Vertical Discretization Impact in Numerical Modeling of Matrix Diffusion in Contaminated Groundwater

Understanding the effects of contaminants that can diffuse into low-permeability (“low-k”) zones is crucial for effective groundwater remedial decision-making. Because low-k zones can serve as low-level sources of contamination to more transmissive zones over time, an accurate evaluation of the impacts of matrix diffusion at contaminated sites is vital. This study compared numerical groundwater flow and transport simulations using MODFLOW/RT3D at a hypothetical site using three cases, each with increasing discretization of the vertical 10-m thick domain: (1) a coarse multilayer heterogeneous grid based on one layer for each of four different hydrogeological units, (2) a “low-resolution” discretization approach where the low-k units were divided into several sublayers giving the model 10 layers, and (3) a “high-resolution” numerical model with 199 layers that are a few centimeters thick. When comparing the results of each case, significant differences were observed between the discretizations used, even though all other model input data were identical. The conventional grid models (Cases 1 and 2) appeared to underestimate groundwater plume concentrations by a factor ranging from 1.1 to 36 when compared to the high-resolution grid model (Case 3), and underestimated predicted cleanup times by more than a factor of 10 for some of the hypothetical sampling points in the modeling domain. These results validate the implication of Chapman et al. (2012), that conventional vertical discretization of numerical groundwater flow and transport models at contaminated sites (with layers that are greater than 1 m thick) can lead to significant errors when compared to more accurate high-resolution vertical discretization schemes (layers that are centimeters thick).     

Key structural parameters affecting earthquake ground motion in 2D and 3D sedimentary structures

Alluvial valleys generate strong effects on earthquake ground motion (EGM). These effects are rarely accounted for even in site-specific studies because of (a) the cost of the required geophysical surveys to constrain the site model, (b) lack of data for empirical prediction, and (c) poor knowledge of the key controlling parameters. We performed 3D, 2D and 1D simulations for six typical sedimentary valleys of various width and depth, and for a variety of modifications of these 6 “nominal models” to investigate sensitivity of EGM characteristics to impedance contrast, attenuation, velocity gradient and geometry. We calculated amplification factors, and 2D/1D and 3D/2D aggravation factors for 10 EGM characteristics, using a representative set of recorded accelerograms to account for input motion variability. The largest values of the amplification and aggravation factors are found for the Arias intensity and cumulative absolute velocity, the lowest for the root-mean-square acceleration. The aggravation factors are largest for the vertical component. For each model, at least one EGM characteristic exhibits a significant 2D/1D aggravation factor, while all EGM characteristics exhibit significant 2D/1D aggravation factor on the vertical component. For all investigated sites, there is always an area in the valley for which 1D estimates are not sufficient. 2D estimates are insufficient at several sites. The key structural parameters are the shape ratio and overall geometry of the sediment-bedrock interface, impedance contrast at the sediment-bedrock interface, and attenuation in sediments. The amplification factors may largely exceed the values that are usually considered in GMPEs between soft soils and rock sites.     

复杂场源形态的海洋可控源电磁三维正演

在使用电偶极发射源的可控源电磁法(CSEM)勘探中,发射源的方位、长度、形状等对观测数据有重要的影响,然而现有的大部分三维数值模拟方法没有全面地将这些因素考虑进来,很多都只能应对非常简单的场源形态,例如单一方位的点电偶极子,这有可能显著降低模拟结果的准确性.本文实现了基于交错网格有限体积(FV)离散的海洋CSEM三维正演算法,能够模拟形态相对复杂的场源,包括任意方位的有限长直导线和弯曲导线发射源.该算法使用一次场/二次场方法,只需对二次场使用FV法求解,避免了场源的奇异性问题;一次场的计算为一维正演问题,使用准解析法求解,并且只要在计算一次场时考虑复杂的场源形态便可以实现同样场源的三维正演.通过与一维理论模型的解析解对比验证了三维程序的准确性,并针对三维理论模型进行了一系列正演测试,初步考察了场源形态对三维正演结果的影响.     

