非饱和带中非均质条件下LNAPL运移与分布特性实验研究

本文通过室内实验建立物理模型，研究非饱和带中层状非均质条件下轻非水相液体LNAPL（Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid）运移机制和分布特性。实验结果发现，介质的结构突变面改变了LNAPL的迁移模式。在LNAPL到达干湿界面以后，由于毛细水压力的作用，其入渗速度明显加快。当LNAPL迁移到夹层上界面时，纵向迁移受到阻碍。随着入渗过程的继续，污染物沿着界面产生向右横向迁移；在夹层上界面下部出现“优势流”现象，污染物由集中走向分散，随着分散块的体积不断增大，最终污染物又连接到一起，由分散走向集中；在夹层下界面附近锋面线集中在一起，说明污染物向下的纵向迁移基本停止。另外，介质的局部密实“透镜体”对LNAPL的局部迁移起到“阻滞”作用，并迫使其改变迁移路径。地下水位的变动将使污染物的产生重新分布。当地下水位降低以后，污染物产生明显的向下迁移。     

LNAPL 污染土壤介电性质的实验研究——-以石英砂为例

为研究轻非水相液体污染土壤的介电性质,在实验室条件下,利用石英砂( 粒径0. 106 ～ 0. 212 mm) 、柴油和水的混合物模拟LNAPL 污染土壤,采用开口同轴探头法利用高频电磁波( 200 MHz ～ 3 GHz) 在污染土壤中的反射获得介电常数,并分析土壤中油水体积含量变化与相对介电常数的变化规律。实验结果表明: 非饱和状态下石英砂的相对介电常数随着体积含水量和含油量的增大而增大,达到饱和状态后体积含油量的增加对相对介电常的影响不明显; 被污染的非饱和状态的砂样在放置过程中,相对介电常数随着放置时间的延长呈现先增大最后趋于稳定的变化趋势。     

LNAPL污染物及水含量对石英砂介电常数的影响

为研究LNAPL污染物及水含量对石英砂介电常数的影响,首先以石英砂模拟单一土壤环境,利用柴油和水的混合物来模拟轻非水相液体(LNAPL)污染物污染土壤,然后通过矢量网络分析仪和开口同轴探头,分析高频超宽带电磁波在土壤中的反射并计算介电常数。实验结果显示,石英砂介电常数随着体积含水量和含油量的增加而增加,直到达到饱和状态,此时石英砂介电常数趋于稳定;石英砂介电常数实测值处于极化模型和De Loor模型之间,结果与De Loor模型接近。     

A possible continuum theory for densification and liquefaction of saturated sand

A previously developed continuum theory of granular media is applied to the problems of densification and liquefaction of saturated sand. An expression for the free energy of saturated sand is developed. The process of densification of sand subjected to cyclic shear stress is studied and several expressions for an increase of the solid volume fraction are obtained and discussed. The problem of the initial liquefaction of saturated sand samples under cyclic shear stress is then considered and several criteria relating the shear stress amplitude, over-burden pressure, time to liquefaction, and physical properties of the sand sample are established. Some semiempirical relations for field applications are also presented.     

大厚度饱和砂土液化治理试验研究

饱和砂土液化地基治理是工程建设中面临的一大难题。某拟建电厂工程针对大厚度的饱和砂土液化地基,通过采用大直径振冲碎石桩复合地基的处理方法,开展了大厚度饱和砂土液化地基治理的现场试验研究。试桩施工结束后,通过采用载荷试验、超重型动力触探试验等原位测试方法,对桩间土、桩体及复合地基的承载性能、变形参数及液化处理效果进行了评价和分析,取得了大量可靠的试验数据,对类似工程具有一定的参考价值     

强夯砂土桩复合地基承载力的试验研究

借鉴砂井法加固粘性土地基的机理, 提出了用强夯砂土桩法加固饱和粉质粘土地基, 对某工程试夯区进行的现场试验表明,不仅砂土桩本身密实性好、强度高, 而且桩间土的物理力学性能也得到了很好的改善, 复合地基承载力得到了大幅提高。工程应用结果也证实加固效果显著。     

