藏高珠穆朗玛峰地区三叠系层序地层及沉积演化：—从陆表海盆地到裂谷盆地

珠峰地区的三叠系形成于大陆拉伸背景。自下而上可划分为12个三级沉积层序和5个层序组，分属于2个中层序。发生在Induan阶初期（约250Ma)，Anisian阶早期（约239Ma),Carnian阶初期（约231Ma）和Norian早期（约223Ma)的4个海侵事件最为重要。可作跨越板块的地层对比标志。藏南地区在三叠纪经历了从泛大陆到大陆裂谷的构造演化，早一中三叠世以陆表海盆地浅水环境为主，晚三叠世以深水断陷盆地为特征。晚三叠世晚期，与长期全球海平面下降相伴随，过量的陆源碎屑输入造成该地区由深水盆地转为河流作用明显的三角洲平原环境。     

全新世长江三角洲地区的海进海退层序

现代三角洲地区海进海退是经常发生的,引起的原因是多方面的。本文根据500多个钻孔资料的分析对比,着重讨论全新世长江三角洲海进海退层序的特点,发育过程和控制因素。     

Facies control of strata-bound ore deposits in carbonate rocks: The F-(Pb-Zn) deposits in the Alpine Triassic of the Alpujárrides,southern Spain

The strata-bound fluorite-(barite-)Pb-Zn ore deposits occurring within the more than 3,000 m thick Alpujárride Carbonate Formation of the Betic Cordillera, southern Spain, are linked to two defined stratigraphic positions (within the Anisian and at the Ladinian-Carnian transition) and to definite sedimentary contexts. These are highly restricted lagoons isolated from the open sea by calcarenitic barriers with noticeable development of algal mats in their inner margins. Preevaporitic deposition conditions are usually recognized. The ore-bearing horizons are located either at the transition from evaporitic to normal marine deposition (as in the case of the Anisian ore-bearing horizon) or at the transition from normal marine to evaporite deposition (as in the case of the uppermost Ladinian to lowermost Carnian ore-bearing horizon). These vertical facies changes correspond also to the transitions from predominantly terrigenous (continental and/or coastal) sedimentation to marine carbonate sedimentation (Anisian ore deposits) and vice versa (upper Ladinian-lower Carnian). It is proposed that the ore deposits in the Triassic Alpujárride Formation are controlled by certain facies associations in the lagoonal environment. The depositional environment determines the hydrologic regimes responsible for early diagenetic formation of fluorite and of the related ore minerals in a way similar to that of early-diagenetic dolomite. This hypothesis is consistent with field and petrographic observations and with available geochemical and itotopic data reported in other works. The present investigation intends to underline the role played by surface-linked ore formation processes, i.e., by ore-forming processes essentially linked to the environments in which sedimentation and early diagenesis takes place, in the genesis of numerous strata-bound Zn-Pb-(F-Ba) ore deposits in carbonate rocks.     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组层序地层格架研究——兼论陆表海沉积作用和早期成岩作用对相对海平面变化的响应

在论述马家沟组三级层序地层成因的基础上,重新厘定了鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组层序地层格架。马家沟组马一段至马五段划分为4个三级层序,除了Sq1为Ⅰ型层序之外,Sq2、Sq3、Sq4都是Ⅱ型层序。在陆架内Sq1和Sq4由TST和HST构成;Sq2、Sq3由TST、HST和ISLST构成。TST以正常盐度浅海中形成的生物灰岩和泥晶灰岩为特征,HST以准同生期近地表的略为咸化海水成因的泥晶—细粉晶白云岩为特征,陆架内低水位体系域(ISLST)由陆架内盐湖形成的巨厚的蒸发岩系构成。ISLST和HST在空间分布上和成因上是密切相关的,ISLST置于Ⅱ型层序的顶部或者近顶部比较合理。传统的层序地层学将层序界面置于高水位体系域与低水位体系域之间,在此建议将层序界面置于低水位体系域与海侵体系域之间的海侵面。编制了层序3的海侵体系域、高水位体系域、低水位体系域全盆地层序古地理略图。     

The Sedimentary Sequence and Palaeogeographic Changes of the South Yellow Sea Since the Olauvai Subchron1

