河北中南部连续12 d重霾污染天气过程特征及影响因素分析

2013年12月14—25日,河北中南部地区发生了一次长达12 d的重霾污染天气过程。本文通过对同期气象条件、流场、污染物特征进行分析,探讨了这次过程的成因。此次污染过程与霾密切相关,具有持续时间长、范围广及强度大的特点;在静稳的大尺度气象条件和近地面大气层结下,污染物沿近地面风场的弱辐合区迅速积累,是重覆污染天气形成的关键;此次重霾污染天气过程中有两次弱冷空气活动,两次冷空气影响层次有所不同但影响时间均较短,不能彻底改变静稳大气层结,对污染物的扩散能力有限,重霾污染天气得以长时间持续。     

重庆主城区一次重度霾天气过程分析

利用NCEP再分析资料、L波段雷达探空资料、常规气象资料及自动气象站资料和空气污染资料,对2005年12月25-28日重庆主城区一次重度霾天气过程进行了分析.结果表明:此次重度霾天气过程发生在一定天气背景下,500 hPa青藏高原南侧南支槽槽区宽广,槽前西南气流较为强盛,850 hPa重庆地区持续处于均压场控制,气压梯度小,水平风速弱,且影响重庆地区的冷空气活动少、强度弱,有利于重度霾的形成和维持;低层风速较小、中低层逆温层的持续存在、气温较低也是此次重度霾形成和维持的重要条件;在未达到饱和的情况下,适当增加湿度有利于霾的加强,霾天气过程中,气溶胶粒子的吸湿增长会使能见度更加恶化.     

苏州市一次重霾污染天气过程的数值模拟

本文对苏州地区2015年12月13—15日发生的一次典型的重霾污染天气过程进行了数值模拟,分析了颗粒物及其组分的时空变化特征及其气象影响因子,以期为该区域空气污染治理和预防提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)利用WRF-Chem模式对此次重霾污染天气过程的污染气体成分进行数值模拟后发现,小时平均的PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、CO、SO_2、NO_2模拟值与实测值的相关系数较高,达到0.68以上,通过了P0.01的显著性检验,且日变化过程对应也较好。(2)通过分析此次污染过程的天气背景,发现污染形成期高空环流比较平直,中层为均匀的弱高压控制,地面受弱高压脊控制,这种形势容易导致颗粒物的堆积。后期地面等压线密集时,风速大,有利于污染物的输送与扩散。(3)通过分析此次污染过程期间气象要素的变化发现,有逆温、风速小、相对湿度大等不利的气象条件是导致此次污染过程发生的重要原因之一。(4)HYSPLIT轨迹分析显示,此次重霾过程主要受北方大范围灰霾颗粒物南下影响,北方污染气团逐步南推,14至15日本地大气扩散条件差、污染物累积,最终导致本地污染加重,从而发生重霾事件。(5)火点图的分布进一步验证了此次重霾污染过程是由外来污染气团输入所导致。     

常州地区一次持续性霾天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP再分析资料对2013年12月1—8日常州地区一次持续性严重霾天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:常州地区此次持续性霾天气过程中高纬地区高层环流较平直,低层为弱西南暖湿气流,冷空气势力较弱;2013年11月30日常州地区位于地面"L"型高压顶部,偏西风对常州上游地区污染物的输送和12月1日清晨出现的逆温层,导致扩散条件较差是此次霾过程爆发的主要原因;持续的地面均压场控制和频繁出现的逆温层为霾提供了维持机制,12月9日的强冷空气造成了此次霾过程消散。持续性霾天气过程期间,温度露点差减小,相对湿度增大,风力减小,多为偏西偏南风,且近地面多为弱的上升运动,为霾的维持提供了稳定的层结和充足的水汽。常州地区此次霾天气过程的主要污染物为颗粒物(PM2.5、PM10),部分SO_2、NO_2及O_3等污染物通过协同转化作用生成颗粒物,导致霾粒子浓度剧增是此次霾过程爆发的重要内因;后向轨迹模式的模拟结果也表明常州上游地区污染物的输送对此次霾过程亦有贡献。     

APEC前后北京几次静稳天气边界层特征对比分析

对北京地区2014年11月3-11日APEC会议期间的大气扩散条件与2014年10月的4次雾-霾过程进行对比分析,表明APEC会议期间静稳天气指数略低于10月4次过程,具备一定的污染物积累潜势。数值模拟结果表明,对北京及周边地区污染排放的控制是APEC期间北京保持低水平气溶胶浓度的重要原因。周边地区污染物传输以及特殊地形条件下山谷风环流的日变化对北京地区污染物浓度的区域分布及演变有重要影响,夜间地形北风对近地面污染物有明显清除作用。相较于重污染天气,APEC期间气溶胶浓度低,温度效应小,山谷风环流明显,同时白天混合层高度上升幅度大,有利于污染物扩散。减排使气溶胶浓度减小,而低浓度气溶胶又使污染扩散条件进一步好转的相互反馈作用,是"APEC蓝"出现的主要原因。     

