路堤荷载下柔性桩复合地基沉降实用计算方法

根据等应变假设得到的复合地基加固区复合模量计算公式与实际路堤荷载下柔性桩桩土间的非等应变事实不符,因此,路堤荷载下复合模量法计算的沉降量多小于实测值。通过二维有限元方法分析了路堤荷载下复合地基变形特性。采用分层总和法反算加固区复合模量,提出了复合模量计算修正方法;并通过参数分析得到了各主要影响因素对复合地基加固区变形特性的影响;对比桩体设置前后下卧层变形差异,对下卧层沉降计算方法进行修正。由此建立了有限元方法与工程实用的分层总和法之间的联系,将有限元方法实用化,分别得到了路堤荷载下柔性桩复合地基加固区和下卧层的沉降实用计算方法。实例计算证明了所推荐方法的有效性。     

Interpretation of the lime column penetration test

Dry soil mix (DSM) columns can be used to reduce the settlement of embankments constructed on soft clays and to improve the stability. During construction the shear strength of the columns needs to be confirmed for compliance with technical assumptions. However, the measurement of the column shear strength can be a contentious issue. All methods of assessing the ultimate shear strength of DSM columns have limitations. These are caused by uncertainties in empirical probe factors required to convert pullout or push in force measured during the lime column penetration test to shear strength and/or testing a small proportion of the DSM column volume and determining whether it is representative of the strength of the entire column. The penetration resistance measured using the lime column test is considered to be more representative of average column shear strength than some other test types. This test can be carried out as a pullout resistance test (PORT) or a push in resistance test (PIRT). Both PORT and PIRT require empirical correlations of measured resistance to an absolute measure of shear strength, in a similar manner to the Piezocone test. In this paper, finite element techniques developed for assessment of T-bar, Ball and Piezocone penetration tests ,  and  are used to assess bounds for the empirical probe factor, N. To simulate the cemented DSM columns, analyses have incorporated a model for a strain softening material. Measured settlements from an embankment constructed on DSM ground improvement are then compared with finite element calculations to infer the shear strength of the columns. These inferred shear strengths are then compared with the results of PORT tests performed beneath the embankment.     

土工织物与塑料排水板联合处理软基的效果分析

基于平面应变条件下的Biot固结理论,采用非线性有限元方法对土工织物加筋与塑料板排水联合使用处理软土路基的效果和机制进行了探讨。对比计算表明：在相同固结时间内加设排水板后路堤的竖向沉降大于无排水板情况下的相应值,路堤坡趾处的隆起变小,路堤的侧向位移也变小。塑料排水板极大地缩短了孔压的消散时间,加快了软土的固结进程,使软土地基的承载力得到较快的提高,从而提高了路堤的稳定性。加设排水板后筋材所分担的抗拉力也比无排水板情况下的抗拉力低。为了更好地发挥土工织物的加固效果,土工织物应尽量布置在高应力区域。加设排水板可以缩短路堤各固结阶段的静置时间而达到优化设计。     

Geosynthetic-reinforced and jet grout column-supported embankments on soft soils: Numerical analysis and parametric study

Using a computer code based on the finite element method, a study is conducted to analyse the time-dependent behaviour of a geosynthetic-reinforced and jet grout column-supported embankment on soft soils, as well as the influence of three factors: the embankment height, the elastic modulus of column and the column spacing. The cylindrical unit cell formulation is used. The numerical model incorporates the Biot consolidation theory with soil constitutive relations simulated by the p–q–θ critical state model. Special emphasis is given to the analysis of several parameters: settlement, excess pore pressure, effective stress, stress level, tension in the geosynthetic, soil arching effect and overall efficiency coefficient.     

Analysis of geocell-reinforced mattress with consideration of horizontal–vertical coupling

Geocell reinforcement has been increasingly applied to road embankment engineering. Deformation calculation is one of the major concerns during the design process. In this paper, the power-series method was employed to investigate the performance of a geocell-reinforced mattress under symmetric loads. The geocell-reinforced mattress was idealized as a beam on a Winkler foundation. In the analysis, the soil–foundation beam interface resistance, related to the horizontal deformation coupling with the vertical deformation, was considered. Semi-analytic solutions were developed to assess the deformations and internal forces of the foundation beam and verified against an existing finite element method [9]. The results of the proposed method were close to the results from the finite element method. Moreover, the effects of various factors, such as height of embankment, horizontal and vertical foundation coefficients, composite elastic modulus and height of geocell-reinforced mattress, on the foundation beam settlement and the tension force within the beam are discussed. It was found that the interface resistance related to the horizontal deformation of the beam has a reduction effect on the embankment settlement, and it is beneficial to reduce the embankment settlement by increasing the beam rigidity and strengthening the subgrade soil body.     

Analytical modeling on consolidation of stiffened deep mixed column-reinforced soft soil under embankment

Stiffened deep mixed (SDM) column is a new ground improvement technique to improve soft soil, which can be used to increase bearing capacity, reduce deformation, and enhance stability of soft soil. This technique has been successfully adopted to support the highway and railway embankments over soft soils in China and other countries. However, there have been limited investigations on its consolidation under embankment loading. This paper developed an analytical solution for the consolidation of embankment over soft soil with SDM column in which core pile is equal to or shorter than outer DM column. The consolidation problem was simplified as a consolidation of composite soil considering the load shear effect of core pile. The developed solution was verified by a comparison with the results computed by three-dimensional (3-D) finite element analysis. A parametric study based on the derived solution was conducted to investigate influence factors—length of core pile, diameter of core pile, diameter of SDM column, modulus of DM column, and permeability coefficient of DM column—on the consolidation behavior of SDM column-supported embankment over soft soil. The developed solution was applied to a case history of SDM column-supported embankment, and a good agreement was found between the predictions and the field measurements.     

