用北太平洋海温场资料制作月降水量预报

使用东营市1963-1996年逐月降水量资料和1962-1996年北太平洋海温资料，采取滚动式相关分析方法，建立了备选因子集。另外，应用逐步回归、最优子集回归、人工神经元网络、多因子EOF迭代等四种统计方法，分析了东营市月降水量与北太平洋海温场的关系。结果表明：东营市月降水量与北太平洋海温场存在显著相关；采用四种统计方法制作东营市月降水量预报，其预报效果均较好。     

贵州夏季降水场与北太平洋海温场的非同步相关研究

用合成分析、奇异值分解方法（SVD）对冬季、春季北太平洋海温与我省夏季降水的关系进行了分析计算。合成分析表明贵州多雨年份冬季北太平洋海温场从西北－东南呈负－正－负－正的里平分布,少雨年份则呈相反的分布。SVD方法揭示了海温场和夏季降水奇异向量分布型,海温场与降水场具有密切的时空相关性,第1模态反映了两场间的主要耦合特征,冬季海温场第1奇异向量呈北正南负的距平分布,且黑潮区为负距平。与之对应,夏季降水第1奇异向量表现为全省一致性的负距平分布;春季海温第1奇异向量西北太平洋为正距平,黑潮区为负距平,暖地海区为正距平,NINO4区北侧海温（0～10°N180～150°W）与加利福利亚负距平区连成一片,在NINO3区有一正距平区与之对应,降水第1奇异向量表现为全省一致性的负距平分布。海温场与降水场的这种非同步联系,是一种有价值的预测贵州夏季降水异常的强信号。     

我国沿海地区降水量与北太平洋海温场的关联

本文利用月降水资料讨论了我国沿海地区降水量的年变化、年际变化以及各地相关性等气侯学特征。分析了各地汛期降水与北太平洋海温场的关联,得出汛期降水与前期海温的相关场的三类代表型式。     

夏季青藏高原气温与冬季北太平洋海温的异常特征及其相关分析

利用青海、 西藏59个测站1971-2004年夏季（6~8月）的月平均气温和北太平洋(10°S~50°N、 120°E~80°W)1970-2003年的冬季（上年12月~次年2月）平均海表温度, 通过EOF、 REOF、 SVD等方法, 对青藏高原地区夏季气温和前期冬季北太平洋海温的异常特性以及两者之间的空间遥相关特征进行了研究, 并对北太平洋冬季海温及青藏高原夏季气温的年代际空间特征进行了分析。结果表明, 北太平洋冬季海温的异常分布型有： （1）赤道中东太平洋与西北太平洋海温相反分布型, （2）副热带北太平洋海温东西反相分布型, （3）北太平洋海温南北反相分布型, （4）北太平洋海温东西一致分布型。其中赤道中东太平洋与西北太平洋海温反相变化是冬季北太平洋SSTA的主要空间分布特征。进一步分析表明, 北太平洋冬季海温可分为6个气候区： 赤道中东太平洋区、 加利福尼亚海流区、 黑潮区、 亲潮区、 阿拉斯加海流区和中太平洋区。青藏高原地区夏季气温的异常分布型主要为（1）全区一致的偏高（低）型, （2）南北相反分布型, （3）周边地区与腹地相反分布型。青藏高原夏季气温可分为4个主要气候区： 东北部区、 西藏东南部区、 中部区和南部边缘区。冬季赤道中东太平洋SSTA 与次年夏季青藏高原地区区域性温度异常之间有较为明显的负相关关系, 这种关系在两者的其它空间关系中是第一位的。     

北太平洋海温场与我国西北地区春季沙尘暴的关系

通过聚类分析,将我国355个气象站1954～1998年春季沙尘暴发生频率的变化进行分类,在此基础上得到两个沙尘暴指数,利用其探讨了我国西北地区沙尘暴的发生与北太平洋海温的关系.结果发现,当加利福尼亚海温偏低,黑潮及北温带区域海温偏高时,我国黄河以北的内蒙古、甘肃、宁夏等地区,春季气温偏低,沙尘暴活动频繁.作者同时探讨了海温变化影响沙尘暴发生的可能原因.     

