长江中下游地区暖区暴雨特征分析

利用2007到2013年5-9月间常规和非常规资料以及6 h一次的NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,将长江中下游地区暖区暴雨按天气形势划分为冷锋前暖区暴雨、暖切变暖区暴雨以及副热带高压边缘暖区暴雨三种类型。统计表明暖区暴雨一般发生在距离切变线(锋线)100~300 km的暖区内。主要结论包括:(1)冷锋型降水强度偏弱且分布均匀,集中在5、6月;暖切变型发生次数最多且强度大,主要发生在6、7月长江中下游地区的偏南部;副热带高压边缘型发生次数最少但强度较大,发生在7、8月。暖区暴雨的发生次数及强度在大别山、皖南山区较为集中。(2)暖区暴雨中短时强降水贡献大。(3)冷锋背景下的暖区暴雨一般产生在锋前低压槽中,暴雨落区与高低空急流耦合有紧密联系;暖切变型以低层暖切变线为主要天气背景,地面常有弱静止锋,暖区对流活动与中尺度急流结构、地形强迫等因素存在较高的相关性;副热带高压边缘暖区暴雨与局地的水汽积累和对流不稳定条件的发展有密切关系。据此建立三类暖区暴雨的概念模型。     

雅安区域性暖区暴雨特征及其概念模型的建立

利用1990—2017年MICAPS资料、自动站资料及NCEP再分析资料,对雅安区域性暖区暴雨的时空分布特征进行分析,并从区域性暖区暴雨发生前(08时或20时)的高低空环流配置和物理量判别指标两个方面进行统计分析,建立雅安区域性暖区暴雨潜势预报概念模型。结果表明:(1)暖区暴雨在雅安中部出现最多,从中部向南向北递减。暖区暴雨的年际变化呈波状态势,主要出现在7、8月份,小时雨强大于20mm的高发时段为22时—次日02时。(2)通过高低空环流配置,建立两类概念模型:副高偏西型的低层东南风气流型和副高偏东型的低层气旋式扰动型。(3)副高偏西型的低层东南风气流型对低层的系统性动力抬升条件、暴雨发生前本地的水汽条件和热力不稳定条件要求较低,但对低层的水汽输送条件要求较高。副高偏东型的低层气旋式扰动型,则需注意在低层水汽通道未打开的的情况下,仍可发生暴雨。     

弱天气尺度背景下湖南两次暖区暴雨对比分析

首先对2008-2019年4-9月湖南弱天气尺度背景下暖区暴雨依据500 hPa环流形势分为强西南急流型和副高型,然后对2018年4月30日(简称"4·30"过程)和2016年7月17日(简称"7·17"过程)两次不同类型暖区暴雨过程进行对比分析。结果表明:(1)两类暖区暴雨具有明显季节差异,强西南急流型和副高型分别发生在春季和夏季。强西南急流型一天任何时刻均会出现,夜间降水频次增多。副高型的日变化明显,降水峰值出现在上午。强西南急流型降水范围广,多出现在湘南地区,西南急流北推到长江中下游地区时,湘北也会出现暴雨。副高型降水分散,在湘西北、湘北及湘东南地区均出现强降水,局地性强,对流性明显。(2)"4·30"过程暴雨区处于上下一致西南风中,在切变线南侧辐合上升、西南急流和地面辐合线共同影响下湘东北出现暴雨,属于强西南急流型暖区暴雨;而"7·17"过程,副高脊线控制湖南,受中低层弱切变和地面中尺度气旋影响,湘西北出现暴雨,属于副高型暖区暴雨。(3)"4·30"过程暴雨区上空垂直螺旋度均为负值,700 hPa存在负值中心,意味着700 hPa切变线造成暴雨区强辐合上升,导致强降水发生;"7·17"过程,垂直螺旋度呈"上正下负"结构,900 hPa高度强气旋性旋转辐合最强,表征近地层中小尺度系统影响造成暴雨。"4·30"过程水汽输送和辐合比"7·17"过程更强。"7·17"过程比"4·30"过程低层热力不稳定能量更大且热力不稳定层结更强。β中尺度辐合线和γ小尺度气旋分别为"4·30"过程和"7·17"过程的触发机制。     

