中国大陆中强地震长波辐射信息变化特征

以静止卫星长波辐射资料(OLR)为数据源,应用功率谱相对变化法对有资料覆盖的中国大陆5.6～6.4级中强地震进行了分析研究.使用的有效数据的起止时间为2006年1月1日到2010年12月31日,其中2009年11月25日到2010年12月31日为FY2-E卫星数据(FY2-E为FY2-C替代星).由于数据量大,我们只选择了地理范围为5° N～50°S、55°～150°E内的数据进行了处理.     

内蒙古自治区东部两次Ms5．9地震前后长波辐射时序特征分析

以卫星对地遥测长波辐射(OLR)信息为基础,分析了2003年8月16日巴林左旗MS5.9地震和2004年3月24日东乌珠穆沁MS5.9地震前后震中附近的45°N,120°E点位长波辐射的时序特征。结果表明,在这两次MS5.9地震前后,位于45°N,120°E点位上长波辐射(OLR)月平均值、月距平值异常特征比较明显,这种基于不同点位上的时序特征分析对地震监视和预报具体孕震区具有一定的实际意义。     

基于引潮力位的云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震前地面长波辐射短临变化

2014年8月3日中国云南省鲁甸发生M_S6.5地震,震源机制显示为走滑断层,利用NOAA卫星地面长波辐射(OLR)数据资料,对地震前后热辐射值连续变化进行分析,结果显示:在中国大陆范围(20°—45°N,80°—120°E)内,仅震中及相关联断裂附近,地面长波辐射(OLR)在时间上经历了起始增温→异常加强→高峰→衰减→发震→平静的演化过程,在空间上异常沿断裂由北向南向震中迁移。对鲁甸地区引潮力进行计算,结果显示,天体引潮力对本次地震具有显著诱发作用,长波辐射异常可能是地震构造应力应变过程的辐射表征。     

2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震长波辐射异常特征

通过距平方法,研究2017年8月8日九寨沟7.0级地震前震中所在区域（95.00°—110.00°E,25.00°—45.00°N）长波辐射时空演化特征,研究结果表明:①2017年7月,去除背景之后的长波辐射场在震区附近出现显著增强现象,增强区域基本走向与地质构造走向一致,其主体区域沿着巴颜喀拉块体南缘边界带,重要分支横跨巴颜喀拉块体,直接延伸至九寨沟7.0级地震震中;②紧邻九寨沟7.0级地震震中的4个格点在去除背景变化后的长波辐射时序曲线变化特征基本一致,即在2017年7月出现显著大于其他月份的现象。     

川滇地区长波辐射场变化与地震活动关系研究

2007年6月3日宁洱6.3级地震发生之前, 在川滇地区(20°～35°N, 95°～110°E)出现了一次显著的OLR短期和临震的异常增强现象。 对该区多年来OLR场的连续变化分析表明, 这种增强现象在强震多发年与平静年有明显的差异, 其中在地震多发年OLR数值场不仅为正距平, 而且震前短期大多增强幅度大; 而在地震平静年OLR数值场变化则多为负距平且波动小。 上述结果对今后应用卫星遥感长波辐射信息跟踪监视和预测强震有启示性意义。     

新青8.1级地震前卫星热红外异常

利用兰州卫星热红外接收站的资料 ,取 3 4°～ 3 8°N ,86°～ 94°E为研究区域 ,对2 0 0 1年 1 1月 1 4日新青 8.1级地震前的热红外资料进行了处理、分析与研究 .结果表明 :从 2 0 0 1年 1 0月 1 7日起出现明显的地温异常条带 ,随着时间的变化 ,异常区域不断扩大并存在迁移现象 ,异常持续时间近一个月 .     

地磁静日期内北半球电离层NmF2的结构分布

用北半球陆地上48个地面电离层垂测站资料，以及国际参考电离层IRI 90模式，考察1985年1月6～7日F2层电子密度最大值日变化的纬度剖面和经度效应. 结果表明，在亚洲地区的20°N～30°N内，F2层赤道异常“喷泉效应”产生的NmF2“北驼峰”最高，其最大值出现在中午，或稍迟时间. 30°N ～50°N区域内，NmF2的白天峰值幅度逐渐下降，峰值时间移至午前约10:00 LT. 更高纬度(50°N～62°N )台站上，中午前后NmF2出现双峰，傍晚有谷值，夜间又再次抬升. 欧、美地区的低纬台站很少，但借助IRI 90模式分析可发现，在270°E经圈上，“喷泉效应”造成的“北驼峰”幅度最小，而且随纬度增大时，NmF2白天幅度下降也不明显，即纬度剖面的经度效应非常显著. 对中国、日本地区台站资料的小范围经度差异分析表明，在驼峰区的90°E～140°E内，各站NmF2无明显差别；但在中纬地区30°N～50°N内，中国西部上空NmF2白天变化幅度较大，且较为陡直，而中国东部和日本台站上空则相对平缓.     