江苏盐城地区一次持续雾-霾天气过程的综合分析

2013年12月上旬江苏盐城地区出现了一次历史罕见的持续重度雾-霾天气,利用盐城市常规气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料(1°×1°)及环境监测中心站的污染物浓度资料等,对此次过程的环流背景、气象要素、大气层结特征以及动力条件、污染情况等进行了综合性分析。结果发现:12月上旬中高层冷空气势力弱,以纬向环流为主;低层弱的水平风场为雾-霾的发生发展提供了有利的环流背景;稳定的层结特征,近地面高强度的贴地逆温和持续较低的混合层高度是此次雾-霾天气长时间维持的重要因素;边界层内弱正散度及负涡度是此次雾-霾天气得以维持发展的动力因子;通过后向轨迹分型和火点监测资料分析发现:污染物的长距离输送在此次重污染天气的形成过程中起到了一定作用。最后,文中建立了能见度和PM_(2.5)浓度、相对湿度的非线性回归方程,对能见度的预报效果较好,为实际业务应用中雾-霾的预报提供了有利的依据。     

临沂地区秋季一次重霾天气的特征分析

利用大气观测、探测及污染物探测资料、NCEP再分析资料和GDAS资料,对2013年10月26—29日一次持续性重霾天气过程中的气象要素和气溶胶演变特征进行分析。结果表明:本次持续性霾天气过程中,临沂地区PM_(2.5)污染严重,大气中PM_(2.5)的小时平均浓度工业区城区郊区,污染最严重时分别为365,344,284μg·m~(-3);较小的地面平均风速及PM_(2.5)浓度的稳定上升和较低的地面湿度为本次霾天气过程的形成和发展提供了有利条件;当临沂地区以南风或西南风为主时,市区霾天气加重,上游空气污染具有平流输送特征。贴地逆温层的形成,导致污染物在低空不断积累,造成污染浓度的持续升高。地方政府应加快产业结构调整,控制企业的污染物排放,才是治理雾霾的根本办法。     

山东一次大范围持续性霾过程的气象条件分析

2016年12月30日至2017年1月8日，山东出现了以PM2.5为首要污染物、持续几天、大部地区重度以上污染的霾天气。基于多种实况观测资料和ERA Interim再分析资料，分析了此次过程天气背景和边界层特征等。结果发现：高空平直纬向环流、地面弱气压场、典型的静稳天气，有利于霾维持较长时间。此次过程期间有3次冷空气影响，冷空气的强度影响霾的变化，弱冷空气难以破坏近地层逆温结构，并会从上游向下输送污染物，有利于污染物的累积；较强冷空气带来较强的垂直运动，破坏了静稳天气形势，有利于污染物的扩散及清除。此次过程稳定层结形势下，边界层高度是一个对霾有指示意义的物理量。边界层高度和AQI的变化呈滞后负相关关系，边界层高度降低之后对应AQI指数升高。逆温层长时间的存在是此次霾持续的重要条件，另外由于地理原因东南风增湿和逆温层顶高度降低都会导致污染物浓度增大，使霾加重。     

重霾天气气溶胶辐射效应对近地面臭氧峰值的影响

重度灰霾(或重霾)条件下,大气气溶胶颗粒物显著衰减到达地表的太阳紫外辐射,对臭氧O3光化学过程形成产生重要影响。通过对2013年12月1-10日发生在长三角地区的一次重霾过程进行详尽分析,结合对流层紫外和可见光模型(TUV)及NCAR箱式模型(MM),探讨气溶胶辐射效应对地面臭氧形成和浓度峰值的影响。研究表明,区域输送、稳定边界层累积和二次气溶胶过程等是导致本次重霾发生的主要原因;重霾条件下,臭氧光化学反应明显减弱,臭氧日峰值明显降低,但光化学反应仍缓慢进行;受各种因素如区域输送、边界层累积效应及二次气溶胶等过程影响,臭氧浓度随细颗粒物PM10浓度升高而缓慢上升。TUV和MM模拟结果与观测吻合较好,模拟结果进一步显示,当气溶胶光学厚度AOD由0.8增加到2.0时,到达地表的紫外辐射衰减63%,地面臭氧峰值浓度降低近83%,表明随着灰霾污染加重,近地层臭氧浓度有所降低。     