Modeling river/reservoir system management, water allocation, and supply reliability

The state of Texas has implemented a modeling system for assessing the availability and reliability of water resources that consists of a generalized simulation model called the Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) and input datasets for the state's 23 river basins. Reservoir/river system management and water allocation practices are simulated using historical naturalized monthly streamflow sequences to represent basin hydrology. Institutional systems for allocating streamflow and reservoir storage resources among numerous water users are considered in detail in evaluating basinwide impacts of water management decisions. The generalized WRAP model is a flexible tool that may be applied to river basins anywhere. The Texas experience in implementing a statewide modeling system illustrates issues that are relevant to water management in many other regions of the world.     

Retrospective Simulation of an Extreme Flood on the Oka River at the City of Ryazan and Impact Assessment of Urban and Transport Infrastructure

Numerical modeling of flow dynamics of rivers with comprehensive channel patterns and wide floodplains during high water stage is considered to be one of the most effective methods for implementing both research and civil-engineering projects. However, realistic results of simulations can be obtained only if the model has been calibrated and validated against field observations and remote sensing data. This approach is realized for a 2D hydrodynamic model of the Oka River at the city of Ryazan (central European Russia). The Oka has a meandering channel and a wide floodplain with a complicated distributary network. The feasibility of allocating new residential quarters and infrastructure facilities on artificial “islands” on the floodplain was studied using STREAM_2D software package. Because of a significant decrease in the maximum runoff of the Oka in the recent decades, the simulations were made for the extreme spring snowmelt flood of 1970 for various scenarios of floodplain development in the past, present, and future.

     

基于并行化直接解法的频率域可控源电磁三维正演

电磁法的三维数值模拟是一个对数值算法和计算机硬件要求都非常高的问题.对常用的微分类方法如有限单元法和有限差分法而言,求解最后所得的大型线性方程组是至关重要的一步,直接影响到正演算法的实用性.如何高效、稳定且准确地解线性方程长期以来一直是被探讨的问题.本文实现了基于线性系统直接求解技术的频率域可控源电磁(CSEM)三维正演.使用交错网格有限体积法(FV)来离散化关于二次电场的Helmholtz方程;使用直接解法取代传统的迭代解法来求解离散线性系统,即对系统矩阵进行完全LU分解,具体通过调用大规模并行矩阵直接求解器(MUMPS)来实现.基于理论模型做了一系列数值实验,首先证明了直接解法的高精度和稳定性,并考察了其内存需求、计算时间和并行可伸缩性等主要计算性能,最后检验了所开发的算法快速模拟多场源CSEM问题的能力以及对常规海洋和陆地CSEM模拟的有效性.     

Modeling multiaquifer wells with MODFLOW

Multiaquifer wells, i.e., wells that are open across more than one aquifer, can have a profound effect on the hydraulics of a ground water system. These wells change the physical system by establishing direct hydraulic links between otherwise isolated strata. Several methods are available to simulate multiaquifer wells in the context of comprehensive ground water flow simulators. In this paper, we review four methods to represent multiaquifer wells with the widely used code MODFLOW. These methods include a specialized code developed, but never formally released, by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Multi-Aquifer Well (MAW1) Package. An expanded implementation of the techniques in the MAW1 Package has been incorporated in the Multi-Node Well Package released recently by the USGS (Halford and Hanson 2002). We examine the performance of the methods in the context of a benchmarking study against the analytical solutions of Papadopulos (1966) and Sokol (1963). Our results demonstrate that results obtained with the MAW1 Package closely match exact solutions for pumping and nonpumping conditions, using both coarse and refined grids.     