Abstract According to the alternation of terrestrial beds and transgressive beds, the sedimentary sequence of the South Yellow Sea since the Olduvai subchron can be divided into 15 strdatigraphical intervals. According to the facies analysis, there are 7 transgressive beds an one bed with transgression marks, and classical transgressive-regressive facies sequence also appears in the major transgressive beds. Palaeogeographic evolution in the shelf area involved 4 periods: (1) 1.70-0.5 Ma B. P. was the stage for the development of the Palaeo-Yangtze River alluvial plain and delta. Tide influenced-river channel sediments formed during the Olduvai have been found in borehole QC2. The river mouth was located near 124° E and during the transgressive stage from 0.97-0.73 Ma B.P. to the east of 122.2° E, a large-scale undersea delta was formed. In the regressive stage, the shelf area became an alluvial plain. (2) 0.50-0.75 Ma B.P. was a multi-transgressive fluctuation stage during which 3 transgressive beds (HVI, HV, HIV)developed, being dated as 0.50-0.30 Ma B.P., 0.27-0.20 Ma B.P. and 127-75 Ka B.P. respectively, with the extent of transgression increasing gradually. Influenced by southeast monsoons, the eastern China continent began to have a larger moisture source. (3) 75–14 Ka B.P. was the lower sea-level stage during the last glacial period. The downcuttihg depth of rivers was up to -133 m. The palaeo-Yangtze River system flowed northeastwards into the Sea of Japan through the Sea of Japan through the Tsushima and Korean Straits. The interfluvial area became an eroded, weathered high land. In the cores, two short-lived, relatively high sea-level stages were recorded, corresponding to two interstades in the last glacial period. (4) The period since 14 Ka B.P. is the stage for “Holocene transgression” and the development of the Yellow River-Huaihe River delta. Before 14 Ka the sea level rose to -68 m, and before 11 Ka to -50 m, and the sea-level was once at a standstill or slightly got down, which is coincident with the Younger Dryas event. The Yellow River-Huaihe River delta developed on transgressive bed HI and consists of the superimpositions of 6 deltaic complexes.     

Permian and Triassic Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea Level Changes of Eastern Yangtze Platform

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四川盆地东北部中二叠统层序地层特征

本文以野外露头观察及录井、测井、地震、古生物等资料为基础,通过岩石地层、测井地层及生物地层等的综合分析,在四川盆地东北部中二叠统地层中识别出4种类型的层序界面:隆升侵蚀不整合面、暴露层序不整合面、海侵上超不整合面及岩性岩相转换面。划分了3个三级层序:SQ1对应梁山组和栖霞组,时限约7Ma;SQ2对应茅口组一段,时限约3Ma;SQ3对应茅口组二段-三段,时限约5Ma。三级层序的平均时限约5Ma。同时,分析了层序对储层的控制作用,其主要体现在两个方面:层序控制了沉积相,影响了储层原生孔隙的发育;碳酸盐岩的发育受三级层序海平面升降控制,优质储层明显受控于海退半旋回。     

New radiolarian biostratigraphic age constraints on Middle Triassic basalts and radiolarites from the Inner Hellenides (Northern Pindos and Othris Mountains, Northern Greece) and their implications for the geodynamic evolution of the early Mesozoic Neotethys

The Avdella Mélange in the northern Pindos Mountains and its equivalent formation, the Loggitsion Unit in the Othris Mountains expose early Mesozoic (Mid-Late Triassic) oceanic fragments beneath the Western Greek Ophiolite Belt of the Inner Hellenides, Northern Greece. The mélange consists of locally interfingering blocks and slices of ribbon radiolarite, radiolarian chert and pillow basalt and is usually overthrust by Jurassic ophiolites. New Middle and Upper Triassic radiolarian biostratigraphic data are presented from radiolarites and basalt-radiolarite sequences within mélange blocks. Pillow basalts associated with the radiolarites provide clues to the opening of the Neotethyan ocean basin. The radiolarians indicate a Middle Triassic age (latest Anisian, probably early Illyrian), which is documented for the first time in the northern Pindos Mountains. The new radiolarian biostratigraphic data suggest that rift-type basalt volcanism already began in pre-Ladinian time (late Scythian?—Anisian). These basalts were then overlain by Upper Anisian to Carnian (?Norian) radiolarites.     

特提斯喜马拉雅白垩纪层序地层分析

白垩纪是新特提斯演化过程中一个极其重要的阶段，其沉积蕴涵着新特提斯早期演变的丰富信息。在对典型剖面进行层序地层分析的基础上，结合前人的研究成果，笔者分别对特提斯喜马拉雅沉积带南、北两亚带白垩系进行较为详细的露头层序地层学研究，在沉积南带识别出为24个三级层序、5个层序组(亚二级层序)、2个二级层序(中层序)，在北亚带识别出22个三级层序、5个层序组(亚二级层序)、2个二级层序(中层序)。特提斯喜马拉雅早白垩世层序地层总体表现为海进的退积序列，反映了特提斯洋壳的扩张阶段；晚白垩世层序地层总体表现为海退的进积序列，反映了特提斯洋盆地持续收缩和长期海平面逐步下降的过程，应是洋壳俯冲阶段的产物。整个白垩纪显示出一次极其明显的海水进退旋回，是特提斯洋从扩张到收缩这一演化过程的客观反映。由对层序特征、沉积特征及古生物特征等的分析所得出的特提斯喜马拉雅在白垩纪的海水进退规程，与同期的全球海平面的变化基本一致。     