雾天气向霾天气转化时气溶胶颗粒物的动力学特性

针对自然界中雾天气向霾天气转化的现象,提出建立和发展雾环境气溶胶颗粒物多效应的动力学模型。基于离散系统的颗粒群平衡方程和多重Monte Carlo算法,分别对雾形成阶段（凝并、冷凝和成核3个动力学事件占主导）、雾发展阶段（凝并、破碎、沉积和成核4个动力学事件占主导）和雾消散阶段（破碎、蒸发和沉积3个动力学事件占主导）气溶胶颗粒物平均体积、颗粒数目随时间的演变过程进行研究。结果表明：气溶胶颗粒物的初始体积尺度为1,经过雾的生命周期进入消散阶段时,尺度为0.0156的细小气溶胶颗粒数目迅速增加,1000 s时间已发展至初始值的8.12倍。研究结果解释了自然界中雾天气向霾天气转化的过程和物理机制。     

南京霾天颗粒物数浓度特征及其受气象条件影响分析

2013年12月,我国中东部地区爆发持续性霾污染过程。本研究利用空气动力学粒径谱仪和气溶胶粒径谱仪在线观测这次霾污染过程中13.6~20 000 nm颗粒物数浓度,结合气象参数和颗粒物化学组分对南京霾天颗粒物数浓度分布特征,及其与气象条件相关性进行分析。结果表明,霾天颗粒物主要分布在积聚模态,且500~1 000 nm和1 000~2 500 nm粒径段颗粒物数浓度的增多是造成霾天能见度低的主要原因;随着相对湿度的增大,13.6~100 nm粒径段颗粒物数浓度逐渐降低,而大于100 nm颗粒物数浓度升高;500~1 000 nm和1 000~2 500 nm粒径段颗粒物数浓度受相对湿度的影响尤为明显,并且这2个粒径段颗粒物受气态污染物(SO2,NOX)的二次转化影响较大。霾污染期间南京大气颗粒物主要来自南京东南和西北方向的污染源排放,颗粒物数浓度总体上与风速呈负相关关系;温度对颗粒物数浓度的影响主要集中在13.6~100 nm粒径段;边界层的高度与粒径100 nm颗粒物呈负相关性,边界层的抬升反而利于超细粒子的生成和增长;逆温层的强度对超细粒子的作用更为明显。     

山西夏季气溶胶散射特征的飞机观测研究

利用3个架次的积分浊度仪和PCASP-100X（Passive Cavity Aerosol Spectrometer Probe）机载观测资料,分析了2013年山西夏季空中有云、无云和少云3种不同条件下气溶胶散射系数的分布特征,讨论了气溶胶散射系数垂直变化与气溶胶数浓度、气象条件的关系,并结合HYSPLIT（Hybrid of Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory model）后向轨迹模型研究气溶胶的运动轨迹和可能的污染来源。结果表明:山西夏季空中气溶胶总散射系数变化范围为0～499 Mm-1,晴空气溶胶数浓度和总散射系数明显大于有云和少云时。气溶胶总散射系数一般随高度的增加而递减。造成气溶胶总散射系数、数浓度偏高的原因有下垫面污染源多、风速小、相对湿度高以及逆温层的存在。550 nm波段气溶胶后向散射比大于0.1,粒径0.1～0.5 μm的气溶胶粒子对散射影响最大,说明山西空中细粒子污染比较严重。气溶胶总散射系数与数浓度有一定的相关性。引起气溶胶总散射系数、数浓度较高的气团传输路径主要为西南路径,局地排放的气溶胶大于远距离传输的气溶胶对散射系数的贡献。     

A multifunctional HTDMA system with a robust temperature control

The hygroscopicity of atmospheric aerosols significantly influences their size distribution, cloud condensation nuclei ability, atmospheric residence time, and climate forcing. In order to investigate the hygroscopic behavior of aerosol particles and serious haze in China, a Hygroscopic Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzers (HTDMA) system was designed and constructed at Fudan University. It can function as a scanning mobility particle sizing system to measure particle size distribution in the range of 20--1000 nm in diameter, as well as a hygroscopicity analyzer for aerosol particles with diameters between 20--400 nm in the range of 20%--90% RH (relative humidity). It can also measure the effect of uptake of inorganic acids or semi-VOCs on the hygroscopic behavior of aerosols, such as typical inorganic salts in atmospheric dust or their mixtures. The performance tests show that the system measured particle size of the standard polystyrene latex spheres (PSLs) is 197 nm, which is in excellent agreement with the certified diameter D=199±6 nm, as well as a standard deviation of the repeated runs SD=8.9x10^-4. In addition, the measured hygroscopic growth factors of the model compounds, (NH₄)₂SO₄ and NaNO₃, agree with the Kohler theoretical curves. The results indicate that the HTDMA system is an excellent and powerful tool for studying the hygroscopic behavior of submicron aerosols and meets the demand required for laboratory research and fieldwork on atmospheric aerosols in China.     

