宽频带地震仪性能现场检测方法进展研究

宽频带地震仪具有采样信号频带宽、动态范围广及采样精度高的特点,常布设于野外流动地震台站中进行长时间的地震观测,利用宽频带地震仪及由其组成的观测系统进行科学研究已成为近年来的发展趋势．由于野外环境存在大量不确定因素,这些变化可能会导致宽频带地震仪性能改变,从而影响数据质量．现场检测作为地震仪器性能检测的一种方法,无需改变仪器的布设位置能够保证仪器采集的连续性,同时考虑野外现场因素的影响．因此,宽频带地震仪性能的现场检测也越来越受到国内外学者的重视．本文以野外宽频地震仪性能检测为研究方向,从仪器性能的影响因素、原位校准方法以及利用观测数据评估仪器性能这三个角度出发：（1）论述了布设位置及方式、温湿度及大气压力变化对仪器性能的影响;（2）介绍了仪器原位校准中的电测法和对比测量法;（3）总结了利用地震信号、地震背景噪声以及潮汐信号对宽频地震仪性能进行现场检测的方法．最后,本文对目前宽频地震仪性能检测方法存在的问题进行分析总结,并对其发展前景提出展望．     

2001年11月14日昆仑山大地震震前扰动信号的再研究

研究了2001年11月14日昆仑山M_S8.1大地震前新疆地区宽频带地震仪记录到的异常扰动事件.新疆地震台网在发生强震的前三天记录到了强烈的扰动信号.由于新疆地震台距离昆仑山大地震的震中很近,因此该震前扰动的成因备受关注,一直被认为可能是与大地震相关的慢地震事件,可能是大地震的某种前兆现象.本研究扩大了观测异常扰动事件的范围,分析了欧亚大陆187个宽频带地震仪在2001年11月的观测记录,发现这些地震仪在11月10—12日期间都记录到了时频特征类似的强扰动信号,其中最强的扰动信号出现在挪威台站KONO.调查研究发现挪威海域在11月10—12日期间出现了一次超强北极风暴,我们对扰动源位置初步定位后发现大地震前欧亚大陆各台站记录的最大扰动信号主要来源于挪威西南海岸.本文的研究结果确认昆仑山大地震前新疆台网记录到的强烈震前扰动信号不是与大地震相关的慢地震事件,而是挪威海域北极风暴激发的微地震（地脉动）.本文进一步研究表明北极风暴激发的地脉动可显著影响中国大陆的地震和重力观测.在分析中国大陆地震台网记录的强扰动信号时,北极风暴的影响不能忽视.     

淮安地震台沙层应力仪器观测数据变化的特征分析

用小波变换和傅里叶变换的分析方法对2009年5月至2012年6月淮安沙层应力数据进行频谱分析.发现:淮安台沙层仪器所记录数据中含有多个频率成份,其中低频信号频率以1.157 4×10-5 Hz附近信号最强,在2.314 8×10-5 Hz附近次之,高频信号频率在0.25～0.45 Hz之间.低频信号反映在日、月等引潮力的作用下固体地球产生的周期性潮汐变化的地壳形变特征;高频信号更多的反映地壳应力变化特征.淮安沙层应力观测数值变化不仅与其他沙层应力台站有相同变化形态和一致的年变规律,还与地震活动有较好的对应关系.沙层应力数据变化能反映大地震从孕育到发生的完整过程,一般具有上升、平稳、下降、回升发震等几个阶段.     

短周期地震仪接收函数的可行性分析——以新疆和田地震台阵为例

利用新疆和田地震台阵3 km孔径范围内架设的9个子台(包括1套宽频带和9套短周期地震仪)记录的3年远震波形数据,对比研究和分析了短周期地震仪接收函数的稳定性和可靠性.通过比较和分析短周期和长周期地震仪获取的接收函数波形,结果发现:(1)短周期地震仪记录与宽频带地震仪记录得到的接收函数有很好的一致性,且具有较高的稳定性,无论α取值为1.5还是2.5,短周期地震仪接收函数与宽频带地震仪接收函数都具有较强的线性相关性(相关系数0.9),但Ps震相均存在小幅的振幅差(约20%);(2)采用接收函数震相到时信息的方法(如H-κ叠加搜索),短周期地震仪可以代替宽频带地震仪;(3)由于短周期地震仪缺乏0.155 Hz以下的低频信号和在1 Hz以下频段非线性的振幅响应,仅仅采用短周期地震仪接收函数波形反演台站下方S波速度结构,获得下地壳到上地幔顶部的速度偏差较大(约0.3 km/s),可能会造成错误解释(如下地壳低速层),因此需要和其它对波速值敏感的数据(如面波频散)进行联合分析.     

