基于FY-3B卫星资料的中国南海海区1—3月海雾时空分布特征研究

为全面了解中国南海海区海雾的分布特征,为南海海雾气象服务提供基础背景资料,利用2011—2016年1—3月FY-3B气象卫星资料的雾监测产品,分析了中国南海海区海雾的时空分布特征。结果表明:中国南海海雾具有特定的区域特征,中国南海海雾多出现在华南沿海、北部湾沿海、琼州海峡和海南岛东北部沿海海区,南海南部海域出现海雾概率低;南海出现高频次海雾的时间多发生在2月,1月次之,3月最少。该研究结果可为中国南海海雾研究提供背景资料。     

北部湾海雾过程的天气系统分型研究

采用2011—2016年NCEP/NCAR再分析格点资料和北部湾沿海6个气象站的常规气象观测资料,利用天气学方法对北部湾沿海出现大雾时的大尺度天气背景、地面形势进行了分类总结,探寻北部湾发生海雾时各类型天气系统的共同特点。结果表明:北部湾海雾的天气环流类型可分为西南倒槽型、入海高压后部型、均压场型、静止锋型、冷锋前部型和高压底部型,其中西南倒槽型、入海高压后部型、均压场型、静止锋型是4种主要的环流型,造成的北部湾海雾日数相对较多,而冷锋前部型和高压底部型造成的海雾日数较少;西南倒槽型、静止锋型的海雾过程持续时间较长、能见度较低,高压底部型的海雾消散较快;地面风速小、500 hPa高空存在偏西或西南急流、大气层结稳定是海雾出现时各类天气型的共同特点。     

北部湾海雾气候特征分析及预报

统计分析北部湾海雾的气候特征及其形成的天气形势背景,分析对海雾形成有重要影响的因素,建立回归预报方程,确定预报临界值。根据预报临界值和相似原理,在相应历史样本库中找相似个例,根据相似个例和北部湾出现海雾的概率制作海雾预报。     

黄海雾季开始日期的确定及其年际变化

根据山东省14个气象站1979—2007年4次/d的大气能见度观测资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、JRA等资料,提出了黄海雾季开始时间的以候为时间尺度的标准,并对影响雾季开始的可能因素进行了分析。结果表明:黄海气候平均雾季开始在第20候,从此候开始,盛行风向、湿度平流、温度平流、大气层结等都有利于海雾的产生;不同年份雾季开始的时间有差别,导致不同年份雾季开始早晚的主要原因是海-气温差、湿度、盛行风;黄东海海温正(负)距平,且东海北部黄海南部海温正(负)距平比黄海北部海温正(负)距平强度更大时,黄海北部雾季开始时间较早(晚)。海-气温差<0℃是海雾季节开始的先决条件,但对海雾季节开始的早晚没有明显的影响。黄海反气旋对大气层结的稳定有一定的贡献,有利于雾的形成和维持。逆温对于雾季的形成和维持有重要作用,但逆温强度与雾季开始的早晚没有直接关系;逆温层的高度可能影响海雾季节的发生,雾季开始偏早年逆温层更接近地面。     

青岛市雾、霾天时空变化特征及影响因素分析

本研究基于青岛市2005—2019年的气象与空气污染数据,主要分析了青岛市雾、霾天区域分布及其年际、季节和日变化特征与影响因素。结果显示,青岛市自2005—2019年近14年来雾天天数缓慢减少(p0.1),雾天天数变化和相对湿度变化具有良好的正相关关系(p0.05)。青岛市各季节霾天天数呈波动变化,在2010—2013年间霾天天数每年均超过100 d, 2008年霾天天数最少,为75 d。雾事件持续时间多为1～2 d,占比为77.5%,而持续时间为1 d的霾事件占60%,持续时间超过3 d的占6.3%。在沿海型站点(市南、大桥三),春夏季雾天天数明显高于秋冬季,过渡型站点(胶南、胶州)和内陆型站点(莱西、平度)则没有该显著差异,暗示了海洋对沿海城市雾天的影响程度。从日变化来看,各站点雾时数的高值主要出现于午夜至早8时,霾时数呈现双峰分布,峰值出现于8:00—12:00和18:00—24:00。相关分析表明,每月雾时数与PM_(2.5)、SO_2浓度、相对湿度呈显著正相关,与O_3浓度呈显著负相关,而霾时数与PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度呈显著正相关,与O_3浓度、气温、相对湿度和气压呈显著负相关。     

黄海平流海雾的观测分析

利用大量的地面站点观测、卫星监测和非常规观测资料,统计分析了海雾的时空分布特征、卫星云图特征及影响黄海海雾的气象和水文因子.结果表明,黄海海雾随时间和空间而变化,在空间分布上,雾频随着纬度增高而增加;海雾与海上风速的大小和方向有密切关系;海雾出现与海表温度、气-海温差、露点温度有关;海流是影响海雾形成的水文因素之一;海雾是大气处在稳定层状态下的一种凝结现象,有海雾不一定有逆温,但是逆温层的消散却为海雾的消散提供了有利的依据.     