层序地层学研究进展

近代沉积地质学研究的对象和目的早已超越了沉积岩石学、相分析和沉积环境演替的经典研究，而是把发生沉积作用的堆积场所──盆地．放在全球沉积地壳演化的时空坐标上，通过正负沉积记录寻求有成因联系的沉积和构造综合体在地质历史中各种事件的铸记，恢复它在全球古板块和古地理的位置．进而探索沉积地壳演化和地球起源的证据。在科学技术高速发展的今天．地学领域也具有明显的时代特征：一是地质学中各学科的专业化、计算机化和定量化；另一特征则是多学科的渗透化。其中层序地层学研究在近代地学领域中具有里程碑意义的重大进展是追踪对比全球沉积记录和全球古地理再造的重要研究途径。     

Triassic ammonoids of Northeast Asia: Diversity and evolutionary stages

The history of Triassic ammonoids in the Siberian Province of the Boreal Paleobiogeographic Realm is recorded in detail in sections of Northeast Asia. In this region there are known at present 123 Triassic ammonoid genera of 41 family and 3 orders. Six stages and 14 substages are defined based on main levels of taxonomic restructuring of Triassic ammonoids, changes in their genera and families diversity, and changes in percentage of endemic and cosmopolitan taxa in assemblages. Each stage and substage is characterized by individual taxonomic composition of ammonoids, dominant groups, trends of changes in taxonomic diversity, and percentages of endemic and cosmopolitan taxa. Boundaries of ammonoid evolution stages coincide as a rule with boundaries of series and stages, whereas boundaries of evolutionary substages match those of substages. In the history of Triassic ammonoids of Northeast Asia, the periods of a rather monotonous fauna represented mainly by cosmopolitan or panboreal taxa (early Induan, early Olenekian, early Anisian, late Anisian, early Carnian, early and middle Norian) alternated with periods, typical of which were higher rates of taxa origination and endemism of ammonoids (late Induan, late Olenekian, middle Anisian, Ladinian, late Carnian). Changing degree of cosmopolitism and endemism of Triassic ammonoid faunas from Northeast Asia is shown to be connected with global eustatic sea-level fluctuations and climatic changes.     

苏南地区三叠纪地层格架

根据关键界面识别,苏南地区三叠纪地层可划分为3个层序。时限分别为早三叠世印度期、早三叠世奥伦期—中三叠世安尼期、中三叠世拉丁期—晚三叠世卡尼期。岩相和地层结构分析表明,本区存在碳酸盐缓坡沉积、镶边碳酸盐台地沉积、碳酸盐潮坪—泻湖沉积、陆缘近海湖泊沉积、湖泊—沼泽沉积等5个沉积体系。经历了3次海平面升降     

内蒙古东部陆西凹陷中北部上侏罗统层序地层格架及体系域特征分析

对内蒙古东部开鲁盆地陆西凹陷地质和地球物理资料的综合研究表明，上侏罗统沉积以温湿气候条件下的粉、细砂岩及泥岩为特征，其沉积序列可以被划分成周期为3-5 Ma的5个沉积层序，各沉积层序之间均为不整合面或与之相关的整合面。沉积层序格架和构型主要受控于构造活动、气候和物源供给。各沉积层序的展布也受盆地结构和断裂差异活动的影响，表现出南厚北薄的地层展布特征。由于在马北斜坡存在地形或断裂坡折带，故可将一个沉积层序细分成低位、湖侵和高位体系域。在明确首次和最大湖泛面基本特征的基础上，重点叙述了层序B低位、湖侵和高位体系域的近岸水下扇、扇三角洲等沉积体系特征和层序构型主控因素。对有利烃源岩、储层和盖层等成藏基本条件进行分析后，指出层序C西绍根断层下降盘的近岸水下扇和位于坡折带之下的浊积扇是寻找岩性圈闭的有利地区。     

Triassic Sequence Stratigraphy and Sea-Level Changes in Qomolongma Area, Southern Tibet,China: From Epicontinental Sea to Rift Basin

