利用区域土壤光谱库研究土壤有机碳反演模型传递性

土壤有机碳的有效评估对全球碳循环和农业可持续发展具有重要作用。可见光-近红外光谱技术已广泛用于土壤有机碳含量的反演研究。然而,基于可见光-近红外光谱的土壤有机碳反演模型通常具有一定的区域局限性。本文基于湖北钟祥市和洪湖市两个区域的土壤光谱和有机碳量测数据(样本数分别为100和96),探究土壤有机碳反演模型在不同区域间的传递性。结果表明,钟祥市或洪湖市区域模型都不能用于另一个区域,但基于钟祥样本全集与洪湖区域30个土壤样本数据建立的模型对洪湖区域土壤有机碳含量有很好的预测效果(R~2=0.88,RMSE=2.51g·kg~(-1))。尽管模型在不同区域间的传递性非常有限,但将少量目标区域样本添加到现有区域土壤光谱库中所建立的偏最小二乘回归模型能够估算目标区域土壤有机碳的含量,降低目标区域的采样和量测成本。     

Landsat 8地表温度反演及验证—以黑河流域为例

地表温度是区域和全球尺度地表物理过程的一个重要参数,目前已有的地表温度产品空间分辨率较低,缺乏高空间分辨率的地表温度产品。Landsat系列卫星提供了大量免费的高空间分辨率遥感数据,然而对应的高空间分辨率地表温度产品还未见到,为了获取长时间序列的高空间分辨率地表温度数据,针对Landsat 8 TIRS数据提出了一个物理单通道地表温度反演算法。该算法首先利用ASTER全球地表发射率产品(ASTER GED)结合Landsat 8地表反射率产品计算Landsat 8影像的地表发射率,然后利用快速辐射传输模型RTTOV结合MERRA大气廓线数据对热红外影像进行大气校正,最后利用物理单通道地表温度反演算法得到地表温度。利用黑河流域HiWATER试验2013年—2015年15个站点的实测地表温度数据对本文方法和普适性单通道算法进行了验证,同时对验证站点的空间异质性进行了分析。结果表明,本文方法和普适性单通道算法估算的地表温度整体精度均较高,能够获取高精度、高空间分辨率的地表温度数据,可以服务于城市热岛效应、地表蒸散发估算等相关研究。     

基于遥感的某市城市圈森林碳储量估算与空间分布特征

森林生态系统碳储量占有整个陆地生态系统碳储量约50%,利用遥感数据进行森林碳储量估算对加快实现“碳达峰”和“碳中和”具有重要意义。本研究利用Landsat 8 OLI遥感影像和DEM数据提取植被指数和地形因子,转换净初级生产力数据为生物量数据,并利用多元逐步回归分析法建立武汉城市圈森林植被碳储量遥感估算模型。根据统计数据和估算模型得出,武汉城市圈碳储量空间分布表现为东北部和南部山脉区域的碳储量和碳密度较高,而中东部武汉市和黄石市中心区域相对较低,且植被碳密度主要集中在中海拔地区。     

基于CCI和MODIS数据的淮河流域地表土壤湿度降尺度方法研究

土壤湿度是控制陆地和大气间水热能量交换的一个关键参数,同时也是陆面生态系统水循环的重要组成部分。本文选用25 km分辨率的CCI(Climate Change Initiative)土壤湿度产品数据,并结合1 km分辨率的MODIS数据,构建微波土壤湿度产品数据降尺度回归算法,获取淮河流域1 km空间分辨率的土壤湿度数据。降尺度后所获取淮河流域1 km空间分辨率的土壤湿度数据总体上提高了25 km空间分辨率的CCI土壤湿度产品数据的精度.     

全球碳循环研究背景下的植被初级生产力遥感

总结了植被初级生产力遥感的理论和研究动态, 及其在全球碳循环研究中的重要意义。综述了利用遥感提取植被覆盖、生长状况和环境要素, 以及在此基础上建立植被净初级生产力估算的遥感过程模型的方法, 指出了模型全遥感化的方向。分析了数据同化/数据-模型融合方法在碳循环遥感研究中的作用, 强调了建立多尺度数据-模型融合系统可以使模型估算精度提高, 降低模型的不确定性。     