2010年2月一次冬季黄海海雾的成因分析

利用青岛浮标观测、自动气象站观测、Micaps站点观测、L波段雷达等观测数据,New Generation SST,OI-SST和NCEP提供的FNL和CFSR再分析数据。并利用中尺度模式WRF对这次冬季海雾进行诊断分析。得到以下结论:(1)观测表明,这次海雾首先在黄海北部生成,是由于冷暖空气在黄海海域交汇,增大相对湿度,形成混合雾。在22日12:00时(UTC)之后,暖平流北上,冷平流消失。海雾逐渐转成平流冷却雾。青岛出现的海雾是从黄海发展过来的,并且为平流冷却雾。(2)在黄海,冷暖空气混合增大相对湿度,生成混合雾。与后期的平流冷却雾相比,混合雾的高度明显偏低。(3)海温异常偏低。在2010年2月渤海大面积结冰,海温偏低可能与融冰有关系。(4)模式结果表明,混合雾与冷水域的关系密切。平流冷却雾与冷水域的位置基本一致。混合雾和平流冷却雾都受海温影响较大。混合雾雾区变化很大,因为冷空气在移动过程中变性,不利于混合雾生成。冷海面对平流冷却雾起着很关键的作用。这次冬季海雾与春夏季黄海海雾的不同点在:这次海雾的发生机制不同于典型的春夏季黄海海雾。春夏季典型的黄海海雾主要是平流冷却雾,而这次冬季海雾在生成上首先是混合雾,后来转为平流冷却雾。     

渤海中西部近海与沿岸海雾的特征分析

利用2004—2012年渤海湾埕北油田A平台的气象水文观测资料以及塘沽、秦皇岛、兴城和龙口4个环渤海沿岸观测站的常规观测资料进行统计分析,得出渤海中西部海雾的气候特征及影响因子,归纳了天气系统模型,并给出了相关气象要素的定量化指标。结果表明:渤海海雾年际变化明显,其中2005年出现频次最少,2007年最多,不同海区海雾月际变化特征有所差异,但都存在冬季高发期,且海雾高发期受到温度空间分布的影响,08时海雾出现频次最多,其日变化特征受太阳辐射和海陆差异影响;依据高低空环流形势和地面主要影响系统,将渤海海雾发生时的天气形势分为均压场型,倒槽冷锋型,低压场型和高压场型4种并分别给出概念模型,各海区均压场型出现概率最高,渤海湾和莱州湾海区倒槽冷锋型次之,辽东湾海区低压场型占比第二;渤海海雾在海气温差正负时皆可出现且差值多在2℃以内,总体盛行风向特征不显著,这些特征与黄海海雾预报差异较大;此外,沿岸相对湿度达到90%以上,近海相对湿度达到80%以上,风速在0—3级之间,低层大气存在逆温层时,有利于渤海海雾的生成和发展。     

一次典型高压型海雾过程中海上大气波导的数值模拟

2009年4月9—12日黄海海域发生了一次受高压系统影响的海雾过程。利用卫星观测与探空数据、WRF模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model)对此次海雾过程及相伴的大气波导进行了观测分析与数值模拟。海雾与波导发展可分为3个阶段:(1)大气波导先于海雾存在于黄海海面;受高压下沉影响,黄海上空存在逆温层和较强的湿度梯度,表现为较强的贴海表面波导和非贴海表面波导。(2)海雾始于高压西部,并随高压系统逐渐东移减弱,向黄海北部扩展;辐射冷却虽然使雾顶附近逆温增强,但海雾的机械湍流使其顶部湿度梯度减小,雾顶附近对应弱悬空波导或波导消失。(3)高压系统影响使干空气下沉到雾区导致黄海海雾消散;雾顶附近逆温仍存在,同时湿度梯度增大,黄海上空逐渐变为非贴海表面波导。本研究结果表明:高压系统不仅极易为波导的发生提供有利条件,而且有利于海雾的生成,在海雾演变过程中主要是雾顶水汽梯度的变化导致了波导类型及强度的变化。     

第二讲 世界海雾的分布和季节变化

一、太平洋的雾 1.概况 太平洋上的雾,分布在30°N以北和35°S以南洋面上,而中间的热带洋面上极少有海雾发生。 从北太平洋海雾分布来看,雾区集中于30°─50°N的洋面上,50°N以北除白令海峡夏季有雾之外,其他海域很少有雾。在这一带状雾区里,海雾的分布也是不均匀的,其中以大洋两侧海岸附近的海雾较多,而大洋中部却较少。北太平洋西岸,从千岛群岛南下到日本北海道一线,为北太平洋海雾最频繁的区域,而且雾的浓度也大。北太平洋东部加利福尼亚沿岸也是一个海雾区,虽然其频率和浓度与千岛群岛雾区相比较为逊色,然而在北太平洋东岸却是一个显著的海雾区。 海雾的分布有明显的季节变化,春、夏季分布范围广,出现频率高,且西部胜于东部;秋、冬季分布范围小,出现频率低,东部略高于西部。从冬季到夏季,海雾的分布范围逐渐由     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.     

