库尔勒市城区土层剪切波速与埋深经验关系

土层剪切波速在工程地质勘察和地震安全性评价中是一个较为重要的物理参数。通过收集库尔勒市城区已有的土层钻孔资料及相关报告,对收集的剪切波速资料进行整理,挑选出较为合理的土层剪切波速值,并在前人研究和数据整理、分析的基础上,分别采用线性模型、幂函数模型和一元二次多项式模型,对库尔勒市城区的土层剪切波速与埋藏深度关系进行了拟合,以拟合优度为评价指标,计算出了粉土、粗砂、角砾、砾砂、圆砾和卵石的推荐模型参数。最后对结果的合理性、适用性进行了评价。     

北海市土层剪切波速与埋深的关系

收集了2008年以来北海市城区44个工程场地地震安全性评价中的土层剪切波速测试资料,采用幂函数模型分别对粘土、粗砂、砾砂、其它土类的土层剪切波速与埋深进行加权回归分析,得到不同土类的模型参数及拟合优度指标(判定系数R2和误差标准差σ),并对回归方程和回归系数进行了显著性检验;最后将土层剪切波速预测值与实测值进行对比,验证回归关系式的合理性和适用性。结果表明:北海市城区土层剪切波速与埋深呈现出较好的幂函数关系,拟合优度均在0.81以上;给出的土层剪切波速回归关系式能较好地预测出不同埋深土层剪切波速,特别是在土层中部和底部推测结果准确性更高,其推测结果可供北海市城区缺乏剪切波速测试资料的场地参考使用。     

回填土不确定性对场地地震反应的影响

选取某核电场地控制性钻孔的厚度、剪切波速、密度等实际勘探数据,通过改变回填土剪切波速,分析了回填土不确定性对场地地震动参数的影响。研究结果表明:在回填土层厚度不变和模型总厚度不变的情况下,地表的水平向峰值加速度随着回填土剪切波速的增大而减小,但水平向峰值加速度增幅逐渐减小;回填土剪切波速到达一定的波速就不再影响地表水平峰值加速度;随着回填土剪切波速的增加,整个反应谱的谱值都普遍减小。     

土层参数的随机性对场地放大因子的影响分析

以Turkey Flat标准试验场为基准场地,以Toro剪切波速模型为基础,进行Monte Carlo模拟,生成剪切波速、层厚和密度随机样本各200条,将各土层随机参数组成4个工况作为不确定分析的基础。采用常用的四分之一波长法和传递函数法计算场地放大因子,分析放大因子以及特征周期对4种工况的敏感度。结果表明:土层剪切波速、层厚和密度的随机性对2种方法计算得到场地放大因子有相同的影响;剪切波速的随机性对放大因子和特征频率的影响比其他参数大;四分之一波长法得到的放大因子和特征频率对土层各参数的敏感性弱于传递函数方法。     

不同深度土层剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响分析——以Ⅱ类场地为例

以Ⅱ类场地为例,选取了山东地区2个场地的工程地质勘探及剪切波速等资料,通过改变不同深度段波速,分别建立土层模型,计算分析了不同深度段、不同概率水平条件下剪切波速的变化对场地地震动参数的影响。研究结果表明,剪切波速的变化对场地地震动加速度峰值影响在浅层影响最大,基岩输入面处次之,深层最小;对特征周期的影响,在浅层影响最大,深层次之、基岩输入面处最小。研究结果为进一步研究土层剪切波速测试中的不确定性对场地地震动参数的影响及合理确定场地地震动参数提供一定的参考。     

朔州市区土层剪切波速与埋深的统计关系

基于朔州市地震小区划工作中大量钻孔的剪切波速数据,利用最小二乘法,分别采用线性模型、幂函数模型和多项式函数模型建立了不同地质单元、不同场地类别、不同土体物理状态下常规土层剪切波速随深度变化的统计关系式。结果表明,4个地质单元的剪切波速与埋深间的散点图均呈非线性关系,且其分段性较为明显;以拟合度为评价指标对比了常规土类的分段拟合关系式及拟合参数,结果表明采用二次多项式函数模型的拟合优度要好于线性模型及幂函数模型的拟合优度;为了验证优选出的拟合公式的可靠程度,选定了不同地质单元的钻孔进行剪切波速实测,并将实测结果与拟合公式的预测结果进行对比,结果表明拟合公式预测的剪切波速值与场地实测剪切波速值基本吻合,可作为该地区无剪切波速测试场地的参考依据。     

