A two‐mechanism elastoplastic model for shakedown of unbound granular materials and DEM simulations

An elastoplastic model has been developed for the finite elements modelling of repeated load triaxial tests. This model is based on the shakedown theory established by Zarka for metallic structures. To the previous works, which were based on the Drucker–Prager yield surface and the plastic potential of Von Mises, a compression cap has been added to each one. The model straightforwardly determines the purely elastic state or the elastic shakedown state or the plastic shakedown state and calculates the deviatoric and the volumetric plastic strains. The calibration of the elastoplastic model has been carried out with DEM simulations and an unbound granular material for roads under repeated load triaxial tests using finite element method. The calculations underline the capabilities of the model to take into account, with a unique formalism, the accumulation of the deviatoric and volumetric plastic strains along the loading cycles. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

道路安定理论的进展及其应用

30多年来,国际上的道路设计原理及方法逐渐从传统经验法向运用理论框架方面转变。但这些理论框架主要基于土和粒状材料的弹性假设,从而限制了材料塑性性能的发挥。安定分析基于弹塑性理论,可以确定结构在循环或变值荷载作用下的最大承载力,因此,能够被运用于道路承受交通荷载的问题。阐述了安定理论的概念以及两种经典安定定理,回顾了道路安定分析方法的创始及发展过程,包括与试验结果的比较,讨论了残余应力在道路中的分布、两种求解道路安定荷载极限的方法,以及与塑性极限分析的比较,并把一种下限安定分析方法应用于多层柔性路面的设计,最后展望了道路安定理论未来的发展方向。     

Viscoelastic functionally graded finite element method with recursive time integration and applications to flexible pavements

The finite‐element (FE) method is used for modeling geotechnical and pavement structures exhibiting significant non‐homogeneity. Property gradients generated due to non‐homogeneous distributions of moisture is one such example for geotechnical materials. Aging and temperature‐induced property gradients are common sources of non‐homogeneity for asphalt pavements. Investigation of time‐dependent behavior combined with functionally graded property gradation can be accomplished by means of the non‐homogeneous viscoelastic analysis procedure. This paper describes the development of a generalized isoparametric FE formulation to capture property gradients within elements, and a recursive formulation for solution of hereditary integral equations. The formulation is verified by comparison with analytical and numerical solutions. Two application examples are presented: the first describes stationary crack‐tip fields for viscoelastic functionally graded materials, and the second example demonstrates the application of the proposed procedures for efficient and accurate simulations of interfaces between layers of flexible pavement. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coupled meshfree and fractal finite element method for unbounded problems

This paper presents a coupling technique for integrating the element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) with the fractal finite element method (FFEM) to analyze unbounded problems in the half-space. FFEM is adopted to model the far field of an unbounded domain and EFGM is used in the near field. In the transition region interface elements are employed. The shape functions of interface elements which comprise both the element-free Galerkin and the finite element shape functions, satisfy the consistency condition thus ensuring convergence of the proposed coupled EFGM–FFEM. The proposed method combines the best features of EFGM and FFEM, in the sense that no structured mesh or special enriched basis functions are necessary. The numerical results show that the proposed method performs extremely well converging rapidly to the analytical solution. Also a parametric study is carried out to examine the effects of the integration order, the similarity ratio, the weight function, the scaling parameter and the number of transformation terms, on the quality of the numerical solutions.     

用有限单元法分析超长单桩的荷载传递

用描述桩侧摩阻力与桩-土相对位移关系的指数函数,推导出桩-土接触面本构模型,并设置了Goodman接触面单元来分析桩土相互作用。针对超长桩钢筋混凝土受应力大的特点,用混凝土的弹性非线性模型来分析受轴向荷载下钢筋混凝土的应力应变关系。编制的有限元程序能解决层状土及层状土导致沿桩身不同位置处桩-土相互作用不同特性,并针对工程实例桩变截面的特点,采用合理的计算手段使得按等截面桩计算分析结果与按实际变截面桩计算分析结果相同。用此程序对一工程实例进行了计算分析,计算结果与静载试验实测值较符合。     