基于改进的METRIC模型的农田潜热通量估算

基于热红外遥感的潜热通量估算在农业干旱和水资源管理方面具有重要意义。利用Landsat卫星遥感热红外数据和单窗算法来获取地表温度,再通过改进地表粗糙度参数,提出基于地表粗糙度改进的基于高分辨率和内在校准的蒸散估算法(mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution and with internalized calibration,METRIC)估算农田潜热通量,并利用海河流域怀来和密云2个农田通量观测站的通量观测数据验证估算结果,实验结果表明:改进的METRIC模型模拟值与观测值相关系数平方(R~2)为0. 97,优于传统的METRIC模型(R~2=0. 89),改进后模型具有更高的农田潜热通量估算精度;此外,空间分布也表明改进后的模型估算值空间格局更加合理。由于数据获取的局限性,仅采用了北京2个站点数据对模型进行验证,在其他区域仍需要进一步验证。     

基于MODIS数据的水汽总量估算方法研究

水汽对生态系统的发展和维持起着重要作用,利用遥感数据可以大范围的反演水汽的分布,为了定量估算区域的水汽含量,提出了利用GIS正方形网格分区（10km×10km）,并统计每个正方形网格范围内遥感图像中水汽的平均值,进而快速估算区域内水汽含量。海南岛水汽估算应用实例表明,该方法能快速估算区域内水汽含量,有利于水资源的潜力评估分析。     

利用多源遥感数据进行城市不透水面覆盖度估算

利用深圳实验区4种不同传感器获取的遥感数据,通过CART算法进行城市ISP估算。讨论了多光谱遥感数据的不同波段在ISP估算中的重要性,比较了针对三种不同中分辨率影像建立的ISP估算模型在性能上的差异。实验结果表明,近红外波段对ISP估算结果的贡献最大,具有较高空间分辨率和成像辐射质量的遥感影像得到的估算结果精度较高,所有的估算结果均在实际ISP分布范围的两端分别存在着高估和低估的现象。     

遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究进展

地表蒸散发是连接土壤—植被—大气连续体的纽带,结合遥感技术估算地表蒸散发已成为获取区域乃至全球尺度时空连续地表蒸散发量的有效手段。由于遥感估算地表蒸散发容易受到地表空间异质性和近地层气象条件复杂性的影响,在模型机理与变量参数化方案、输入数据和时间尺度扩展等方面存在不确定性,影响了其准确度的提高和应用范围的拓展,因此需要开展真实性检验。本文综述了当前遥感估算地表蒸散发(包括植被蒸腾和土壤蒸发)真实性检验研究的相关成果,重点归纳并总结了应用于遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验的直接检验法和间接检法的主要原理、适用性和优缺点,在此基础上阐述了当前遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究所面临的挑战。分析表明：由于地表空间异质性的普遍存在,遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验研究在理论和方法方面还受到诸多挑战,今后应打破地表蒸散发遥感产品真实性检验局限在均匀地表的传统思路,发展非均匀地表遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验的理论框架,包括地表水热状况空间异质性的度量、非均匀地表验证场的优化布设、非均匀下垫面地表蒸散发的多尺度观测试验、卫星像元/区域尺度地表蒸散发相对真值的获取、验证过程中的不确定性分析以及遥感估算地表蒸散发的实证研究等,并构建一个多源、多尺度、多方法、多层次的真实性检验技术流程,以期把遥感估算地表蒸散发真实性检验作为突破口,提升相应遥感产品的应用水平,推动定量遥感科学的发展。     

植被光合有效辐射吸收比率遥感研究进展

植被光合有效辐射吸收比率FPAR（Fraction of absorbed Photosynthetically Active Radiation）反映了植被冠层的光学特性,是表征植被光合作用水平和生长状态的重要参量,因此成为全球变化研究中多种过程模型的重要输入参数。随着定量遥感研究的深入和新型传感器的使用,从区域到全球尺度上的FPAR遥感估算方法不断提出,多样化的遥感FPAR产品越来越多地应用于碳循环、能量循环、生产力估算及作物估产等研究领域。本文梳理了遥感估算的植被光合有效辐射的相关概念和算法,并着重对过去十年间遥感估算FPAR的新进展进行了系统总结和探讨。研究表明,近年来FPAR遥感的研究工作一方面聚焦于对现有算法的改进与各类型产品的验证,更多的研究则侧重于FPAR概念体系的拓展,叶片、叶绿素水平的FPAR估算,直射光、散射光的FPAR建模等新方向逐渐成为研究热点。     