厄尼诺现象与北太平洋海温及云量场关系的初步分析

本文应用经验正交函数的方法展开北太平洋海温场和西太平洋云量场,分析厄尼诺年尤其是1982-1983年厄尼诺年的特点。同时,结合北太平洋信风、南方涛动、南极海冰等对厄尼诺年作了一些初步的探讨。      

江淮梅雨特征及其与北太平洋海温的SVD分析

利用江淮地区1954～2001年48年梅雨量资料,采用谐波分析、EOF、合成分析和SVD分解等方法讨论了江淮梅雨的时空变化特征以及与北太平洋海温的关系.结果表明:江淮梅雨量时空分布不均,存在显著的年际和年代际变化特征.影响江淮梅雨的海温关键区是北太平洋西风飘流区,关键影响时段是当年的1～3月;当年1～3月北太平洋西风飘流区海温异常偏高,同年江淮大部地区梅雨量异常偏多,反之亦然.SVD分解结果与合成分析的结果相吻合,通过0.05的Monte-Carlo显著性检验.     

广西霜冻与北太平洋海温关系分析

根据月平均北太平洋海温资料集,应用相关、回归和逐步判别方法,分析了北太平洋海温对广西霜日、霜冻的影响,建立了海温对广西霜日及霜冻的影响模型.     

与冬季北太平洋大范围海温异常相联系的海气特征

采用1948—2014年NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料以及延伸重建海温资料,基于大气海洋间不同的主导关系对冬季北太平洋大范围海温异常进行分类,探究其相应的海气结构特征。结果表明:1)大气影响海洋的个例多于海洋影响大气的个例,即在冬季北太平洋大气强迫海洋占主要地位,但也存在海洋对大气的反馈作用。2)对于大气影响海洋而言,SST(Sea Surface Temperature)暖异常区上空主要伴随着东北—西南走向的相当正压高低压异常(东北高西南低),对应东南风异常以及显著的深厚暖异常,表现出相当正压暖/脊结构,冷异常情况与此相反。SST异常为净热通量异常与风速异常共同作用引起。3)对于海洋影响大气而言,在SST暖异常区上空西部为南北向高低压异常(北高南低),东部为低压异常,对应偏东风异常。在SST冷异常区上空为偶极型的南北向高低压异常(南高北低),对应偏西风异常;位势高度异常表现出相当正压结构且较大气影响海洋时相对偏弱,大气暖(冷)温度异常比较浅薄且主要局限于对流层低层。4)海洋温度结构异常主要表现为,在大气影响海洋时海温异常由表层下传,海洋影响大气时为上下一致的温度异常。     

前期春季北太平洋海温异常与冬季北半球极涡的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA海温资料,用EOF、相关分析等方法,分析了1960—2010年500 hPa和100 hPa等压面上北半球后冬(2月)极涡面积和前春(4月)北太平洋(20~60 °N,120 °E~120 °W)海表温度(SST)的变化特征,揭示了二者的时空联系。结果表明:近50 a来,(1)冬季北半球500 hPa和100 hPa极涡面积整体经历了先扩张后收缩的变化。春季北太平洋SST经历了先降低后升高的变化。其突变时间与500 hPa极涡面积的突变时间相近,均出现在1987年,且与后冬500 hPa大西洋欧洲大陆区(Ⅳ区)极涡面积相关更好。(2)春季北太平洋SST的EOF第一模态空间型表现为PDO,第二模态表现为三极子型,突变分别出现在1980s初期和中期。(3)北太平洋SST与500 hPa Ⅳ区极涡面积相关的空间分布表现为:当前期春季北太平洋中部海温异常偏高(低),南部和北部海温异常偏低(高),使得下一个冬季500 hPa Ⅳ区极涡面积的扩大(缩小),这种空间遥相关型对应着海温的第二模态。北太平洋海温异常以第一模态空间型居多,但是对后冬北半球极涡面积影响大的却是第二模态。(4)当前春北太平洋SST呈第二模态时,对应次年冬季中高纬度对流层温度"上冷下暖",极地东风和绕极西风环流加强,极涡面积偏大。     