南京地区气溶胶谱分布的湿度相关性分析和等效复折射率预测

通过实验收集大气颗粒物，对南京地区大气气溶胶谱分布进行了描述，对气溶胶分布与相对湿度的相关性进行了探讨。建立了南京地区7—11月气溶胶化学组分的月平均模型，得出气溶胶等效复折射率的预测方法。结果表明：南京地区的大气气溶胶颗粒物，峰值粒径在80~100 nm范围，属于典型的城市型气溶胶。数浓度与相对湿度的相关性与季节和粒径大小有关，在6—9月，相对湿度与细粒子数浓度呈负相关，与粗粒子呈正相关，在10—11月相反，且易受极端天气影响。建立的干气溶胶等效复折射率月平均模型，结合湿度修正模型得到某一日的复折射率，与AERONET站点数据进行了对比，结果较为一致，误差范围在0~0.03。     

华东高海拔地区夏季气溶胶数浓度及谱分布特征

利用2014年7月黄山光明顶观测获得的气溶胶数浓度、气溶胶数谱数据,对黄山夏季气溶胶数浓度及谱分布特征进行分析,并在此基础上对气溶胶数谱进行了对数正态分布拟合。研究结果表明:黄山夏季气溶胶平均数浓度约为3 518.27 cm~(-3),主要集中在爱根核模态;气溶胶平均数浓度日变化呈双峰分布,峰值浓度的出现伴随着小粒子的增多。气溶胶数浓度与相对湿度和风速成负相关,高浓度的气溶胶多出现在较弱的东南风时;积聚模态气溶胶数浓度受风向影响显著。不同气团背景下气溶胶数谱差异集中在小于100 nm和500~1 000 nm粒径范围。爱根核模态气溶胶在高湿的西南气团影响下数浓度最低、谱较窄,而高温、低湿的东南气团对应的气溶胶数浓度最高、谱最宽,北方气团对应的气溶胶数浓度和谱宽居中;500~1 000 nm粒径范围气溶胶数谱分布特征与之相反。不同背景的气溶胶数谱和体积谱均可采用爱根模态、积聚模态1和积聚模态2三个模态进行对数正态分布拟合,但不同气团背景下的各模态谱型参数差异较大。     

Observed changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after precipitation events

Precipitation scavenging of aerosol particles is an important removal process in the atmosphere that can change aerosol physical and optical properties. This paper analyzes the changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after four rain events using in situ observations of mass concentration, number concentration, particle size distribution, scattering and absorption coefficients of aerosols in June and July 2013 at the Xianghe comprehensive atmospheric observation station in China. The results show the effect of rain scavenging is related to the rain intensity and duration, the wind speed and direction. During the rain events, the temporal variation of aerosol number concentration was consistent with the variation in mass concentration, but their size-resolved scavenging ratios were different. After the rain events, the increase in aerosol mass concentration began with an increase in particles with diameter 0.8 μm [measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer(APS)], and fine particles with diameter 0.1 μm [measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS)]. Rainfall was most efficient at removing particles with diameter ～0.6 μm and greater than 3.5 μm. The changes in peak values of the particle number distribution(measured using the SMPS) before and after the rain events reflect the strong scavenging effect on particles within the 100–120 nm size range. The variation patterns of aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients before and after the rain events were similar, but their scavenging ratios differed, which may have been related to the aerosol particle size distribution and chemical composition.     

Evolution of aerosol vertical distribution during particulate pollution events in Shanghai

A set of micro pulse lidar(MPL)systems operating at 532 nm was used for ground-based observation of aerosols in Shanghai in 2011.Three typical particulate pollution events(e.g.,haze)were examined to determine the evolution of aerosol vertical distribution and the planetary boundary layer(PBL)during these pollution episodes.The aerosol vertical extinction coefficient(VEC)at any given measured altitude was prominently larger during haze periods than that before or after the associated event.Aerosols originating from various source regions exerted forcing to some extent on aerosol loading and vertical layering,leading to different aerosol vertical distribution structures.Aerosol VECs were always maximized near the surface owing to the potential influence of local pollutant emissions.Several peaks in aerosol VECs were found at altitudes above 1 km during the dust-and bioburning-influenced haze events.Aerosol VECs decreased with increasing altitude during the local-polluted haze event,with a single maximum in the surface atmosphere.PM2.5 increased slowly while PBL and visibility decreased gradually in the early stages of haze events;subsequently,PM2.5 accumulated and was exacerbated until serious pollution bursts occurred in the middle and later stages.The results reveal that aerosols from different sources impact aerosol vertical distributions in the atmosphere and that the relationship between PBL and pollutant loadings may play an important role in the formation of pollution.     