Predicting soil organic carbon stocks under commercial forest plantations in KwaZulu-Natal province,South Africa using remotely sensed data

ABSTRACT

Commercial forest plantations are increasing globally, absorbing a large amount of carbon valuable for climate change mitigation. Whereas most carbon assimilation studies have mainly focused on natural forests, understanding the spatial distribution of carbon in commercial forests is central to determining their role in the global carbon cycle. Forest soils are the largest carbon reservoir; hence soils under commercial forests could store a significant amount of carbon. However, the variability of soil organic carbon (SOC) within forest landscapes is still poorly understood. Due to limitations encountered in traditional systems of SOC determination, especially at large spatial extents, remote sensing approaches have recently emerged as a suitable option in mapping soil characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed at predicting soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks in commercial forests using Landsat 8 data. Eighty-one soil samples were processed for SOC concentration and fifteen Landsat 8 derived variables, including vegetation indices and bands were used as predictors to SOC variability. The random forest (RF) was adopted for variable selection and regression method for SOC prediction. Variable selection was done using RF backward elimination to derive three best subset predictors and improve prediction accuracy. These variables were then used to build the RF final model for SOC prediction. The RF model yielded good accuracies with root mean square error of prediction (RMSE) of 0.704 t/ha (16.50% of measured mean SOC) and 10-fold cross-validation of 0.729 t/ha (17.09% of measured mean SOC). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of Landsat 8 bands and derived vegetation indices and RF algorithm in predicting SOC stocks in commercial forests. This study provides an effective framework for local, national or global carbon accounting as well as helps forest managers constantly evaluate the status of SOC in commercial forest compartments.     

利用改进的CASA模型估算城市尺度NPP——以徐州城区为例

针对城市地物的特点,本文基于两种不同空间分辨率的遥感数据,利用原始与改进后的CASA估算了徐州城区的NPP,探讨了CASA模型的改进和遥感影像的空间分辨率对城市尺度NPP估算结果的影响.研究结果表明:①城市建筑用地对城市NPP的估算结果有较大的影响.改进的CASA模型将建筑用地的光合有效辐射(FPAR)归零,其估算值降...     

Carbon fluxes in ecosystems of Yellowstone National Park predicted from remote sensing data and simulation modeling

Background

A simulation model based on remote sensing data for spatial vegetation properties has been used to estimate ecosystem carbon fluxes across Yellowstone National Park (YNP). The CASA (Carnegie Ames Stanford Approach) model was applied at a regional scale to estimate seasonal and annual carbon fluxes as net primary production (NPP) and soil respiration components. Predicted net ecosystem production (NEP) flux of CO₂ is estimated from the model for carbon sinks and sources over multi-year periods that varied in climate and (wildfire) disturbance histories. Monthly Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) image coverages from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument (from 2000 to 2006) were direct inputs to the model. New map products have been added to CASA from airborne remote sensing of coarse woody debris (CWD) in areas burned by wildfires over the past two decades.

Results

Model results indicated that relatively cooler and wetter summer growing seasons were the most favorable for annual plant production and net ecosystem carbon gains in representative landscapes of YNP. When summed across vegetation class areas, the predominance of evergreen forest and shrubland (sagebrush) cover was evident, with these two classes together accounting for 88% of the total annual NPP flux of 2.5 Tg C yr^-1 (1 Tg = 10¹² g) for the entire Yellowstone study area from 2000-2006. Most vegetation classes were estimated as net ecosystem sinks of atmospheric CO₂ on annual basis, making the entire study area a moderate net sink of about +0.13 Tg C yr^-1. This average sink value for forested lands nonetheless masks the contribution of areas burned during the 1988 wildfires, which were estimated as net sources of CO₂ to the atmosphere, totaling to a NEP flux of -0.04 Tg C yr^-1 for the entire burned area. Several areas burned in the 1988 wildfires were estimated to be among the lowest in overall yearly NPP, namely the Hellroaring Fire, Mink Fire, and Falls Fire areas.

Conclusions

Rates of recovery for burned forest areas to pre-1988 biomass levels were estimated from a unique combination of remote sensing and CASA model predictions. Ecosystem production and carbon fluxes in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) result from complex interactions between climate, forest age structure, and disturbance-recovery patterns of the landscape.     

