星载海洋高度计海面回波信号的统计特性分析

论文首先从理论上简要阐述了星载海洋高度计海面回波的散射机理和回波信号后向散射模型;其后,利用Matlab数学工具,通过对我国＂神州四号＂飞船下传的大量高度计观测数据进行IQ采样数据提取、数据处理以及统计分析,进行了星载海洋高度计海面回波信号的统计特性分析与研究.     

利用海骚回波推测海面风浪

本文根据我国海岸雷达的实际情况,提出了直接测量海骚回波强度和直接测定海骚回波最大距离的方法,并利用实测资料,建立了最大风速与海骚回波最大距离的相关关系式及海骚回波最大距离与海面风浪关系曲线。     

近海海面上晴空回波的雷达观测

一、前言 近十几年来世界各地对晴空回波的观测，都有了进一步的分析和解释，虽然，他们所观测的晴空回波出现的空间各有不同，除个别是由于鸟与昆虫散射而来的回波外，基本上都是由于大气折射率的不均匀分布而引起的。我们在青岛近海的紧贴海表面大气中观测到几种晴空回波；它们虽然在表现形式上有所不同，但其来源根据目测和雷达观测的结果来看，证实是同出一辙。在下面就其中一种形式初步地加以分析和介绍。     

青岛近海海面上的一种雷达回波

在青岛的近海海面上，使用设置在岸边的711雷达(图1)，发现了一种雷达回波。回波是在一定的条件和情况下出现的，在出现回波的时间里，海面上及贴近海面的大气中，除船只，浮标以及海面上的小岛屿外，不见其他异物(包括鸟、虫群等)。当时的天气晴、暖而干燥。     

神舟四号高度计波形数据预处理和信息提取

神舟四号(SZ-4)高度计在国内首次提供了星载雷达高度计回波波形数据.本文中作者分析了SZ-4高度计回波波形的特点,完成波形数据的预处理,并在此基础上完成初步的信息提取.在数据预处理方面,通过SZ-4高度计水陆边界处波形的特点,提出了波形最大幅度控制的方法,筛选回波波形.在波形归一化处理过程中,发现SZ-4高度计波形中存在双峰现象,并指出第二个峰为异常波形区.在波形信息提取方面,利用波形重新跟踪得到的半功率点计算出SZ-4高度计高度跟踪补偿误差,并根据高度计天线指向角和回波波形下降沿斜率之间的关系,从波形后沿提取天线指向角信息.分析结果表明,SZ-4高度计天线指向比较平稳,而跟踪补偿由于变化较大,在计算海面高度时,应作为一项误差源被考虑到.     

基于HY-2卫星高度计机载校飞数据的有效波高信息提取及初步分析

利用HY-2卫星雷达高度计校飞数据,开展了有效波高信息提取及精度比对研究。首先对其进行波形筛选、1s平均和去噪,然后基于Hayne海面回波模型进行波形拟合,提取出波高均方根并得到有效波高,并与浮标和同轨迹的Jason-1卫星高度计有效波高进行了比较。结果表明,本次校飞其高度计测波精度存在系统偏差,初步分析可能是其数据未经仪器校正等原因导致。     

高度卫星定轨精度对其测高精度数据在海洋应用中的影响

卫星测高术是７０年代发展起来的一项新技术，到目前为止国外已陆续发射了七颗载有高度计的卫星，高度计卫星定轨的精度对测高数据的应用有很大影响，本文概述了卫星高度计测高数据在海洋应用上的一些结果、影响轨道的因素、测轨方法和轨道精校正方法，最后根据现有卫星轨道校正数据得到卫星轨道误差与校正精度的关系式，据此分析了轨道计算误差地卫星高度计测高数据在海洋应用中的影响。     

基于贝叶斯分类器的多普勒天气雷达海浪回波识别和效果检验

为了提升雷达数据质量，减少海浪回波对临近预报和数值天气预报模式的雷达数据同化的不利影响，因此需要对海浪回波进行识别和去除。识别算法主要为统计获得先验概率，分析海浪和降水回波特征分布得到似然函数，再经过贝叶斯分类器来达到识别的目的。在本次算法识别过程中65个样本数据试验的临界成功指数I_CS达到了0.692，结果表明利用贝叶斯分类器对海浪回波的识别，具有较好的识别效果，能一定程度降低海浪回波误判为降水回波的错误，提高雷达数据质量。     

机载雷达高度计对海况及海面风速的测量研究

运用我国自行研制的ＺＨＧ－１型Ｘ波段机载雷达高度计于１９９５年４月１３日－４月１８日在青岛附近海域进行的海上飞行实验数据，及导出的均方根波高、有效波高、均方根波陡算法模型，得到了上述海况参数值。     

中国近岸海域高度计JASON-1测量数据的波形重构算法研究

卫星雷达高度计的测量数据目前已被广泛应用于各个领域,但高度计在近海的测量数据却一直不可用,一方面是因为高度计在近岸海域的回波波形测量受陆地回波的影响,另一方面是因为一些校正量对近海不准确,如大气湿对流层校正、海洋潮汐校正以及大气高频因数校正等。通过对高度计在近海测量的回波波形进行重构处理,可以缩短近海数据不可用的距离,提高数据的数量和质量。以我国海域及邻近海域(14°~45°N,105°~130°E)为研究区域,采用四种波形重构算法(海洋算法、重力中心偏离算法、冰层算法二和阈值算法)对JASON-1高度计1 a共31个周期的测量波形重新进行了计算,比较了轨道交叉点处升轨和降轨的海面高度异常值以及海面高度值与验潮站的实测水位,结果表明重力中心偏离法比其他三种算法更适合我国近海的测高波形重构:计算结果精度最高,有效数目最多。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.