饱和砂土动静力特性的网格自适应数值模拟

在有限元数值计算平台上,建立了一套基于后验误差评估和Delaunay三角剖分的网格自适应方案,针对饱和砂土静力受压和地震液化的特性进行模拟。验证了超收敛单元片回归（SPR）误差评估中原用于四边形单元的双线性回归函数在用于三角形单元网格时的适用性和可靠性;在饱和砂土动、静力算例中,网格自适应计算获得的变形、应变、超孔压比等的变化规律与常规有限元结果趋势一致。随着网格的再生成,参考点的位移和全域的平均相对误差逼近精确值。对于初始网格,讨论了合理的自适应程度并应用于地震液化的自适应数值模拟中,也对Delaunay三角剖分实施了一些改进。最终证明该自适应方案在提高计算效率的同时,亦可以保证计算所需的精准度。     

不同围压下饱和砂土不排水循环扭剪试验研究

利用河海大学与日本圆井株式会社共同研制的一种新型的多功能静动三轴仪进行了不排水循环扭剪试验。通过对空心圆柱体试样的动力扭剪不排水试验研究了相同相对密度在不同固结围压下的动力不排水响应。试验初步研究了通过用初始有效平均正应力归一化的有效应力路径,归一化有效应力路径有很好的一致性。如果保持相同的剪应力比,由初始有效平均正应力归一化的有效应力路径不受初始有效平均正应力的影响。     

Analysis of liquefaction susceptibility of nearly saturated sands

A new constitutive formulation for simulating the behaviour of nearly saturated sands under seismic loads is presented. The formulation is based on combining the Henry's law for dissolution of gas in water, the ideal or perfect gas law and the law of conservation of mass. The effects of transient air dissolution in water on the compressibility of partially saturated soils are also taken into account. The model was calibrated based on numerical simulations of isotropically consolidated cyclic triaxial tests conducted on partially saturated samples of Toyoura sand. A multi‐yield plasticity soil constitutive model implemented in the finite element code DYNAFLOW was used for these numerical simulations. It is shown that the formulation proposed here is able to reasonably predict the soil cyclic undrained behaviour at various degrees of saturation (95% and higher). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

饱和砂土地基中吸力式桶形基础水平承载力研究

吸力式桶形基础不仅承受着上部结构及自身所引起的竖向荷载,还受到波浪、海流、海风等引起的水平荷载作用,在高纬度海域冬季还可能受到海冰的长时间挤压作用。利用三维有限元模型,研究饱和排水砂土条件下吸力式桶形基础的水平极限承载力和失稳模式,分析缓慢施加水平荷载时吸力式桶形基础失稳破坏机制,探讨不同长径比的桶形基础承载性能,研究桶体内外壁土压力分布情况和转动轴位置,并根据极限平衡解法,推导出饱和砂土地基桶形基础水平极限承载力计算公式。研究结果可为砂土地基条件下的吸力式桶形基础的设计提供参考。     

基于图像测量的饱和细砂排水剪切试验研究

将计算机数字图像测量技术应用于土工静力三轴试验的土样变形测量,实现了土样变形的非接触测量。针对南宁饱和细砂,采用干装敲击法和控制不同初始成样含水率的湿装夯实法制备松砂和密砂试样,联合采用数字图像测量技术与常规三轴变形量测方法,在不同围压下进行了固结排水剪切试验。着重探讨了成样方法、初始成样含水率、密实程度、固结围压对两种量测方法所获得的应力-应变关系与邓肯-张模型中的切线模量5参数的影响。试验结果表明：成样方法、初始成样含水率、密实程度和围压决定土样的剪切破坏形式,影响应力-应变关系;剪切破坏的形式以及剪切带位置的不同,导致图像测量和常规三轴试验获得的轴向应变和偏应力数值均存在不同程度的差异;邓肯-张模型5参数不仅受到试样的成样方法、初始成样含水率、密实程度的影响,而且受到量测方法的影响。     