INTRODUCTIONThe Qomolongm a area was paleogeographically situatedon the northern margin of the Indian plate and was part of theGondwana continent in the Mesozoic.In the latest MiddlePermian(late Capitanian) due to the formation of the Pangeasupercontinent,the area was uplifted significantly,resultingin an overall regression and an eminentdisconformity atca2 5 8Ma.During mosttim e of the L ate Perm ian,the Qomolongm aarea was subject to erosion and free of deposit (Shi et al.,1996 ;L …     

扬子地台西南缘早三叠世层序地层格架

扬子地台西南缘早三叠世地层被划分为4个沉积层序。通过综合研究已取得的牙形石生物地层资料,与Haq等人提出的三叠纪牙形石生物时带进行了对比,初步定出了各沉积层序及体系域的界面年龄(层序1底界年龄251Ma;层序2底界年龄245.2Ma;层序3底界年龄243Ma;层序4底界年龄240.5Ma,顶界年龄239.4Ma),从而建立了区内分辨率较高的早三叠世地层格架。格架中层序组合特征在碳酸盐岩台地边缘显示得非常清楚,其中,层序1-层序2高水位体系域的台地边缘依次向陆后退,呈退积或超覆(overlap)型组合关系;层序3-层序4高水位体系域的台地边缘则依次向海推进,呈进积或退覆(offlap)型组合关系。这种组合特征主要受沉积盆地的构造沉降及2级海平面升降亚旋回的海面变化的控制,构造沉降加速和海面上升期形成的层序呈退积型组合关系;构造沉降平缓及海面下降期形成的层序呈进积型组合关系。此外,还研究了斜坡地带(贵阳改毛)层序1-层序3底部的碳氧同位素组成变化规律:海侵体系域-高水位体系域碳、氧同位素组成变化不大,δ13C主要为正值,但在高水位体系域顶部明显负向偏移;低水位体系域碳、氧同位素组成变化剧烈,且均为负值。这为地层划分提供了地球化学方面的依据。     

Permian–Triassic magmatism in response to Palaeotethys subduction and pre-Late Triassic arrival of northeast Gondwana-derived continental fragments at the southern Eurasian margin: Detrital zircon evidence from Triassic sandstones of Central Iran

The closure of Palaeotethys that led to the collision of the Cimmerian blocks with the southern Eurasian margin causing the Eo-Cimmerian orogeny during the Early Mesozoic is still controversially discussed. The Triassic Nakhlak Group in Central Iran is a key sedimentary succession for better understanding the closure of Palaeotethys and the Eo-Cimmerian orogeny in the Middle East. The Nakhlak Group is composed of the Alam (Olenekian to Middle Anisian), Baqoroq (?Upper Anisian to Middle Ladinian) and Ashin (Upper Ladinian to ?Carnian) formations, which consist mainly of volcaniclastic sandstones, mixed siliciclastic conglomerates, and marine carbonates. Here we present for the first time detrital zircon UPb ages from the Nakhlak Group to unravel its provenance and constrain its palaeotectonic position within the Palaeotethyan realm. Most detrital zircons from the Nakhlak Group are euhedral and subhedral with Permian–Triassic ages (ca. 280–240 Ma) suggesting sediment supply from Permian–Triassic magmatic rocks of the Silk Road Arc. Minor zircon populations show pre-Permian Palaeozoic ages, with age peaks at ca. 320 Ma and 480 Ma, which are probably derived from the basement on which the magmatic arc developed. Neoproterozoic–latest Mesoproterozoic (ca. 550–1100 Ma) and Palaeoproterozoic (ca. 1800–2200 Ma) zircon grains are anhedral (rounded). The latter are prominent in the upper Baqoroq Formation (Middle Ladinian) suggesting recycling of older sedimentary rocks. Sandstone petrography points toward an additional metamorphic provenance for this formation. This short-lived provenance change can be explained by tectonic uplift in the source area that led to erosion of metamorphosed rocks with a northeast Gondwanan affinity. It clearly indicates that northeast Gondwana-derived continental fragments likely belonging to the Cimmerian blocks already arrived at the southern Eurasian margin in pre-Late Triassic time. Current palaeotectonic models of the closure of Palaeotethys and the Eo-Cimmerian orogeny in the Middle East during the Triassic may need to be revised.     

贵州江口震旦系陡山沱组沉积层序和沉积环境分析

通过对贵州江口桃映及邻区的坝黄、石竹溪的陡山沱组剖面的沉积序列研究,将陡山沱组划分为2个海侵-海退层序,并根据层序对比认为陡山沱期的生物群均产于陡山沱期第二次海平面开始上升之后形成的沉积中.从晚震旦世陡山沱期的第二次海侵开始是多细胞藻类、后生动物的第一次"爆发".桃映陡山沱组剖面产庙河生物群分子的沉积为局限滞流海盆沉积,进一步证明了庙河生物群型宏体生物的生存、保存环境模式仅限于局限滞流海盆中,为贫氧环境.     