广州地区旱季一次典型灰霾过程的特征及成因分析

通过研究2009年11月广州市气溶胶颗粒物质量浓度(PM10、PM2.5、PM1)、黑碳浓度、散射系数(Scatter)等大气成分要素,以及微波辐射计、激光雷达及风廓线雷达所探测的风、温、湿等边界层结构,统计分析广州旱季一次典型灰霾过程(2009年11月23—29日)中气溶胶颗粒物及其光学特性的时空变化特征,并配合天气形势背景、边界层结构对其形成原因进行详细分析。在典型灰霾过程中,黑碳浓度高达58.7μg/m3,散射系数高达1 902.7 Mm-1,PM10浓度高达423.5μg/m3,PM2.5浓度高达355.7μg/m3,PM1浓度高达286.5μg/m3。通过对同期的气象条件分析表明在广州地区旱季,区域性污染过程,特别是灰霾天气的形成具有以下三种气象条件:大气边界层高度较低;高压变性出海的天气形势与之密切相关;在偏东和偏南气流带来的高湿度环境下,气溶胶吸湿增长效应显著,导致出现严重灰霾天气。     

Characteristics of Turbulent Transfer during Episodes of Heavy Haze Pollution in Beijing in Winter 2016/17

We analyzed the structure and evolution of turbulent transfer and the wind profile in the atmospheric boundary layer in relation to aerosol concentrations during an episode of heavy haze pollution from 6 December 2016 to 9 January 2017. The turbulence data were recorded at Peking University’s atmospheric science and environment observation station. The results showed a negative correlation between the wind speed and the PM_2.5 concentration. The turbulence kinetic energy was large and showed obvious diurnal variations during unpolluted (clean) weather, but was small during episodes of heavy haze pollution. Under both clean and heavy haze conditions, the relation between the non-dimensional wind components and the stability parameter z/L followed a 1/3 power law, but the normalized standard deviations of the wind speed were smaller during heavy pollution events than during clean periods under near-neutral conditions. Under unstable conditions, the normalized standard deviation of the potential temperature σ _θ /|θ_*| was related to z/L, roughly following a –1/3 power law, and the ratio during pollution days was greater than that during clean days. The three-dimensional turbulence energy spectra satisfied a –2/3 power exponent rate in the high-frequency band. In the low-frequency band, the wind velocity spectrum curve was related to the stability parameters under clear conditions, but was not related to atmospheric stratification under polluted conditions. In the dissipation stage of the heavy pollution episode, the horizontal wind speed first started to increase at high altitudes and then gradually decreased at lower altitudes. The strong upward motion during this stage was an important dynamic factor in the dissipation of the heavy haze.     

Aerosol spectra and new particle formation observed in various seasons in Nanjing

The aerosol number spectrum and gas pollutants were measured and the new particle formation （NPF） events were discussed in Nanjing. The results showed that the size distributions of aerosol number concen- trations exhibited distinct seasonal variations, implying the relations of particle sizes and their sources and sinks. The number concentrations of particles in the nuclei mode （10-30 nm）, Aitken mode （30-100 nm）, accumulation mode （100 -1000 nm） and coarse mode （〉1μm） varied in the order of summer 〉 spring 〉 autumn, summer 〉 autumn 〉 spring, autumn 〉 summer 〉 spring, and spring 〉 autumn 〉summer, re- spectively. The diurnal variation of total aerosol number concentrations showed three peaks in all observed periods, which corresponded to two rush hours and the photochemistry period at noon. In general, the NPF in summer occurred under the conditions of east winds and dominant air masses originating from marine areas with high relative humidity （50%-70%） and strong solar radiations （400 -700 W m-2）. In spring, the NPF were generally accompanied by low relative humidity （14%-30%） and strong solar radiations （400-600 W m-2）. The new particle growth rates （GR） were higher in the summertime in the range of 10- 16 nm h-1. In spring, the GR were 6.8-8.3 nm h-1. Under polluted air conditions, NPF events were seldom captured in autumn in Nanjing. During NPF periods, positive correlations between 10- 30 nm particles and 03 were detected, particularly in spring, indicating that NPF can be attributed to photochemical reactions.