饱和悬浮塑料砂流动变形可视环剪试验研究

为了分析剪切条件下零有效应力状态砂土的流动变形规律,对传统环剪仪进行了试样可视化改造,研制了透明环形剪切盒,通过对剪切盒膨胀性能分析及与标准砂的剪切试验对比,验证了环剪装置改造的合理性。通过分析不排水条件下饱和悬浮塑料砂的剪应力-应变曲线,发现其剪切强度具有应变软化的特性。通过分析环剪仪中饱和悬浮塑料砂试样的有效应力,证实了可视环剪试验中的土体基本处于零有效应力状态。开展了饱和悬浮塑料砂的流动变形可视环剪试验研究,结果表明：饱和悬浮塑料砂在固结不排水条件下剪切变形不连续,直接在剪切面发生断裂;在不固结不排水的条件下饱和悬浮塑料砂的剪切变形表现出流动形态,且与剪切速率有关：在低剪切速率下,剪切变形仅在剪切面处形成具有曲线轨迹的流动变形而在其他区域不发生变形;而在高剪切速率下剪切变形为整体的倾斜变形,符合黏性流体的流动变形特征。     

偏应力比和应力主轴偏转角同时变化下饱和砂土变形特性研究

利用空心圆柱扭剪仪对饱和砂土进行了应力主轴固定和偏应力比增大（即定向剪切）、偏应力比不变和应力主轴单调旋转（即纯应力主轴单调旋转）、偏应力比和应力主轴偏转角同时增加、偏应力比和应力主轴偏转角分段增加4个系列的排水剪切试验,着重分析不同应力路径下饱和砂土的变形特性及主应力和主应变增量方向变化规律。试验结果表明,纯应力主轴单调旋转下,主应力增量方向在45°～135°范围内变化,主应变增量方向逐渐偏向主应力方向;偏应力比和应力主轴偏转角同时增加下,砂土变形不断增大,当主应力增量方向 45°时,主应变增量方向与主应力增量方向基本一致,但当 45°时,主应变增量方向逐渐偏离主应力增量方向。当应力状态在偏应力比 0.75、应力主轴偏转角 45°范围内时,体应变、最大剪应变与应力路径无关,且后期纯应力主轴旋转下砂土变形不受前期加载历史的影响。     

饱和砂土的剪切波速与其抗液化强度关系研究

根据饱和砂土剪切波速与其抗液化强度的相关性原理,利用剪切波速与振动三轴联合实验装置,进行了控制饱和砂土初始剪切波速的振动液化实验,依据实验结果建立了剪切波速与抗液化强度的定量关系。最后用现场勘查数据对此定量关系进行验证,结果表明：该关系式对实际 66 个未液化地点的判别准确率达到 81.2 %;对 108 个实际液化地点的判别准确率达到 62.8 %;平均判别准确率达到 69.5 %。     

Vertical impulse measurements of mines buried in saturated sand

The ultimate aim of our overall task, of which the effort described in this paper is a part, is to be able to model the impulsive output of buried charges and the response of targets of interest. It is not practical or cost-effective to determine the response of all targets of interest to buried charges of all sizes by testing them. In order to have confidence in our models, however, they must be validated by a modest number of tests. A critical element in modelling the response of a target is the ability to model the loading function. The load a buried charge applies to a target above it when the charge detonates can be characterized in terms of the vertical impulse. The vertical impulse is a function of the size of the charge, its depth of burial, and the properties of the soil in which it is buried. The primary objective of the effort described in this paper is to determine the load a known charge places on a non-responding target so the data can be used to validate our models.

For model validation, a large number of detonator-scale experiments have been conducted by the University of Maryland (Fourney et al. [1]). It was also necessary to conduct a modest number of experiments at a larger scale, nine in total, to ensure that the results of the detonator-scale tests can be satisfactorily scaled up. Of the nine large-scale experiments conducted, seven were conducted with 5 or 10 lb cast TNT charges. All experiments were conducted in sand that was as nearly fully water-saturated as possible. The objective of the experiments was to determine the vertical impulse applied to a non-deforming target plate above the charge.