福州市区土层剪切波速与土层深度的经验关系研究

土层剪切波速是岩土工程勘察和工程地震中重要的土动力学参数。以福州市区常规土类为研究对象,利用大量地震安全性评价工作获得的346个钻孔7 562条实测剪切波速样本数据资料,分别运用一元二次多项式、指数和线性函数拟合方法,对福州市区8种不同典型土体进行土层剪切波速vS与土层深度H间的相关性统计回归,并以拟合优度为评价指标来考虑适用模型参数。结果表明,除卵石外,福州市区土层剪切波速与土层深度间的相关性较为明显,一元二次多项式函数的适用性更强。研究结果可供福州市区无场地剪切波速数据时参考使用。     

和田市土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系统计分析

收集和田市土层钻孔剪切波速实测数据,按照地貌单元划分,按不同岩性分别采用线性函数模型、一元二次函数模型及幂函数模型等三种模型进行土层剪切波速与土层埋深的统计回归分析,给出拟合参数和拟合优度R2,从而得到和田市各工程地质单元各类土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系公式。并对统计回归分析结果进行了显著性检验,此基础上计算出场地覆盖层厚度计算值,将土层剪切波速预测值与实测值、覆盖层厚度计算值与实测值进行对比,验证统计回归关系式的合理性和适用性。结果表明,统计分析得到的和田市城区各工程地质地貌单元各类土层剪切波速与土层埋深关系公式较为准确可靠。     

山西临汾市区土层剪切波速与埋深关系的研究

土层剪切波速是地震小区划和工程场地地震安全性评价中的重要参数。选取临汾市汾河冲积平原一二级阶地和三级阶地共60个典型工程的土层剪切波速资料，分别采用三种经验模型进行统计回归分析，随机选取4个实测钻孔检验拟合程度。结果表明，该地区剪切波速与埋深存在明显的相关关系，将实测结果与拟合结果进行检验，经验关系式与实测的剪切波速值基本吻合，表明可用于该地区剪切波速的推测。     

剪切波速在福州地铁6号线场地分类中的应用

剪切波速是结构抗震设计中确定地震动参数的重要依据。利用福州地铁6号线沿线场地各土层剪切波速数据,给出福州地铁6号线沿线六类土层的949个测点的剪切波速统计分析及土层纵向变化情况。用三种不同规范计算不同深度范围内的等效剪切波速,对地铁沿线场地进行类别划分和对比,有助于6号线地铁建设乃至未来福州市地铁6号线沿线区域的工程建设。     

An improved rheology model for the description of the rate-dependent cyclic behavior of high damping rubber bearings

An improved rheology model, inspired from explicit experiments is conceived to represent rate-dependent cyclic shear behavior of high damping rubber bearings at subzero and room temperatures. Total stress has been decomposed into nonlinear rate independent elasto-plastic stress, nonlinear elastic stress and nonlinear visco-elasto-plastic overstress branches. To represent nonlinear viscosity behavior, ‘overstress branch’ has been generalized by putting linear elastic spring in parallel to nonlinear elasto-plastic model, placed in series with nonlinear dashpot. Constitutive relations for model elements have been designated for respective fundamental phenomenon observed in constant strain rate experiments. An optimum calculation approach is developed to determine a unique set of overstress parameters capable not only of representing constant strain rate cyclic tests but also sinusoidal tests with variable input strain rates. Essential abilities of the proposed model and adequacy of estimated parameters have been confirmed by comparing numerical simulation results with experiments conducted at −30 °C, −10 °C and 23 °C.     

Estimating streambed parameters for a disconnected river

Evaluation of stream–aquifer interaction and water balance for a catchment often requires specific information on streambed parameters, such as streambed hydraulic conductivity, seepage flux across the streambed and so on. This paper describes a simple, inexpensive instrument that is used to measure these streambed parameters under the condition of a stream disconnected from groundwater. Our method includes a seepage cylinder for simulation of river water depth. The proposed method was applied to estimate the vertical hydraulic conductivity of a streambed and the changes in vertical seepage rate from stream to groundwater with varied stream water depth in the Manasi River of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China. The vertical hydraulic conductivities of the streambed determined from 12 sites along the Manasi River vary from 1.01 to 29.m/day where the stream disconnects from the groundwater. The experimental results suggest that there are two kinds of relations between the vertical seepage rate and the simulated stream water depth. One is a linear relation between the two variables with low Reynolds numbers (less than 10); the other is a nonlinear relation (exponential relation) between the two variables with larger Reynolds numbers (greater than 10). This second relationship is quite different from the traditional model that usually calculates the vertical seepage rate from stream to groundwater under the condition of disconnection using a linear relation (Darcy's Law). Our results suggest that a linear relation can only be used for a limited range of river water depth. This method gives a convenient tool for rapidly estimating the streambed hydraulic conductivity and the changes in the vertical seepage rate across streambed with varied stream water depths for the case of a stream disconnected from groundwater. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Vertical and rocking impedances for rigid rectangular foundations on soils with bounded non-homogeneity