桩基础双折减系数有限元强度折减法极限分析

现行桩基础安全系数是对桩-土系统安全的总体性评价,尚不能明确桩侧剪移摩阻力、桩端阻力的发挥程度,模糊了基桩的力学特性。为此,基于不同的端阻力、桩侧阻力的发生机制以及占总承载力的比例不同,建立了桩端、桩侧地基两种安全储备系数（ 、 ）,通过强度折减法非线性有限元极限分析实现了客观评价桩端、桩侧阻力的安全性问题。建议了桩端安全储备系数-位移曲线（ - 曲线）和桩侧安全储备系数-位移曲线（ - 曲线）的拐点、桩端安全储备系数-桩端阻力曲线（ - ）和桩侧安全储备系数-桩侧阻力曲线（ - 曲线）的拐点V型尖点的前一折减系数分别为当前桩顶荷载条件下基桩的桩端阻力安全储备系数 和桩侧阻力安全储备系数 。分析表明,地基材料的强度参数（c、 ）接近于实际情况时,双折减系数强度折减法计算结果接近于静载荷试验、荷载增量法和单折减系数法的计算结果,且 - 曲线拐点、 - 曲线拐点、 - 曲线V型尖点、 - 曲线V型尖点等物理意义较明确,计算的桩-土系统安全储备系数F接近于单一折减系数法确定的安全储备系数,双安全储备系数 、 具有一定实用性。     

Uncertainty quantification of two-phase flow problems via measure theory and the generalized multiscale finite element method

The problem of multiphase phase flow in heterogeneous subsurface porous media is one involving many uncertainties. In particular, the permeability of the medium is an important aspect of the model that is inherently uncertain. Properly quantifying these uncertainties is essential in order to make reliable probabilistic-based predictions and future decisions. In this work, a measure-theoretic framework is employed to quantify uncertainties in a two-phase subsurface flow model in high-contrast media. Given uncertain saturation data from observation wells, the stochastic inverse problem is solved numerically in order to obtain a probability measure on the space of unknown permeability parameters characterizing the two-phase flow. As solving the stochastic inverse problem requires a number of forward model solves, we also incorporate the use of a conservative version of the generalized multiscale finite element method for added efficiency. The parameter-space probability measure is used in order to make predictions of saturation values where measurements are not available, and to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in the context of fine and coarse model solves. A number of numerical examples are offered to illustrate the measure-theoretic methodology for solving the stochastic inverse problem using both fine and coarse solution schemes.     

有限单元法与有限差分法在MT一维正演模拟中的对比分析

首先从电磁场所满足的麦克斯韦方程组出发,介绍了大地电磁测深正演的基本理论,并针对一维大地电磁模型加以讨论.运用有限单元法及有限差分法分别推导了大地电磁测深一维正演算法,并运用Matlab 7.0软件编写了相应的程序.为了检验这两种一维正演算法的准确性,设计了均匀半空间模型和层状介质模型,并给出了由本文程序、解析解得到的相应结果和图件,从而对正演结果进行对比分析.结果表明:两种方法的正演结果均真实地反映了模型的地电参数.     

Modeling branched and intersecting faults in reservoir-geomechanics models with the extended finite element method

Faults are geological entities with thickness several orders of magnitude smaller than the grid blocks typically used to discretize geological formations. On using the extended finite element method (X-FEM), a structured mesh suffices and the faults can arbitrarily cut the elements in the mesh. Modeling branched and intersecting faults is a challenge, in particular when the faults work as internal fluid flow conduits that allow fluid flow in the faults as well as to enter/leave the faults. By appropriately selecting the enrichment function and the nodes to be enriched, we are able to capture the special characteristics of the solution in the vicinity of the fault. We compare different enrichment schemes for strong discontinuities and develop new continuous enrichment functions with discontinuous derivatives to model branched and intersecting weak discontinuities. Symmetric fluid flows within the regions embedded by branched, coplanar intersecting, and noncoplanar intersecting faults are considered to verify the effectiveness of the proposed enrichment scheme. For a complex fault consisting of branched and intersecting faults, the accuracy and efficiency of the X-FEM is compared with the FEM. We also demonstrate different slipping scenarios for branched and intersecting faults with the same friction coefficient. In addition, fault slipping triggered by an injection pressure and three-dimensional fluid flows are modeled to show the versatility of the proposed enrichment scheme for branched and intersecting weak discontinuities.     

深基坑工程变形控制及其影响因素的有限元分析

文中首先对深基坑工程变形控制进行了详细的论述，提出了基抗有效系数、有效区、失效区、临界线的新概念，同时提出了变形控制参考标准和经济有效的变形控制对策。简介了自制的深基坑工程变形控制优化设计及其有限元数值模拟系统（SDCDEFEM）.利用该系统，对影响基坑变形的各因素进行了有限元数值模拟分析。得出了简明估算深基坑最大变形及其位置的统计关系式。     

软土中张紧式吸力锚破坏标准模型试验与有限元分析

为了确定软土中张紧式吸力锚的破坏标准,采用自主研发的电动伺服加载装置,在荷载和位移控制方式下进行了张紧式吸力锚在最佳系泊点受静荷载作用的承载力模型试验。结果表明：不同的破坏模式,锚破坏时对应的位移也不同。当锚为竖向破坏时,对应锚沿系泊方向的位移约为0.6倍的锚径;当锚为水平破坏时,对应锚沿系泊方向的位移约为0.3倍的锚径。同时,按照模型试验所得的破坏标准确定的吸力锚的极限承载力与极限分析法的预测结果吻合较好。对足尺锚进行了有限元分析,将分析结果与极限分析法的预测结果进行比较,验证了模型试验所得位移破坏标准的合理性。     