The impact of ENSO periodicity on North Pacific SST variability

The periodicity of ENSO in nature varies. Here we examine how changes in the frequency of ENSO impacts remote teleconnections in the North Pacific. The numerical experiments presented here are designed to simulate perfectly periodic ENSO in the tropical Pacific, and to enable the air–sea interaction in other regions (i.e., the North Pacific) via a simple mixed layer ocean model. The temporal evolution and spatial structure of the North Pacific SST teleconnection patterns are relatively insensitive to the frequency of ENSO, but the amplitude of the variability is sensitive. Specifically, the 2-year period ENSO experiment (P2) shows weak event-by-event consistency in the ENSO response mature pattern. This is because there is not enough time to damp the previously forced ENSO teleconnections (i.e., 1 year earlier). The 4-year period ENSO experiment (P4) has 1 year damping time before a successive ENSO event matures, so the structure of the response pattern is stably repeated. However, the event-by-event variance of anomaly magnitude, specifically responding to El Niño, is still larger than that in the 6-year ENSO experiment (P6), which has 2-year damping time between consecutive ENSO events. In addition, we tested whether the variability due to tropical remote forcing is linearly independent of the extratropical local variability. Statistical tests indicate that tropical remote forcing can constructively or destructively interfere with local variability in the North Pacific. Lastly, there is a non-linear rectification of the ENSO events that can be detected in the climatology.     

The impact of internal atmospheric variability on the North Pacific SST variability

The impact of internal atmospheric variability on North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) variability is examined based on three coupled general circulation model simulations. The three simulations differ only in the level of atmospheric noise occuring over the ocean at the air-sea interface. The amplitude of atmospheric noise is controlled by use of the interactive ensemble technique. This technique simultaneously couples multiple realizations of a single atmospheric model to a single realization of an ocean model. The atmospheric component models all experience the same SST, but the ocean component is forced by the ensemble averaged fluxes thereby reducing the impact of internal atmospheric dynamics at the air-sea interface. The ensemble averaging is only applied at the air-sea interface so that the internal atmospheric dynamics (i.e., transients) of each atmospheric ensemble member is unaffected. This interactive ensemble technique significantly reduces the SST variance throughout the North Pacific. The reduction in SST variance is proportional to the number of ensemble members indicating that most of the variability can simply be explained as the response to atmospheric stochastic forcing. In addition, the impact of the internal atmospheric dynamics at the air-sea interface masks out much of the tropical-midlatitude SST teleconnections on interannual time scales. Once this interference is reduced (i.e., applying the interactive ensemble technique), tropical-midlatitude SST teleconnections are easily detected.     

冬季北太平洋大气低频环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和海温异常的联系

利用1979—2015年ECMWF逐日再分析资料,通过EOF分解和回归分析研究了冬季北太平洋大气低频环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与海表面温度异常(SSTA)和大气环流异常之间的联系。研究结果表明:冬季中纬度北太平洋地区850 h Pa低频尺度环流存在3个明显的变化模态:第一模态为海盆尺度的单极型异常气旋(反气旋)式环流,同期太平洋SSTA呈现El Ni1o(La Ni1a)以及PDO暖位相(冷位相)空间分布,阿留申低压强度增强(减弱),对流层中高层是正位相(负位相)的PNA型遥相关,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴中东部南压(北抬);第二模态为在白令海峡和副热带地区呈气旋式与反气旋式环流南北向偶极型变化,同时中纬度北太平洋SSTA呈现NPGO(North Pacific Gyre Oscillation)正位相(负位相)的空间分布,黑潮区域SSTA偏暖(偏冷),北太平洋SSTA经向梯度加大(减小),对流层中高层为负位相(正位相)的WP型遥相关,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴整体偏北(偏南),强度增强(减弱);第三模态为北太平洋中西部和北美西岸呈气旋式与反气旋式环流东西向偶极型异常,黑潮区域SSTA偏冷(偏暖)而北太平洋东部SSTA偏暖(偏冷),SSTA纬向梯度加大(减弱),同时赤道东太平洋出现类似La Ni1a(El Ni1o)的SSTA分布,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴中东部明显减弱(加强)而西部略有加强(减弱)。     

The relationships between tropical cyclone tracks and local SST over the western North Pacific

Tropical Cyclone (TC) tracks over the western North Pacific (WNP) during 1949–2007, obtained from China Meteorological Administration/Shanghai Typhoon institute, are classified into three track types. These types are the main pathways by which TCs influence the coast of East Asia. The relationships between local sea surface temperature (SST) in WNP and TC tracks are revealed. Results show that the local SST plays an important role in TC tracks, though the relationships between local SST and the frequencies ...     

