雅砻江流域下游梯级水库地震台网监测能力验证

雅砻江流域是中国第三大水电基地,位于强震区,水库地震监测工作十分重要。基于近震震级公式和古登堡-里克特震级频度关系式,分别求取雅砻江下游梯级电站水库诱发地震监测台网的理论监测能力和根据实际记录地震进行监测能力验证。结果表明:在重点监视区理论监测能力达到了ML0.5级的要求,实际观测验证表明,重点监视区其实际最小完整性震级为ML0.5级,达到了雅砻江流域下游梯级水库诱发地震监测台网设计目标。     

山东数字地震台网的监测能力

利用山东数字地震台网数字记录无震、无明显干扰事件情况下的44个台站背景噪声资料,计算了山东数字地震台网的监测能力,并利用"十五"台网试运行期间记录的爆破和地震事件进行检验,得出的计算结果与实际观测结果基本相符:鲁西地区、黄海和渤海海域的地震监测能力达到ML≥1.6,中东部地区地震监测能力达到ML≥1.3,胶东半岛部分地区和鲁南部分地区监测能力达到ML≥0.7.     

彭水水库地震台网监测能力检验

简要介绍了数字地震台网地震监测能力的计算方法,结合彭水水库地震台网监测要求与设计监测能力,利用台网2008年9月至2011年12月期间的936个ML1.5级以下地震记录数据,检验和分析了台网的实际监测能力,结果表明,台网的实际监测能力达到设计要求.     

山东数字遥测地震台网地震监测能力评估

根据地震仪器的性能对山东数字遥测地震台网的监测能力进行评估，并利用2000年3－10月地震资料进行了检验。其结果为：山东地区12％的面积监测能力为ML≥2.0级，山东中部及渤海、黄河沿海地区监测能力为ML≥2.5级，渤海、黄海近海地区的监测能力为ML≥3.0级。最后指出台网布局的疏密程度、观测条件及台基条件的优劣等是影响台网监控能力的重要因素。     

湛江市数字遥测地震台网

湛江市数字遥测地震台网位于地震重点监视区的粤、桂、琼交界地区,采用国产数字无线遥测地震系统设备,智能型、自动化程度高,操作简便,地震数据处理结果快速、准确,是一个高效能的地方性地震监测台网。介绍了该台网的布局、监测能力、技术要求及效能。     

地震阈值监测技术的研究与应用

阈值监测技术是一种利用地震台站实时数据反映台网监测能力变化的方法。对台站数据进行预处理后,计算短时平均值STA作为信号能量的估计来计算震级,由概率统计方法实现对地震台网监测能力变化的动态监测。文中给出了利用短时平均值STA和震中距计算震级的公式;采用新疆地区部分地震台站的数据,并以新疆地震目录给定的ML为准,对相关的地震台站计算震级所需参数进行了标定;最后结合实例说明定点阈值监测技术的应用,分析了新疆专用地震台网在某一时间段内对定点区域的监测能力。     

基于PMC方法分析北京及邻区地震监测能力

1 研究背景 北京及邻区(39 °—41.5 °N,115 °—118 °E)地震活动背景活跃,政治、经济、文化高度集中,是我国经济社会发展以及减轻地震灾害的重点监视区之一(徐锡伟等,2002;陈颙等,2006).随着北京及邻区地震台网组成的不断完善和台站变更频度的加快,亟待及时动态评估地震监测能力变化,为北京及邻区日常监测预报业务提供数据支撑.国内外应用广泛的"基于概率的完整性震级"(probability-based magnitude of completeness,简称PMC)方法(Schorlemmer and Woessner,2008;Schorlemmer et al,2010),基于地震台阵/地震台网实际产出的观测资料,可实时、客观、准确地评估地震台网监测能力.采用PMC方法,对北京及邻区地震监测能力进行动态评估,以便摸清该区监测能力,进而为防震减灾部署、监测预报相关业务开展等提供重要的参考资料.     

小湾、漫湾水库地震监测台网重建前后监测能力对比分析

漫湾、小湾水库地震监测台网大部分台站于2015—2016年间相继停止工作,经多次论证,于2019年对两台网共18个台站进行优化及恢复重建。经过对地震台站及中心机房设备的优化更换和恢复观测改造,水库地震台网共13个台站的运行率均达95%以上,水库监测区地震监测能力下限达到ML 0.3,监测能力优于恢复重建前水平。漫湾、小湾水库地震监测台网的恢复重建,提高了监测区水库地震监测能力,对防震减灾事业发展及民生安全保障工作起到重要的推进作用。     

甘肃预警台网监测能力以及预警时间评估研究

地震事件检测能力在地震观测台站和地震临时观测点的运行中起着重要的作用.在确定网络几何结构下的地震监测台网中,地震监测能力是由监测到的地震事件震级的大小决定的.本文使用了一种完全基于测量噪声统计的SN-CAST方法计算了甘肃预警台网的地震监测能力空间分布,得到甘肃预警台网建立好后将平均监测能力提高到ML 0.8级,监测能力最高处可达到ML 0.2级,目前由44个固定性台站组成的甘肃地震监测台网监测能力为平均监测能力ML 1.7级,监测能力最高处为ML 0.5级,预警台网的建立对整个甘肃台网的监测能力将有较大幅度的提高,根据地震波走时特征分析了甘肃预警台网的空间预警发布时间估测结果,得到地震频发的甘东南和南北地震带地区地震预警时间所用时间较短,在5 s左右,而人口比例偏少地震发生概率偏小的河西走廊和肃北地区预警时间较长,最高为30 s左右,最终计算结果表明预警规划方案基本满足了地震预警设立要求.     

龙滩水电工程数字遥测地震台网监测能力检验

阐述了数字地震台网地震监测能力的计算方法,根据龙滩数字遥测地震台网监测要求与设计监测能力,采用该台网2006年1月至2007年11月期间记录到的833个ME1．5以下地震,检验和分析了台网的实际监测能力,结果表明,台网的实际监测能力达到设计要求。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...