南极板块运动新模型的确定与分析

自1995年起,国际南极研究科学委员会（SCAR,the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research）组织实施全南极国际GPS（Global Positioning System）联测.本文运用GAMIT/GLOBK软件分析了从1997到2004年的SCAR GPS数据和在南极的一些GPS永久跟踪站数据.数据处理分为两步,第一步：运用GAMIT软件进行单天解算,估计站位置、轨道等参数,其数据源主要有以下三类：(1) SCAR GPS观测站;（2）南极的连续跟踪站;（3）南极及其周边的部分IGS站;第二步：运用GLOBK软件加入SOPAC（Scripps Orbit and Permanent Array Center）的全球GPS子网（IGS1、IGS2、IGS3）进行全球网平差解算测站位置和速度.然后,参照地质构造讨论网的形变,分析了南极板块的现今地壳运动.GPS结果显示南极板块的欧拉角速度是0.224(°)/Ma,旋转极的位置为（58.69°N,128.29°W）,这与NNR-NUVEL-1A预测的和一些前期GPS研究的成果有着较大的不同.相对于澳大利亚板块,本文结果同其他模型的旋转角速度相差约0.01(°)/Ma,旋转极的位置相差在4°以内,不同模型之间的差异相对较小.这为描述南极板块运动提供了一个更为精确的新的运动模型.     

The weak taylor state in an αω-dynamo

Abstract

A spherical αω-dynamo is studied for small values of the viscous coupling parameter ε ～ v^1/2, paying attention particularly to large dynamo numbers. The present study is a follow-up of the work by Hollerbach et al. (1992) with their choice of α-effect and Archimedean wind including also the constraint of magnetic field symmetry (or antisymmetry) due to equatorial plane. The magnetic field scaled by ε^1/2 is independent of ε in the solutions for dynamo numbers smaller than a certain value of D _b (the Ekman state) which are represented by dynamo waves running from pole to equator or vice-versa. However, for dynamo numbers larger than D _b the solution bifurcates and subsequently becomes dependent on ε. The bifurcation is a consequence of a crucial role of the meridional convection in the mechanism of magnetic field generation. Calculations suggest that the bifurcation appears near dynamo number about 33500 and the solutions for larger dynamo numbers and ε = 0 become unstable and fail, while the solutions for small but non-zero ε are characterized by cylindrical layers of local maximum of magnetic field and sharp changes of geostrophic velocity. Our theoretical analysis allows us to conclude that our solution does not take the form of the usual Taylor state, where the Taylor constraint should be satisfied due to the special structure of magnetic field. We rather obtained the solution in the form of a “weak” Taylor state, where the Taylor constraint is satisfied partly due to the amplitude of the magnetic field and partly due to its structure. Calculations suggest that the roles of amplitude and structure are roughly fifty-fifty in our “weak” Taylor state solution and thus they can be called a Semi-Taylor state. Simple estimates show that also Ekman state solutions can be applicable in the geodynamo context.     

A low‐dimensional model of bedrock weathering and lateral flow coevolution in hillslopes: 2. Controls on weathering and permeability profiles,drainage hydraulics,and solute export pathways

The advance of a chemical weathering front into the bedrock of a hillslope is often limited by the rate weathering products that can be carried away, maintaining chemical disequilibrium. If the weathering front is within the saturated zone, groundwater flow downslope may affect the rate of transport and weathering—however, weathering also modifies the rock permeability and the subsurface potential gradient that drives lateral groundwater flow. This feedback may help explain why there tends to be neither “runaway weathering” to great depth nor exposed bedrock covering much of the earth and may provide a mechanism for weathering front advance to keep pace with incision of adjacent streams into bedrock. This is the second of a two‐part paper exploring the coevolution of bedrock weathering and lateral flow in hillslopes using a simple low‐dimensional model based on hydraulic groundwater theory. Here, we show how a simplified kinetic model of 1‐D rock weathering can be extended to consider lateral flow in a 2‐D hillslope. Exact and approximate analytical solutions for the location and thickness of weathering within the hillslope are obtained for a number of cases. A location for the weathering front can be found such that lateral flow is able to export weathering products at the rate required to keep pace with stream incision at steady state. Three pathways of solute export are identified: “diffusing up,” where solutes diffuse up and away from the weathering front into the laterally flowing aquifer; “draining down,” where solutes are advected primarily downward into the unweathered bedrock; and “draining along,” where solutes travel laterally within the weathering zone. For each pathway, a different subsurface topography and overall relief of unweathered bedrock within the hillslope is needed to remove solutes at steady state. The relief each pathway requires depends on the rate of stream incision raised to a different power, such that at a given incision rate, one pathway requires minimal relief and, therefore, likely determines the steady‐state hillslope profile.     