基于张衡一号电磁卫星的夏季磁静日新疆区域上空电离层电子密度变化特征

采用张衡一号电磁卫星朗缪尔探针(Langmuir Probe, LAP)载荷原位电子密度对夏季磁静日时段新疆区域(30°～55°N, 70°～100°E)的顶部电离层N_e进行分析。通过分析日侧和夜侧的数据变化曲线：40°～55°N范围内N_e数据变化平稳，日侧N_e值平均高于夜侧N_e值的2倍，其中夜侧N_e值稳定在0.5×10¹⁰ cm^-3～1.0×10¹⁰ cm^-3,日侧N_e稳定在1.0×10¹⁰ cm^-3～1.5×10¹⁰ cm^-3;而30°～40°N范围上N_e数据波动较大。根据地方时特征分析结果表明：无论是夜侧还是日侧，随着纬度的降低N_e值逐渐增大，N_e值最大达到5.25×10¹⁰ cm^...     

青藏高原东缘深部速度结构远震层析成像

本文利用FMTOMO层析成像软件以及远震P波走时数据,获得青藏高原东缘地区300km深度范围内的P波速度结构,得到以下结果：①在60～140km深度范围内,102°E～104°E、29°N～31°N,四川盆地西南部存在一个相对低速区域;②在60～140km深度范围内,沿着龙门山断裂带,在龙门山断裂带的西北侧区域出现相对...     

安庆4.8级地震的余震S波分裂研究

利用安徽数字地震台网安庆台记录的地震波形资料,运行Matlap S波分裂程序,对2011年1月19日安徽安庆4.8级地震的余震序列开展S波分裂研究。结果表明,快S波偏振方向有两个优势取向,分别为N73°E和N94°E,初步判断为区域应力场导致的EDA裂隙系各向异性结果。其中快S波N73°E偏振方向与区域应力场的主压应力方向N74°E基本相同,而快S波N94°E偏振方向稍有偏差,可能是由于4.8级主震产生的应力扰动引起的。慢S波延迟时间在0.82～10.92范围内变化,平均为2.84,主震后,延迟时间明显下降,可能反映了震后应力的释放过程,而几次较大余震前则处于上升高值状态,可能反映了较大余震前的应力积累过程。     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

2008年云南地震灾害概况

列出了2008年云南省破坏性地震目录.在此基础上,结合云南省地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结了2008年云南地震灾害的主要数据和特性.最后列出1990～2008年云南地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要对比.     

2007年中国大陆地震灾害损失述评

在列出2007年中国5级以上地震目录的基础上,结合有关省(自治区、直辖市)地震局的地震灾害评估资料,总结出2007年中国大陆地震灾害的主要数据和特性。最后列出1990—2007年中国大陆地震灾害的相应数据,并进行了简要的比较。     

Applied volcanology in geothermal exploration in Iceland

In an active spreading area like Iceland, where the regional geothermal gradient is in the range 50–150°C/km, it is normally not a problem to find high enough temperature with deep drilling, but the difficulties arise with finding permeable layers at depth within the strata. Various volcanological methods can be applied in the search for aquifers and geothermal reservoir rocks. The flow pattern (as deduced from deuterium studies) indicates that the thermal water flows preferentially along high porosity stratiform horizons and dyke swarms from the recharge areas in the highlands to the hot spring areas in the lowlands. The primary porosity of the volcanic strata is dependent on the chemical composition and the mode of eruption of the volcanic units. Both the reservoir rocks and the flow channels forming the geothermal plumbing system are thought to vary from the Tertiary to the Quaternary provinces due to environmental conditions at the eruptive sites.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

冬季亚洲中强震与夏季我国东部主雨带的准同纬性

根据1954～2003年50年亚洲中强震与我国地温资料,分析了冬季震中纬度—震涡中心纬度—冬季我国东部强地热涡中心纬度—夏季我国东部主雨带纬度4者之间的相互关系,发现冬季中强震与夏季主雨带之间具有较好的准同纬性. 这是每年汛期降水预报的一个指标. 文中也讨论了应用此预报指标时的一些特例.     

Advances in ground motion studies in China

This paper briefly summarizes the works in the processing of strong ground motion data, the factors affecting strong ground motion, the modeling of strong ground motion and the calculating of broad-band response spectrum which have been done recent years by engineering seismologists and seismologists of China. In addition, we think back to the international cooperation in strong ground motion of the recent years and make some expectations for the future.