2008-2018年江南暖区暴雨特征

利用2008-2018年常规地面资料、探空站资料、逐小时自动站降水资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及FY2E卫星TBB资料对江南暖区暴雨进行了统计分析和可能影响因子研究.2008-2018年共发生65次江南暖区暴雨,分为切变型、副高型、副高和切变相互作用型和西南急流型4类,可进一步细分为暖切变型、冷切变型、暖切变与副...     

夏季江南地区暖区暴雨的统计分析

本文首先给出江南地区暖区暴雨的定义,并按天气形势将其分为暖切变型、冷锋锋前型、副热带高压(以下简称副高)型和强西南急流型四类。然后利用2010—2016年5—9月常规和自动站逐时降水等非常规观测资料统计暖区暴雨的时空分布特征和降水性质等,并对暖区暴雨的形成原因进行初步分析。最后利用NCEP FNL全球分析资料,基于中尺度分析技术给出四类暖区暴雨的系统配置:(1)四类暖区暴雨均为分散性局地降水,降水多发生于山区、平原和湖泊交界处等不均匀下垫面附近。其中,暖切变型降水范围广、强度最大、极端性最明显且主要位于江南中西部;冷锋锋前型降水集中、强度较大且具有一定极端性,主要位于江南中部;副高型降水强度较弱,主要位于江南中东部;强西南急流主要位于江南西部。(2)暖切变型和强西南急流型以夜间降水为主,副高型降水集中在午后,冷锋锋前型降水日变化不明显。(3)暖区暴雨由稳定性和对流性降水共同组成且降水量越大,降水对流性越明显。(4)在低层高湿、不稳定能量积聚等有利背景下,暖切变型、冷锋型和副高型暖区降水多由边界层(地面)中尺度辐合线配合高低空急流耦合产生,强西南急流型一般形成于低空急流上的中尺度风速脉动及地面辐合线附近,且低空急流越强,暴雨强度越大。(5)暖切变型和冷锋型暖区暴雨的落区分别位于低层850hPa暖切变以南和地面锋前的显著湿区内,副高型和强西南急流型的暴雨落区分别位于副高内和强低空急流出口区左前侧的水汽充沛且大气层结不稳定区内。四类暖区暴雨常表现为长生命史的移动型中尺度雨团途经山区或河流湖泊等不均匀下垫面时,强度增大、移速减慢,形成暖区局地强降水。     

弱天气系统下陕西暖区暴雨分型及其环境场特征

利用2010—2020年陕西省国家基本气象站、区域站24 h(20—20时)降雨量资料,常规地面观测、高空探测资料,统计并甄别出陕西省弱天气系统影响下的暖区暴雨过程（下称暖区暴雨）14次,按照天气形势将其分为副高冷空气渗透型、副高远距离冷锋型、副高暖脊型。利用国家基本站、区域站逐小时降雨量和探空实况观测资料,分析了暖区暴雨的时空分布特征,暖区暴雨、一般暴雨、平均气候值的物理量及其阈值的比较。结果表明：（1）暖区暴雨的降雨量高值中心基本呈两高型（副高冷空气渗透型）或一高型（副高暖脊型）,三个高值中心分别为沿秦岭分布,榆林中部的长城沿线和黄河沿岸,陕南的汉水谷地和米仓山、大巴山一线;副高远距离冷锋型分布较为平均。（2）暖区暴雨呈现明显的中尺度特征,发生短时强降水的站次频率高达41%;3类暖区暴雨中的短时强降水具有明显的日变化特征,存在两个明显的降水时段,午后15时开始增多,17—19时达到高峰,入夜21时又开始增多,00—04时达到高峰,上午时段短时强降水出现的次数极少。（3）与一般暴雨和气候平均值相比,暖区暴雨发生在风垂直切变较小的弱垂直风切变中,0～6 km垂直风切变的平均值为24×10-3 s-1;0 ℃层高度较高,平均值为47 km;具有异常的高能、高湿条件,K指数平均值达397 ℃,CAPE的平均值为1 334 J/kg,整层水汽含量平均值为3 383 g/kg,850 hPa的温度露点差平均值为26 ℃,暖区暴雨的850 hPa与500 hPa的温度差平均值为249 ℃。     