Use of the MODFLOW 6 Water Mover Package to Represent Natural and Managed Hydrologic Connections

The latest release of MODFLOW 6, the current core version of the MODFLOW groundwater modeling software, debuted a new package dubbed the “mover” (MVR). Using a generalized approach, MVR facilitates the transfer of water among any arbitrary combination of simulated features (i.e., pumping wells, stream, drains, lakes, etc.) within a MODFLOW 6 simulation. Four “rules” controlling the amount of water transferred from a providing feature to a receiving feature are currently available. In this way, MVR can represent natural connections between features, for example, streams entering or exiting lakes, and perhaps more interestingly, it also can transfer water among simulated features to more accurately simulate water management. An example model representative of an agricultural setting demonstrates some of the available MVR connections. For example, an irrigation event that transfers surface water from an irrigation delivery ditch to multiple cropped areas demonstrates a “one-to-many” connection that is possible within MVR. Conversely, irrigation or precipitation runoff from multiple fields may be routed to a particular stream segment using “many-to-one” MVR connections. MVR supports many additional connection types, several of which are demonstrated by the included example problem.     

Biotransformation of Organogenic Substances in the Aniva Bay Waters: Assessment with the Use of Mathematical Modeling

Mathematical modeling is used to study the conditions of natural biotransformation of biogenic element compounds (containing C, N, P, Si) in five areas within Aniva Bay. The input data for the model are evaluated with the use of GIS “Sakhalin Shelf” and the available reference literature on the bay oceanography. Water masses that transferred through the boundaries between the areas were evaluated based on the values of water level, river runoff, atmospheric precipitation, evaporation, and the volume of water in the bay, all of which vary as a result of water heating. The model was used to evaluate annual variations in the concentrations of organic and mineral fractions of these elements and the biomasses of planktonic organisms for the five areas in the bay. Modeling results also allowed the assessment of biogenic substance input with river runoff into Lososei Bay. Based on the internal fluxes of substances, the monthly and annual aquatic animal production was evaluated.     

A framework for sourcing of evaporation between saturated and unsaturated zone in bare soil condition

ABSTRACT

Sourcing subsurface evaporation (E_ss) into groundwater (E_g) and unsaturated zone (E_u) components has received little scientific attention so far, despite its importance in water management and agriculture. We propose a novel sourcing framework, with its implementation in dedicated post-processing software called SOURCE (used along with the HYDRUS1D model), to study evaporation sourcing dynamics, define quantitatively “shallow” and “deep” water table conditions and test the applicability of water table fluctuation (WTF) and “bucket” methods for estimation of E_g and E_u separately.

For the “shallow” and “deep” water table we propose E_g?>?0.95E_ss and E_g = 0 criteria, respectively. Assessment of the WTF method allowed sourcing of very small fluxes otherwise neglected by standard hydrological methods. Sourcing with SOURCE software was more accurate than the standard “bucket” method mainly because of greater flexibility in spatio-temporal discretization. This study emphasized the dry condition relevance of groundwater evaporation which should be analysed by applying coupled flow of heat, vapour and liquid water.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor S. Kanae     

井地电磁法三维正演模拟和Born近似反演

本文提出一种数值模拟井地电磁法的方法。用体积分方程法对层状介质中的垂直长导线源三维电磁响应做了三维模拟。模拟的结果与解析解对比误差很小,说明算法是正确的。开发了井地电磁法Born近似反演程序,理论模型合成的数据反演结果非常好。     