The carbonate—clastic cycles of the East-Alpine Raibl group: Result of third-order sea-level fluctuations in the Carnian

The Carnian Raibl group of the Eastern Alps consists of three 50–100 m thick, alternating carbonate and clastic third-order cycles, each of which can be traced for hundreds of kilometers. Tectono-eustatic sea-level fluctuations of a few tens of metres, spanning a few millions of years, are the driving mechanism of this cyclicity. The carbonate intervals represent restricted marginal marine, tidal and evaporitic environments. The clastic intervals represent inner and outer shelf facies, and are related to the fluviatile “Schilfsandstein” of the Germanic facies belt. In the Raibl group, contrary to other carbonate/clastic depositional settings, relative sea-level lowstands are dominated by carbonate production, and highstands are dominated by clastic deposition.

Each of the three Raibl cycles corresponds to a type-2 sequence, containing shelf margin, transgressive and highstand systems tracts. During sea-level lowstands, deltaic point sources were near the shelf margin, allowing clastics to bypass the carbonate platform. This setting corresponds to a shelf margin systems tract. Transgressive and highstand systems tracts developed during the subsequent sea-level rise, as deltaic clastics were reworked and redistributed over the carbonate platform, and the deltas retrograded to the inner shelf. The highstand systems tracts are capped by a type 2 sequence boundary, which is conformable in the study area. The systems tracts can be further subdivided into shallowing upward subcycles, caused by fourth-order sea-level fluctuations, believed to represent Milankovitch rhythms.

The middle Raibl cycle is consistently thinner, and may represent a shorter termed, third-order sea-level fluctuation. Our data also corroborate a second-order transgressive trend for the Carnian.     

南海南部曾母盆地中新世碳酸盐岩的层序地层

利用钻井和二维地震资料, 对曾母盆地南康台地以及L构造中新统碳酸盐建造的三级层序发育特征进行解剖, 归纳总结研究区碳酸盐岩层序发育模式, 认为曾母盆地在中中新世-晚中新世(5.3~16 Ma)期间发育3期较大规模的碳酸盐岩沉积旋回, 在地层上可将其划分为3个三级层序, 即SQ1、SQ2和SQ3层序.其中SQ1与SQ3应该属于经典Ⅰ型碳酸盐岩层序, 在其岩性上由低位域的致密藻灰岩沉积、水进域的泥质灰岩和高位域的珊瑚灰岩组合构成, 代表了从开阔海沉积环境过渡至礁滩相沉积环境的发育过程;而SQ2应属于淹没不整合型碳酸盐岩层序, 以泥质灰岩凝缩层+高位域的珊瑚灰岩或碎屑灰岩序列组合为特征, 其发育基本处于水体环境持续变浅的沉积环境中.      

Sequence stratigraphy and controls on sedimentation of the Upper Cretaceous in the Afikpo Sub-basin,southeastern Nigeria

Outcrop-based sequence stratigraphic analysis and palynological biofacies were used to define depositional sequences and their bounding surfaces, and build a sequence stratigraphic model for the Upper Cretaceous succession of the Afikpo Sub-basin. Four unconformity-bounded third-order depositional sequences were identified. Sequence 1 comprises the Nkporo Formation and is subdivided into lowstand system tract (LST) representing an incised valley fill and transgressive systems tract (TST) consisting of estuarine and marine shales and mudstones. The base of the sequence is an angular unconformity correlated to the 77.5 Ma sequence boundary (SB) and the maximum flooding surface (MFS) is dated at 76 Ma. Sequence 2 is diachronous and straddles the lithostratigraphic boundary of the Nkporo and Mamu formations. The upper SB is dated at 71 Ma while associated MFS is dated at 73.5 Ma. Sequence 3 consists of the upper Mamu Formation and the Ajali Formation. The upper SB of sequence 3 is at 68 Ma while the MFS is dated at 69.8 Ma. Sequence 4 is the topmost depositional sequence belonging to the Nsukka Formation. The upper SB is placed at 66.5 Ma. The MFS within this sequence is dated at 67.8 Ma. The sequences encompass from tidally influenced bay head delta and central estuarine environments to coastal and shallow marine shelf environments. Stratigraphic architecture and facies types show that sequence development was controlled to a great extent by eustatic sea level variations though differential subsidence rates encouraged differential rates of sediment supply and rates of sea level change along different segments of the shoreline.