＰａ；变质阶段Ⅲ与Ｄ２变形同期或稍后，变质矿物共生组合为矽线石＋石榴     

北京密云麻粒岩相区变质作用演化及PTt轨迹的研究

北京密云麻粒岩相区在早前寒武纪时期主要经历了两期变质作用。每期变质作用又可划分为三个连续的变质阶段，峰期阶段的Ｐ－Ｔ条件均达到了麻粒岩相．第一期变质作用约结束于２５００Ｍａ，具有与造山带相似的顺时针ＰＴｔ轨迹，峰期阶段Ｔ为８００～９００℃，Ｐ＝０．９８～１．０２ＧＰａ，这种轨迹主要与早期平卧褶皱和推覆构造使地壳大幅度增厚有密切关系。第二期变质作用约发生在１８００Ｍａ，ＰＴｔ轨迹为具近等压加热（ＩＢＨ）特点的顺时针轨迹，峰期阶段Ｔ为７６０～８１０℃，Ｐ为０．９６～１．０４ＧＰａ，这种轨迹与大陆地壳的拉伸作用有密切关系。     

四川会理小青山地区钠长(石)岩成因初探

笔者从岩石学、岩石化学、稀土元素地球化学特征等方面对小青山地区的钠长岩进行了初步探讨。该区的钠长岩主要受构造控制，分布于破碎带及其两侧，具有从中心到围岩的对称分带性特征。钠长岩中存在大量的交代残余结构。通过岩石化学成分和稀土元素地球化学特征，尤其是通过Q型群分析表明：该区的钠长岩化学成分复杂，且与干枚岩／板岩有一定的相关性。笔者认为该区的钠长岩为热液交代的产物，其被交代的原岩主要为古元古界的一套富含Si和Al的浅变质岩系。区内的铜(金)矿床与钠长岩的形成作用密切相关。     

四川会理小青山铜（金）矿钠长石英板岩的发现及其意义

四川会理小青山铜（金）矿区的钠长石英板岩主要由钠长石及石英组成。钠长石英板岩的化学成分中富有ＳｉＯ２,Ａｌ２Ｏ３及Ｎａ２Ｏ,贫Ｋ２Ｏ,ＦｅＯ及ＭｇＯ;稀土元素特征为：ΣＲＥＥ＝３０１３－４２．１１,ΣＣｅ／ΣＹ＝１．８０－１．９８,δＥｕ＝０．２３－０．３４,δＣｅ＝０．４８－０．５９。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.