Diary of forthcoming events

Abstract

Currently, environmental modelling is frequently conducted with the aid of artificial neural networks (ANNs) in an effort to achieve greater accuracy in simulation and forecasting beyond that typically obtained when using solely linear models. For the design of an ANN, modellers must contend with two key issues: (a) the selection of model input and (b) the determination of the number of hidden neurons. A novel approach is introduced to address the optimal design of ANNs based on a multi-objective strategy that enables the user to find a set of feasible ANNs, determined as optimal trade-off solutions between model simplicity and accuracy. This is achieved in a multi-objective fashion by simultaneously minimizing three different cost functions: the model input dimension, the hidden neuron number and the generalization error computed on a validation set of data. The multi-objective approach is based on the Pareto dominance criterion and an evolutionary strategy has been employed to solve the combinatorial optimization problem. From a theoretical perspective, the choice of a multi-objective approach marks an attempt to account for, and overcome, the “curse of dimensionality” and to circumvent the drawbacks of “overfitting” that are inherent in ANNs. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the strategy renders the choice of the ANN more robust, as is evident by “unseen data” in the testing stage, since structure determination is not merely based on the statistical evaluation of the generalization performance. The methodology is tested and the results are reported in a case study relating groundwater level predictions to total monthly rainfall.     

水库触发地震研究中二维与三维有限元模拟结果比较

紫坪铺水库蓄水载荷引起的库仑应力变化以及是否可以触发汶川M_S8.0地震是地学界关注的一个热点问题。 已有较多研究均建立在二维有限元模拟基础上, 然而二维与三维结果存在较大差异, 本文定量给出了该差异的大小。 首先比较了有限元方法与解析方法求解半无限空间点载荷下弹性问题结果, 确认了三维有限元计算在百万网格下具有足够的计算精度; 然后数值计算并比较了二维、 三维模型中紫坪埔水库蓄水的弹性力学及渗流效应。 结果表明, 总体上弹性加载会造成逆断层更趋安全, 而水压渗透使其趋于危险, 两者叠加仍然没有导致增加汶川地震危险性; 但现有的二维有限元模拟夸大了真实结果, 在汶川震源位置三维计算的应力大小仅为二维计算的1/3到1/4, 因此在严格的讨论中必须使用三维建模。     

自动构建大地电磁二维反演的测点中心网格

在大地电磁二维反演中,如果网格不均匀或者测点在网格中的位置不恰当,则将出现测点偏离现象,影响反演的精度.此外,由于正演精度和稳定性的需要,反演中网格间距不能差别太大,需要具有一定的光滑性.本文提出了几种自动构建测点中心网格的方法来消除测点偏离现象,并以正则化约束条件来保证网格的光滑程度.本文还提出了一套网格质量检验指标.算例对比研究表明,对于不同的测点集,最佳网格构建的方法可能不相同,但其中“最平模型约束动态配点法”、“最光模型约束动态配点法”拥有最强的适应能力,它们在各种情况下所构建的网格一般同时具备较光滑的网格间距变化和较小的测点偏离程度.此外,采用高质量（光滑性好、测点偏离程度低）网格在一定程度上不仅可提高反演结果的可靠性,还能提高反演的计算效率.本文的方法为获得高质量的大地电磁二维反演网格提供了简单有效的途径.     

A Method for Direct Assessment of the “Non Rainfall” Atmospheric Water Cycle: Input and Evaporation From the Soil

“Non rainfall” atmospheric water (dew, fog, vapour adsorption) supplies a small amount of water to the soil surface that may be important for arid soil micro-hydrology and ecology. Research into the direct effects of this water on soil is, however, lacking due to instrument and technical constraints. We report on the design, development, construction and findings of an automated microlysimeter instrument to directly measure this soil water cycle in Stellenbosch, South Africa during winter. Performance of the microlysimeter was satisfactory and results obtained were compared to literature and fell within the expected range. “Non rainfall” atmospheric water input into bare soil (river sand) was between 0.88 and 1.10?mm per night while evaporation was between 1.39 and 2.71?mm per day. The study also attempted to differentiate the composition of “non rainfall” atmospheric water and results showed that vapour adsorption contributed the bulk of this input.