GF-2支持下的干旱区稀疏植被区植被覆盖度估算

现有像元二分模型MODIS植被覆盖度模型因其形式简单、适用性较强的特点被广泛应用于区域植被覆盖度（FVC）的估算。然而,研究表明在沙漠和低植被覆盖的西部干旱区,从250 m的影像上很难精准地获取NDVI_veg（全植被覆盖植被指数）和NDVI_soil（全裸土区植被指数）参数。利用常用的直方图累计法获取模型所需参数NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil,估算结果存在普遍高估现象。为此,本文首先引入同期获取的GF-2号卫星数据,从GF-2号影像上提取植被覆盖像元;然后,利用Pixel Aggregate方法重采样至250 m分辨率,获取250 m空间分辨率下纯植被和纯裸土像元;最后,将纯植被和纯裸土像元各自空间位置相对应的MODIS NDVI数据最大值作为模型所需NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil参数,实现研究区内植被覆盖度的估算。试验通过与线性回归法、多项式回归法和直方图累计像元二分模型法估算结果进行精度对比,结果表明：利用GF-2影像辅助的像元二分模型,精准地获取了低植被覆盖区NDVI_veg和NDVI_soil模型参数,提高了干旱区植被覆盖度的估算精度,并有效地抑制了受稀疏植被影响NDVI在干旱区普遍偏高问题导致的FVC高估的现象。     

Modelling the current and future spatial distribution of NPP in a Mediterranean watershed

The aim of this study is to use full spatial resolution Envisat MERIS data to drive an ecosystem productivity model for pine forests along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. The Carnegie, Ames, Stanford Approach (CASA) terrestrial biogeochemical model, designed to simulate the terrestrial carbon cycle using satellite sensor and meteorological data, was used to estimate annual regional fluxes in terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP). At its core this model is based on light-use efficiency, influenced by temperature, rainfall and solar radiation. Present climate data was generated from 50 climate stations within the watershed using co-kriging. Regional scale pseudo-warming data for year 2070 were derived using a Regional Climate Model (RCM) these data were used to downscale the GCM General Circulation Model for the research area as part of an international research project called Impact of Climate Changes on Agricultural Production Systems in Arid Areas (ICCAP). Outputs of climate data can be moderated using the four variables of percent tree cover, land cover, soil texture and NDVI. This study employed 47 MERIS images recorded between March 2003 and September 2005 to derive percent tree cover, land cover and NDVI. Envisat MERIS data hold great potential for estimating NPP with the CASA model because of the appropriateness of both its spatial and its spectral resolution.     

Spatial Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Density Through Random Forests Based Imputation

Regional estimates of soil carbon pool have been made using various approaches that combine soil maps with sample databases. The point soil organic carbon (SOC) densities are spatialized employing approaches like regression, spatial interpolation, polygon based summation, etc. The present work investigates a data mining based spatial imputation for spatial assessment of soil organic carbon density. The study area covers Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states of India. Field sampling was done using stratified random sampling method with land cover/use, soil type, agro-ecological regions for defining strata. The spatial data at 1 km resolution on climate, NDVI, land cover, soil type, topography was used as input for modeling the top 30 cm Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) density. To model the SOC density, a Random Forest (RF) based model with optimal parameters and input variables has been adopted. Experiment results indicate that 500 number of trees with 5 variables at each split could explain the maximum variability of soil organic carbon density of the study area. Out of various input variables used to model SOC density, land use / cover was found to be the most significant factor that influences SOC density with a distinct importance score of 34.7 followed by NDVI with a score of 12.9. The predicted mean SOC densities range between 2.22 and 13.2 Kg m^?2 and the estimated pool size of SOC in top 30 cm depth is 923 Tg for Andhra Pradesh and 1,029 Tg for Karnataka. The predicted SOC densities using this model were in good agreement with the measured observations (R?=?0.86).     