The vertical and rocking response of rigid rectangular foundations resting on a linear-elastic, compressible, non-homogeneous half-space soil model is studied. The non-homogeneity is described by a continuous yet bounded increase of shear modulus with depth. The mixed boundary value problem is solved by means of the semi-analytical method of the subdivision of the foundation/soil contact area whereby the influence functions for the sub-regions are determined by integration of the corresponding surface-to-surface Green's functions for the particular soil model. Impedance functions are given for representative values of the non-homogeneity parameters, the Poisson's ratio and the foundation geometry over a wide range of frequencies. Significant features associated with the soil non-homogeneity are pointed out. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

垂直切变风场中声重波的Burgers-KdV方程研究

本文从可压缩流体的原始动力学方程出发,利用二维约化摄动方法推导出垂直切变风场中考虑曳引效应的二维声重波的Burgers-KdV方程,并对其非线性性态作了一些研究.主要结果:1.声重波在远场处能激发起孤波和多周期波列等非线性波动;2.给出上述非线性波动与大气背景风场、密度等的制约关系;3.进一步推测大气风剪切是E_s形成的可能机制.从本文推导出的方程出发,可进一步研究声重波远场处的相互作用、能量转换、不稳定性和定源等问题.     

Flow resistance and hydraulic geometry in bedrock rivers with multiple roughness length scales

Many models of incision by bedrock rivers predict water depth and shear stress from discharge; conversely, palaeoflood discharge is sometimes reconstructed from flow depth markers in rock gorges. In both cases, assumptions are made about flow resistance. The depth–discharge relation in a bedrock river must depend on at least two roughness length scales (exposed rock and sediment cover) and possibly a third (sidewalls). A conceptually attractive way to model the depth–discharge relation in such situations is to partition the total shear stress and friction factor, but it is not obvious how to quantify the friction factor for rough walls in a way that can be used in incision process models. We show that a single flow resistance calculation using a spatially averaged roughness length scale closely approximates the partitioning of stress between sediment and rock, and between bed and walls, in idealized scenarios. Both approaches give closer fits to the measured depth–discharge relations in two small bedrock reaches than can be achieved using a fixed value of Manning's n or the Chézy friction factor. Sidewalls that are substantially rougher or smoother than the bed have a significant effect on the partitioning of shear stress between bed and sidewalls. More research is needed on how best to estimate roughness length scales from observable or measurable channel characteristics. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional computational models in hydrodynamic and morphodynamic reconstructions of a river bend: sensitivity and functionality

This study assesses hydrodynamic and morphodynamic model sensitivity and functionality in a curved channel. The sensitivity of a depth‐averaged model to user‐defined parameters (grain size, roughness, transverse bed slope effect, transport relations and secondary flow) is tested. According to the sensitivity analysis, grain size, transverse bed slope effect and sediment transport relations are critical to simulated meander bend morphodynamics. The parametrization of grain size has the most remarkable effect: field‐based grain size parametrization is necessary in a successful morphodynamic reconstruction of a meander bend. The roughness parametrization method affects the distribution of flow velocities and therefore also morphodynamics. The combined effect of various parameters needs further research. Two‐dimensional (2D) and three‐dimensional (3D) reconstructions of a natural meander bend during a flood event are assessed against field measurements of acoustic Doppler current profiler and multi‐temporal mobile laser scanning data. The depth‐averaged velocities are simulated satisfactorily (differences from acoustic Doppler current profiler velocities 5–14%) in both 2D and 3D simulations, but the advantage of the 3D hydrodynamic model is unquestionable because of its ability to model vertical and near‐bed flows. The measured and modelled near‐bed flow, however, differed notably from each other's, the reason of which was left open for future research. It was challenging to model flow direction beyond the apex. The 3D flow features, which also affected the distribution of the bed shear stress, seem not to have much effect on the predicted morphodynamics: the 2D and 3D morphodynamic reconstructions over the point bar resembled each other closely. Although common features between the modelled and measured morphological changes were also found, some specific changes that occurred were not evident in the simulation results. Our results show that short‐term, sub‐bend scale morphodynamic processes of a natural meander bend are challenging to model, which implies that they are affected by factors that have been neglected in the simulations. The modelling of short‐term morphodynamics in natural curved channel is a challenge that requires further study. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Imaging Faults and Shear Zones Using Receiver Functions