The impact of atmospheric initialisation on seasonal prediction of tropical Pacific SST

The impact of realistic atmospheric initialisation on the seasonal prediction of tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures is explored with the Predictive Ocean–Atmosphere Model for Australia (POAMA) dynamical seasonal forecast system. Previous versions of POAMA used data from an Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-style simulation to initialise the atmosphere for the hindcast simulations. The initial conditions for the hindcasts did not, therefore, capture the true intra-seasonal atmospheric state. The most recent version of POAMA has a new Atmosphere and Land Initialisation scheme (ALI), which captures the observed intra-seasonal atmospheric state. We present the ALI scheme and then compare the forecast skill of two hindcast datasets, one with AMIP-type initialisation and one with realistic initial conditions from ALI, focussing on the prediction of El Niño. For eastern Pacific (Niño3) sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), both experiments beat persistence and have useful SSTA prediction skill (anomaly correlations above 0.6) at all lead times (forecasts are 9 months duration). However, the experiment with realistic atmospheric initial conditions from ALI is an improvement over the AMIP-type initialisation experiment out to about 6 months lead time. The improvements in skill are related to improved initial atmospheric anomalies rather than an improved initial mean state (the forecast drift is worse in the ALI hindcast dataset). Since we are dealing with a coupled system, initial atmospheric errors (or differences between experiments) are amplified though coupled processes which can then lead to long lasting errors (or differences).     

我国东部夏季极端降水与北太平洋海温的遥相关研究

采用1951—1998年我国东部(105°E以东)59个站点夏季大雨及以上降水量资料与北太平洋海温场资料,借助于SVD分析方法,逐季分析我国东部极端降水与北太平洋海温及南方涛动指数的遥相关,进而检测影响我国东部地区极端降水空间分布的海温关键区和南方涛动及其显著季节(月份)。结果表明,我国东部夏季极端降水与同期太平洋SST的遥相关主要在太平洋130～170°E,5～25°N之间海域;Ni-no区域SST与次年夏季极端降水的相关主要表现在与华东地区的正相关;黑潮海域及加利福尼亚海流区春季SST与我国东部夏季极端降水呈明显的负相关;冬季太平洋SST与我国东部夏季极端降水的遥相关主要表现在,赤道东太平洋、黑潮海域的冬季海温与华东地区、河套地区降水的正相关;我国东部夏季极端降水与前一年秋季Nino区海温为负相关,与西太平洋海温为正相关。     

Decadal change in relationship between western North Pacific tropical cyclone frequency and the tropical Pacific SST

In this study, we examine the relationship between the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific and the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) during the main TC season (July–November) for the period of 1965–2006. Results show that there are periods when TC frequency and the tropical Pacific SST are well correlated and periods when the relationship breaks down. Therefore, decadal variation is readily apparent in the relationship between the TC frequency and the SST variations in the tropical Pacific. We further examine the oceanic and atmospheric states in the two periods (i.e., 1979–1989 vs. 1990–2000) when the marked contrast in the correlation between the TC frequency and the tropical Pacific SST is observed. Before 1990, the analysis indicates that oceanic conditions largely influenced anomalous TC frequency, whereas atmospheric conditions had little impact. After 1990, there the reverse appears to be the case, i.e., atmospheric conditions drive anomalous TC frequency and oceanic conditions are relatively unimportant. A role of atmosphere and ocean in relation to the TC development in the western North Pacific changes, which is consistent with the change of the correlations between the TC frequency and the tropical Pacific SST.     

副热带北太平洋SST在ENSO冷暖位相转变中的作用

2015/2016年发生的极端El Ni?o事件,与1997/1998年El Ni?o事件具有可比拟的强度,但是2016年事件转变为弱La Ni?a,而1998年事件则为强La Ni?a。本文通过对比这两次极端El Ni?o事件,揭示其转变为不同强度La Ni?a事件的物理机制。混合层热收支分析的结果表明,在El Ni?o衰减年的4~11月,2016年平流反馈和温跃层反馈相对较弱,混合层温度衰减速率慢,其产生的主要原因是赤道中西太平洋的东风异常较弱。进一步分析表明,赤道中西太平洋的东风异常与副热带东北太平洋的海表温度异常（SSTA）有关,该地区的SST在1998年表现为冷异常,2016年为暖异常。副热带东北太平洋冷的SSTA有利于信风加强,从而加强中西太平洋的东风异常;而暖的SSTA使得赤道以北出现西南风异常,从而削弱中西太平洋的东风异常。此外,合成分析也表明,副热带东北太平洋SSTA与转变的La Ni?a的强度具有关联,El Ni?o转变为强La Ni?a的情况在位相转变期伴随着副热带北太平洋冷的SSTA,而El Ni?o转变为弱La Ni?a的情况没有明显的冷SSTA。