森林生态系统服务价值的遥感估算——以杭州市余杭区为例

森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的主体,其服务功能价值的评估对于整个地球的生态系统都具有重要的现实意义。遥感技术的发展,为研究森林生态系统服务价值提供了有力的手段和支持。本文采用了以CASA模型为基础的光能利用率模型,基于MODIS数据,估算了2005年杭州市余杭区森林的净第一性生产力(NPP),并计算得出研究区森林生态系统六项服务功能的总价值为13.8467亿元,其中直接经济价值和间接经济价值分别为2.5215亿元和11.3252亿元,各项服务功能价值的贡献大小顺序依次为:固碳释氧>涵养水源>有机物质生产>营养物质循环>水土保持>净化作用。本文旨在探讨一个进行森林生态系统服务功能估算与评价的方法,为区域生态系统的和谐发展提供理论依据和数据支持。     

WorldView-2纹理的森林地上生物量反演

使用高空间分辨率卫星WorldView-2的多光谱遥感影像,构建植被指数和纹理因子等遥感因子与森林地上生物量的关系方程,并计算模型估测精度和均方根误差,探索高分辨率数据的光谱与纹理信息在温带森林地上生物量估测应用中的潜力。以黑龙江省凉水自然保护区温带天然林及天然次生林为研究对象,通过灰度共生矩阵(GLCM)、灰度差分向量(GLDV)及和差直方图(SADH)对高分辨率遥感影像进行纹理信息提取,并利用外业调查的74个样地地上生物量与遥感因子建立参数估计模型。提取的遥感因子包括6种植被指数(比值植被指数RVI、差值植被指数DVI、规一化植被指数NDVI、增强植被指数EVI、土壤调节植被指数SAVI和修正的土壤调节植被指数MSAVI)以及3类纹理因子(GLCM、GLDV和SADH)。为避免特征变量个数较多对估测模型造成过拟合,利用随机森林算法对提取的遥感因子进行特征选择,将最优的特征变量输入模型参与建模估测。采用支持向量回归(SVR)进行生物量建模及验证,结果显示选入模型的和差直方图均值(sadh_mean)、灰度共生矩阵方差(glcm_var)和差值植被指数(DVI)等遥感因子对森林地上生物量有较好的解释效果;植被指数+纹理因子组合的模型获得较精确的AGB估算结果(R2=0.85,RMSE=42.30 t/ha),单独使用植被指数的模型精度则较低(R~2=0.69,RMSE=61.13 t/ha)。     

Soil organic carbon mapping using remote sensing techniques and multivariate regression model

Soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important aspect of soil quality and plays an imperative role in soil productivity in the agriculture ecosystems. The present study was applied to estimate the SOC stock using space-borne satellite data (Landsat 4–5 Thematic Mapper [TM]) and ground verification in the Medinipur Block, Paschim Medinipur District and West Bengal in India. In total, 50 soil samples were collected randomly from the region according to field surveys using a hand-held Global Positioning System (GPS) unit to estimate the surface SOC concentrations in the laboratory. Bare soil index (BSI) and normalized difference vegetation ndex (NDVI) were explored from TM data. The satellite data-derived indices were used to estimate spatial distribution of SOC using multivariate regression model. The regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between SOC and spectral indices (NDVI and BSI) and compared the observed SOC (field measure) to predict SOC (estimated from satellite images). Goodness fit test was performed to determine the significance of the relationship between observed and predicted SOC at p ≤ 0.05 level. The results of regression analysis between observed SOC and NDVI values showed significant relationship (R² = 0.54; p < 0.0075). A significant statistical relationship (r = ?0.72) was also observed between SOC and BSI. Finally, our model showed nearly 71% of the variance of SOC distribution could be explained by SOC and NDVI values. The information from this study has advanced our understanding of the ongoing ecological development that affects SOC dissemination and might be valuable for effective soil management.     

综合主动和被动微波数据监测土壤水分变化

微波遥感测量土壤水分的方法主要分主动和被动两种，它们都是基于干燥土壤和水体之间介电常数的巨大差异。估算植被覆盖土壤表面土壤水分必须要考虑地表粗糙度和植被覆盖影响的问题。植被覆盖土壤表面的后向散射包括来自植被的体散射，来自地表的面散射和植被与地表间的交互作用散射项。本研究建立了一个半经验公式模型，用来计算体散射项，综合时间序列的主动和被动微波数据，消除植被覆盖的影响，估算地表土壤水分的变化状况。并应用1997年美国SGP‘97综合实验中的机载800m分辨辐射计ESTAR数据计算表面反射系数，综合Radarsat的SCAN-SAR数据得到体散射项，然后，由NOAA/AVHRR和TM计算得到的NDVI值加权分配50m分辨率的体散射项，最后计算50m分辨率的表面反射系数的变化值，从而得到土壤水分的变化情况，验证数据表明该计算结果与实测值一致。