The geometry of faults at seismogenic depths and their continuation into the ductile zone is of interest for a number of applications ranging from earthquake hazard to modes of lithospheric deformation. Teleseismic passive source imaging of faults and shear zones can be useful particularly where faults are not outlined by local seismicity. Passive seismic signatures of faults may arise from abrupt changes in lithology or foliation orientation in the upper crust, and from mylonitic shear zones at greater depths. Faults and shear zones with less than near-vertical dip lend themselves to detection with teleseismic mode-converted waves (receiver functions) provided that they have either a contrast in isotropic shear velocity (V _s), or a contrast in orientation or strength of anisotropic compressional velocity (V _p). We introduce a detection method for faults and shear zones based on receiver functions. We use synthetic seismograms to demonstrate common features of dipping isotropic interfaces and contrasts in dipping foliation that allows determination of their strike and depth without making further assumptions about the model. We proceed with two applications. We first image a Laramide thrust fault in the western U.S. (the Wind River thrust fault) as a steeply dipping isotropic velocity contrast in the middle crust near the surface trace of the fault; further downdip and across the range, where basin geometry suggests the fault may sole into a subhorizontal shear zone, we identify a candidate shear zone signal from midcrustal depths. The second application is the use of microstructural data from exhumed ductile shear zones in Scotland and in the western Canadian Shield to predict the character of seismic signatures of present-day deep crustal shear zones. Realistic anisotropy in observed shear fabrics generates a signal in receiver functions that is comparable in amplitude to first-order features like the Moho. Observables that can be robustly constrained without significant tradeoffs are foliation strike and the depth of the foliation contrast. We find that an anisotropy of only a few percent in the shear zone is sufficient to generate a strong signal, but that the shear zone width is required to be >2 km for typical frequencies used in receiver function analysis to avoid destructive interference due to the signals from the boundaries of the shear zone.     

土的动剪切模量、阻尼比和泊松比研究进展

介绍了现场测试与实验室测试土的最大动剪切模量的差别、动剪切模量和阻尼比与剪应变关系的表达式及其地区经验成果、固结比对最大动剪切模量影响、动泊松比研究、实验误差及其对地震动的影响等方面的主要成果。提出应加强动泊松比研究,加强共振柱和动三轴试验土动力学参数统一的数学模型研究,加强土动力学参数在均等固结与非均等固结条件下关系研究,加强土动力学参数与土的常规物理力学性质指标关系研究和土动力学参数实验误差研究。     

Nonlinear soil behavior during the Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake of 1999 from data of the Dahan vertical array

Records of the Chi-Chi (Taiwan) earthquake of 1999 (M _w = 7.7) obtained at the Dahan vertical array (a part of the SMART-2 array) in NE Taiwan are analyzed. The Dahan array was located at a distance of ～80 km from the fault plane of the earthquake. Using the method previously applied to the analysis of soil behavior during the Japan earthquakes in Kobe (1995) and Tottori (2000), nonlinear stress-strain relations are estimated in soil layers at depths of 0–200 m at the Dahan site for successive time intervals. The resulting soil behavior model is used for estimating variations in shear moduli and for the identification of nonlinear behavior of soil layers during an earthquake. According to the model estimates, the earthquake-related decrease in shear moduli did not exceed ～5% and the soil response was nearly linear (the amount of its nonlinear components was also no more than ～5%). The stress-strain relations describing the soil responses to the earthquakes in Kobe (1995), Tottori (2000), and Chi-Chi (1999) are similar, implying that, in principle, it is possible to describe the behavior of soils of the same type by the same stress-strain relations and predict the soil response to a future earthquake.     

硬夹层埋深对场地地震动参数的影响

选取某重要工程场地A3钻孔的厚度、剪切波速、密度等实际勘探数据,通过改变硬夹层的埋深,分析硬夹层不同埋深、不同地震时程对场地地震动参数的影响。研究结果表明:在硬夹层厚度不变和模型总厚度不变的情况下,地表水平向的峰值加速度随硬夹层埋深的增大而增大,但增幅逐渐减小;硬夹层埋深到达一定深度时不再影响地表水平峰值加速度;随着硬夹层埋深的增加,整个反应谱的谱值普遍增大。