一次副热带高压边缘切变线暖区暴雨特征分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料以及卫星和雷达资料,对2018年6月25—26日副热带高压(简称“副高”)边缘切变线暖区暴雨的大尺度环流背景、雨带的移动与传播、中尺度特征以及温湿特征等方面进行分析。结果表明：此次暖区暴雨过程是在副高稳定维持,500 hPa西风槽东移,并有低空急流配合,低空暖切变线触发不稳定能量释放的有利背景下产生的;暴雨落区位于700 hPa暖切变线和925 hPa暖切变线之间;暴雨期间,小尺度对流单体在鲁南地区触发,云顶亮温tbb≤-60 ℃,并沿引导气流向东北方向移动;强降水区域有多个强回波中心持续影响,有明显的“列车效应”,强回波持续时间长;红外云图能很好地反映天气系统的发生、发展和消亡,而水汽图像上色调暗区不明显,冷空气活动较弱;低层暖湿气流强烈发展,是造成此次暖区暴雨过程层结不稳定的主要原因;暴雨的水汽源地是孟加拉湾和南海,且强降水期间,随着西南暖湿气流的增强,水汽通量有一个跃增现象;云顶tbb≤-70 ℃覆盖的区域、水汽通量散度负值中心可以作为暖区暴雨落区预报的参考点。     

江淮地区一次副高边缘暖区暴雨成因分析

利用常规观测资料和风云2号静止气象卫星资料,结合WRF(weather research forecast)模式对2018年7月26日江淮地区一次副热带高压边缘暖区暴雨进行模拟分析.结果表明:此次暴雨过程发生在副高边缘,暴雨落区位于低空切变线以南的西南暖湿气流中;对流最先在安徽北部和东部发生发展,随着对流形成的冷池出流...     

不同类型华南暖区暴雨过程的环流特征

在对34年华南暖区暴雨的筛选和客观分类研究的基础上,继续深入研究不同类型暖区暴雨的环流特征与对流发生环境变量特征的异同.主要结果如下:大部分切变线型、低涡型和回流型暖区暴雨个例的环境场斜压性较强,其中回流型暖区暴雨在关键区斜压性最强,而南风型暖区暴雨个例的环境场斜压性相对较弱;所有类型暖区暴雨发生时对流层中高层的中纬度...     

两次不同类型暖区暴雨的对比分析

2014年5月8-12日,华南发生了连续暴雨天气过程,为了探究回流暖区暴雨和锋前暖区暴雨的成因,加深这两类不同类型暴雨的认识,利用NCEP/,NCAR的1°×1°再分析资料、多普勒天气雷达、风廓线仪、自动站资料等,分析了回流暴雨与锋前暖区暴雨的特征及主要物理差异。得出：（1）8日暴雨发生在变性高压脊后部,未受冷空气影响,属于回流型暖区暴雨过程,10-11日暴雨发生在锋面低槽中,属于锋前型暖区暴雨。（2）两种类型暴雨不仅降水的分布、中尺度云团活动、雷达特征等存在明显的差异,而且在天气形势、水汽输送、动力机制、中尺度环境条件以及与暴雨的触发机制存在着不同点,这些差异可能是造成两类暖区暴雨降水落区及量级差异的主要原因。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.