A Tidal Flow Model for the Gulf of Kachchh, India

A vertically integrated model has been used to study the tidal circulation and currents in the Gulf of Kachchh along the west coast of India. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a semiexplicit finite difference scheme to solve the basic hydrodynamic equations on a staggered grid. The model is forced by prescribing the tides along the open boundary of the model domain. The flow is simulated both with and without the presence of the proposed tidal barrage across the Hansthal Creek in the Gulf of Kachchh. The results show a considerable change in the behavior of the tidal flow in the presence of the barrage.     

利用中国GF-3卫星SAR和HY-2A卫星微波散射计的首次台风联合定量观测

<正>The typhoon,as a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean with high wind speed and heavy rainfall,is one of the most lethal and costly of natural disasters for the densely populated countries of East Asia.It can be easily detected by space-borne sensors operated at microwave,visible or infrared bands(Liu et al.,2014).Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)is     

离子交换—原子吸收光谱法测定海水中痕量铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰

本文介绍了用国产D401型螯合树脂分离富集海水中铜、铅、锌、镉、铁、锰等痕量元素,并用原子吸收光谱仪测定其含量的方法。讨论了各元素的分离条件选择及干扰元素的影响,并与溶剂萃取法的结果作了比较。各元素检测的定量下限为:铜0.5μg/L、铅0.1μg/L、锌1.0μg/L、镉0.01μg/L、铁2.0μg/L、锰2.0μg/L。方法精密度在4—8％之间,回收率为90—102％。     

Biogeochemistry of Mangrove Soil Organic Matter: a Comparison BetweenRhizophoraandAvicenniaSoils in South-eastern Brazil

Soil core samples fromRhizophora mangleL. andAvicennia schauerianaStapf & Leech forests from south-eastern Brazil were analysed for their total organic matter content and their sugars, amino acid and amino sugars composition. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents were higher inAvicenniathan inRhizophorasoils. The contribution of sugars and amino acids to the total organic carbon pool was constant with depth inRhizophorasoils whereas inAvicenniasoils it increased. Spectral distribution of sugars and amino acids showed a dominance of Ca-affine monomers, particularly acidic amino acids, and the sugar arabinose. Biogeochemical indicators derived from ratios of individual sugar and amino acid monomers confirm previous studies which showed that organic matter in both soils is mainly of mangrove origin. The results further suggest accumulation of organic matter inRhizophorasoils and a continuing degradation of organic matter inAvicenniasoils. The latter may thus release more nutrients to adjacent ecosystems thanRhizophorasoils.     

A review of orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus fisheries,estimation methods,biology and stock structure

Orange roughy Hoplostethus atlanticus are unusual fish. They form dense aggregations that have fuelled lucrative fisheries at great depths (600–1 400 m), especially off Namibia, New Zealand and Australia. They are thought to be very long-lived (>100 years, maturity at 22 – 40 years), and to have exceptionally low natural mortality (M = 0.045–0.064 year^?1) and slow growth rates (K = 0.055–0.070 year^?1). In addition, they spawn large eggs and have low fecundity. These factors combine to make orange roughy highly susceptible to overfishing; most stocks are below 30% of pristine levels. Assessments are obtained from indices of catch rate and trawl, acoustic and egg surveys. Acoustic estimates are the most direct, but are confounded by the species' low target strength (?50 to ?53 dB)–attributable to the wax-filled swim bladder. Extracellular wax esters are stored in abundance and comprise mostly mono-unsaturated fatty acids, with low concentrations of the ω-3 fatty acid family. This unusual composition (resultant from the species' diet) ensures neutral buoyancy. Stock separation has been inferred mainly from biological studies, but genetic studies have also found differences among stocks within New Zealand and Australia. Deep-water habitat may be damaged by trawling operations and may take many years to recover, so in some quarters there is a call for a portion of suitable habitat to be set aside for preservation. Although Namibian orange roughy are shallower, smaller and younger than those in other stocks, the Namibian fishery sustained high catches for only a few years before quotas were reduced, from 12 000 to 1 875 tons. Three management lessons are suggested for developing orange roughy fisheries based on the Namibian experience: (1) imposition of catch limits during exploratory fishing; (2) starting the acoustic surveys earlier in the fishery, if possible; (3) greater reliance on trends in catch rate until a survey series has been established.