The large-scale experiments were conducted using the Vertical Impulse Measurement Fixture (VIMF) at the Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD. The VIMF is a unique facility that has been designed specifically to measure accurately the vertical impulse from buried charges weighing up to 8 kg.

This paper describes the VIMF and its instrumentation, test methods and test results. The results obtained demonstrate that in some cases, when the soil is saturated sand, explosive 'bubble' effects similar to those encountered in shallow water are encountered.     

饱和黄土的性质与非饱和黄土流变模型

对西安地区相关数据统计分析，把西安市饱和黄土、软黄土的工程性质与一般黄土进行详细对比，指出它们之间的工程性质差异。同时重点介绍推导非饱和黄土加载体积流变模型过程以及模型的适用条件，对该模型的应用作了分析。     

饱和粉土冻结过程中的水分迁移试验研究

改变边界温度和土样高度,对饱和粉土进行了冻结试验,研究其水分迁移、水分重分布、冻胀和冰透镜体的发展规律。试验结果表明：当温度稳定时,水分持续迁移到冻结锋面附近,含水率急剧增大,易形成冰透镜体。饱和粉土冰透镜体几何形态较为规则,无枝状交叉结构,已冻土为整体状且无网状裂隙。冻结过程中存在起始冻胀时间,在起始冻胀时间之前,土中水分被排出,冻胀发生之后水分补给到冻土中,且补给水分产生的冻胀量和总冻胀量数值接近。土样高度影响水分迁移量和冻胀量,土样越高,冻胀量越小,冻土含水率增量越小,但水分增量分布区域越分散,且起始冻胀时间越长。     

Experimental study on characteristics of pore water conversion during methane hydrates formation in unsaturated sand

Understanding the pore water conversion characteristics during hydrate formation in porous media is important to study the accumulation mechanism of marine gas hydrate. In this study, low-field NMR was used to study the pore water conversion characteristics during methane hydrate formation in unsaturated sand samples. Results show that the signal intensity of T₂ distribution isn’t affected by sediment type and pore pressure, but is affected by temperature. The increase in the pressure of hydrogen-containing gas can cause the increase in the signal intensity of T₂ distribution. The heterogeneity of pore structure is aggravated due to the hydrate formation in porous media. The water conversion rate fluctuates during the hydrate formation. The sand size affects the water conversion ratio and rate by affecting the specific surface of sand in unsaturated porous media. For the fine sand sample, the large specific surface causes a large gas-water contact area resulting in a higher water conversion rate, but causes a large water-sand contact area resulting in a low water conversion ratio (C_w=96.2%). The clay can reduce the water conversion rate and ratio, especially montmorillonite (C_w=95.8%). The crystal layer of montmorillonite affects the pore water conversion characteristics by hindering the conversion of interlayer water.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

微生物沉积碳酸钙固化珊瑚砂的试验研究

向珊瑚砂中注入巴斯德芽孢杆菌菌液、氯化钙和尿素的混合液,利用微生物沉积碳酸钙固化珊瑚砂;并对珊瑚砂固化体进行了渗透、强度及微观结构等试验。试验结果表明,巴斯德芽孢杆菌的活性随时间呈衰减趋势,但衰减速度缓慢,能较好地满足珊瑚砂固化的需要。随着菌液、氯化钙和尿素的混合液注入次数的增加,珊瑚砂柱渗透性逐步降低,最终渗透性降低了1～2个数量级。微生物固化后的珊瑚砂柱应力-应变曲线大致可分为3段,即应力随应变缓慢增加段、快速增加段以及突降段。试样发生压裂脆性破坏,无侧限抗压强度最高达到14 MPa左右。抗压强度随干密度增加而增大,随渗透性降低而增大。微生物固化后珊瑚砂颗粒被生成的碳酸钙完整的包裹,孔隙间极少见生成的碳酸钙,与普通硅砂微生物固化后的微观结构不同,较好地解释了渗透性降低不多的原因。