大型洞室群稳定性与优化的进化有限元方法研究

随着地下洞室群规模的日益扩大，迫切需要一种更新的全局优化方法以提高效率、优化结构在保证工程稳定性的同时能最大限度地减小工程造价。遗传算法的最新发现使得大型洞室群稳定性的最优建模和获得全局最优解成为可能。针对某地下洞室群工程，提出了进化有有限元方法，对工程软岩置换方案进行了优化。将有限元与遗传进化算法相结合，由遗传算法产生一组初始可行方案，以洞室开挖引起的破损区体积大小与参考值的增量比为评价指标，经过遗传变异操作，产生一组新的软岩置换方案，对每种方案进行应力分析，确定破损区大小，最终得到损坏区体积最小的方案即为最优软岩置换方案。这种方法可以优化得到全局最优解，并且搜索速度较快，较目前其它方法更易于在微机上实现。运用于实例中，得出了合理的置换方案，并提出了施工的合理化建议。     

单排抗滑桩随机有限杆单元法计算的分析与研究

文章对桩前土体需要开挖情形下的随机有限杆单元法给出了新的详细的计算公式。由于滑坡和稳定体常为碎石土和风化的软岩,不适宜用静力触探研究相关范围（土性的自相关性）,因此本文用旁压试验m值对相关范围进行研究和计算。根据所作的大量抗滑桩并参照已有的研究成果（如Meyerhof的研究成果）,建议抗滑桩的可靠度与工程结构的可靠度取值同（即一级结构[β]=3.7、二级结构[β]=3.2、三级结构[β]=2.7）。这样处理,钢筋混凝土结构的许多成果均可移植到钢筋混凝土抗滑桩中。侧向地基系数Ch（p=b1mxy=b1Chy）为与土性及埋深有关的量,本文给出了用旁压试验推求m值的两种计算公式。     

A mixed finite element method for the solution of the magnetostatic problem with highly discontinuous coefficients in 3D

This paper present a new a mixed finite element method for the simulation of magnetostatic problems with highly discontinuous permeability. The method is derived from the well studied mixed formulation for the div-grad system that is known to be accurate for very large discontinuities. The method robustness is demonstrated on a test model problem.     

考虑饱和-非饱和渗流场和应力场耦合的三维强度折减有限元程序研制

探索考虑饱和-非饱和渗流场和应力场耦合的三维强度折减有限元技术,并研制成功一个考虑饱和-非饱和渗流场和应力场耦合的三维强度折减有限元程序,通过与传统极限平衡法分析结果对比研究,对抗剪强度折减有限元法分析边坡稳定问题的适用性进行了评价,得出采用三维强度折减有限元法确定考虑饱和-非饱和渗流场的边坡稳定性安全系数是可行的结论.     

基于有限元法的井底应力场随井底压差变化规律研究

岩石破碎是钻头与井底岩石相互作用的结果,井底应力场是决定钻头破岩效果的重要因素。本文利用有限元数值模拟手段探讨了特定地应力条件下井底压差对井底岩石应力的影响规律。研究表明,降低井底压力可以减小井底岩石的等效应力、改变岩石的应力状态,有利于钻头破碎岩石。井底平面上井眼中心附近的岩石最易破碎,越靠近井壁岩石所受的应力越大,在近井壁地带0.8R（R为井眼半径）附近,会出现明显的应力集中现象,这使得该区域的岩石最难破碎。本文的研究成果为研究最经济、最有效的钻井工艺和破岩技术提供理论依据,为破岩工具的优化设计提供参考。     

Coupled formulation and algorithms for the simulation of non‐planar three‐dimensional hydraulic fractures using the generalized finite element method

This paper presents a coupled hydro‐mechanical formulation for the simulation of non‐planar three‐dimensional hydraulic fractures. Deformation in the rock is modeled using linear elasticity, and the lubrication theory is adopted for the fluid flow in the fracture. The governing equations of the fluid flow and elasticity and the subsequent discretization are fully coupled. A Generalized/eXtended Finite Element Method (G/XFEM) is adopted for the discretization of the coupled system of equations. A Newton–Raphson method is used to solve the resulting system of nonlinear equations. A discretization strategy for the fluid flow problem on non‐planar three‐dimensional surfaces and a computationally efficient strategy for handling time integration combined with mesh adaptivity are also presented. Several three‐dimensional numerical verification examples are solved. The examples illustrate the generality and accuracy of the proposed coupled formulation and discretization strategies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.