可作为新震源的列车振动及实验研究

利用地震仪器对火车通过大同—秦岭铁路线产生的振动进行了观测. 观测中使用了两套宽频带地震仪和一套短周期地震仪,共获得距铁路0～2.15km的9个观测点的38次列车振动观测数据,全部记录均可分辨出清晰的地震波形. 研究表明：运动列车会在铁路沿线2～3km范围内产生明显的地面振动,接收到的振动频谱在0.05～20Hz范围内平坦,信号频带较宽,观测重复性好. 列车振动为利用地震勘探方法探测地下浅层结构提供了一种重复性很好的新震源.     

地震台JCZ-1与JCZ-1T甚宽频带地震仪对比观测分析

采用成都基准地震台JCZ-1型和JCZ-1T甚宽频带数字地震仪同一时间段记录的地方震、近震和远震的地脉动噪声做功率谱分析.结果表明,JCZ-1和JCZ-1T型甚宽频带地震仪在主要频带内对地噪声的响应程度是一致的.在高频端和低频端JCZ-1T型地震计分辨率更高,且信噪比更高,高出10 ～ 20 dB.JCZ-1型地震计由于长期使用导致材料老化以及受环境温度或气流微量变化的影响,地震计的噪声较高,可能对地震波记录的幅值产生5％左右的影响.JCZ-1T型地震计在安装过程中所采取的保温、防气流扰动等各种防护措施是可靠的.     

利用高频GPS时间序列进行地震预警研究

正传统地震仪可以监视地震发生、记录地震波信号等相关信息,为快速确定地震参数提供观测资料。但在应用中主要存在两个问题:(1)宽频带地震仪遇到强震时经常会超出记录量程,无法完整的记录地震波波形;(2)在地震和海啸预警研究中,地震仪数据通常需要积分为位移量计算震级和海啸高度,但受仪器倾斜、旋转等因素影响,积分结果会引入许多误差,难以获得准确的地壳形变信息。以上问题都会给地震参数特别是震级的快速准确确定带来困难。尤其是大     

汶川大震前数字地震仪位移地脉动低频异常现象研究

选取了2008年4月25日至5月12日间的四川台网14个台宽频带地震仪记录到的地脉动波形资料,把速度波形做适当的数据校正和滤波处理后,经积分转换成位移波形.频谱分析结果表明:地震发生前存在低频异常颤动,地震前2～3天开始0.1～0.3Hz频段傅里叶谱幅值逐渐增大;各个台的位移振幅值逐渐增强.其中靠近龙门山断裂带的台站记录到的地脉动变化较明显.     

闭环极点补偿式拾振器

利用闭环极点补偿技术，改善高频地震检波器的低频特性和扩大位移振幅量程，使之满足超低频，宽频带，大量程的工程振动测量要求。     

2010年7—8月中国及邻区地震目录

<正> 本地震目录由中国地震台网中心(CENC)提供。中国地震台网中心使用全国90个测震台站的地震数据,记录了中国及邻区M≥2.5的地震,各地震事件的记录台站均在5个以上。地震目录使用的走时表为J-B表,发震时刻为国际时,地名为按Flinn、Engdahl和Hill划出的地震分区给出的大致的地理位置(仅作位置参考,不含任何政治意义)。其中:Ms是由数字地震记录仿真成中周期宽频带地震仪(SK和DK-1仪)测定的震级,M_(S7)是由数字地震记录仿真成763长周期地震仪记录测定的震级,m_B是用宽频带中周期仪(SK仪     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Foreword

Destructive earthquakes have caused great damage in China and the United States and collapsing buildings havecaused many deaths and injuries. The field of earthquake engineering studies earthquake hazards, the occurrence ofearthquakes of various magnitudes, the nature of the ground shaking during an earthquake, the vibration of structuresduring earthquakes, the strengthening of existing structures and the design of new structures to be earthquake resistant,and finally, how to cope with earthquake damage and restore a city to normal functioning. Such efforts are in progressin both countries, but unfortunately, the language barrier interferes with the free flow of information between China andthe Untied States. It would be mutually beneficial if some means could be developed to promote the exchangeof information across the Pacific Ocean. This new journal has been established for this purpose and its success willbe an important step in promoting earthquake engineering in China and the United States.     

WORLD ASSOCIATION FOR SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION RESEARCH(WASER)

正President:Giampaolo Di Silvio,Italy Vice Presidents:Ulrich C.E.Zanke,Germany Zhao-yin Wang,China The World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research(WASER),inaugurated on Oct.19,2004,is an independent non-governmental,non-profit organization.The mission of WASER is to promote international co-operation on the study     

Enhancing remote sensing research on global change to improve our understanding on Earth system processes

正Global Change includes climate change and other environmental changes caused by the joint interaction among various layers of Earth. From the positive side, global change provides new opportunities to human and other living forms on Earth. In the meantime, it creates tremendous challenges and negative impact. At present, the negative impacts have reached all primary processes of the global ecosystem and every aspect of human society, especially causing degradation of the ecosystem. For instance, intensive deforestation causes decline of biodiversity; global warming causes sea level rise and increases     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.