竖向荷载下加筋碎石桩复合地基数值分析

采用三维有限元程序建立了一长为6 m、直径为0.8 m的加筋碎石桩复合地基流固耦合数值模型,分析了其在堆载和孔压消散过程中的荷载传递和变形特性。较传统碎石桩,加筋碎石桩复合地基桩土应力比显著增大,超孔压、沉降和桩身侧向变形显著减小,且随筋材刚度的增大,其性能进一步改善。加筋碎石桩复合地基在桩间土固结过程中产生明显的桩土差异沉降,形成土拱效应,使得堆载结束后桩土应力比变化很小。筋材长度对加筋碎石桩复合地基桩土应力比和沉降影响显著,应对其全长加筋才能保证桩体刚度和有效减少沉降。     

振冲碎石桩地基有限元分析的复合模型研究

从振冲碎石桩的变形、受力机制出发,提出相应的假设条件,利用弹性力学和Biot固结理论建立了可以考虑固结问题的振冲碎石桩复合的平面有限元分析弹性复合模型,并编制相应的有限元分析程序APOSE。通过算例考证了APOSE的可靠性和有效性,APOSE程序可以用于分析研究振冲碎石桩地基、砂井地基等类似复合地基沉降变形和固结问题。     

高速公路工程中粉喷桩复合地基最大侧向变形研究

分析了粉喷桩复合地基路堤填筑过程中最大侧向变形发展的特性,确定了坡脚处最大侧向变形与路中沉降呈双直线的关系,坡脚处最大侧向变形在大部分填筑过程中与路中沉降呈 0.115的关系。对比分析了粉喷桩复合地基和天然地基侧向变形发展规律的差异,并基于复合地基理论分析,认为导致它们差异变化的原因是粉喷桩复合地基桩-土应力分担比的变化。     

碎石桩复合地基现场试验及数值模拟分析

依托某储油罐的碎石桩复合地基处理实例,进行了复合地基现场变形、荷载传递及固结速率的长期监测。参照工程实际建立了碎石桩复合地基三维有限元水土耦合分析模型,讨论了碎石桩桩长以及复合地基置换率对碎石桩复合地基工程性状的影响。监测结果和有限元数值分析结果表明：碎石桩复合地基对于沉降和水平位移的控制效果较好,保证了施工过程中地基的稳定性;随着上部荷载的增加,桩土应力比逐渐增大。碎石桩给地基提供了良好的排水通道,有效加快了地基的固结速率;碎石桩复合地基沉降随着桩长和置换率的增加而减小,但达到一定程度时,置换率和桩长对沉降的减少效果有限;复合地基桩土应力比随着桩长的增加而增大,随着置换率的增大而减小;置换率和桩长的增加都能加快碎石桩复合地基的固结速率,但是置换率对固结速率的影响更大一些。     

Numerical analysis of foundation columns to support widening of embankments

Increased traffic volume has made it necessary to increase highway capacities by widening embankments and pavements. Adding a new embankment to an existing embankment induces additional stresses and deformations beneath the widened and existing portions of the embankment. Differential settlement may develop between and within the new and existing portions of the embankment, especially over soft soils. This differential settlement often causes pavement distress, such as longitudinal cracks or the drop-off (or sinking) of pavement sections. Different techniques have been adopted to remedy these problems, including the use of foundation columns, such as deep mixed columns, vibro-concrete columns, stone columns, and aggregate piers. However, design procedures for foundation columns constructed for this purpose are not well developed. The analyses of eight cases of column-supported widened embankments and two untreated foundations are presented in this paper. The factors considered include the consolidation of foundation soils under existing embankments and the spacing, region, and modulus of foundation columns. Two-dimensional finite difference software was used after the calibration of the model against a field case study and numerical analyses were conducted to investigate stresses and deformations of the widened embankments over soft soil with or without the remediation of foundation columns. The results presented in this paper include the vertical and the horizontal displacements, the maximum settlements, the transverse gradient change, and the distribution of the additional stresses induced by the widening. Recommendations are made for the design of foundation columns to remedy roadway pavement failure due to widening of embankments.     

复合地基加固路堤的稳定性分析

通过对复合地基加固路堤稳定性的极限平衡法和有限单元法的计算结果进行对比分析,揭示出当路堤的稳定性由复合地基决定时,极限平衡法和有限单元法的计算结果存在较大差异。应用岩土有限元软件Plaxis中的强度折减法可得到合理的路堤稳定性分析结果。对复合地基中桩体破坏模式的分析认为,桩体发生非剪断破坏之外的弯曲、转动、拉伸等破坏模式是极限平衡法与有限单元法计算结果产生差异的根本原因。由此进一步指出,当处理存在土与结构物相互作用的边坡稳定问题时,极限平衡法的分析结果可能会高估了边坡的稳定性,应慎重判别其合理性。     

考虑桩土非等应变的路堤荷载下搅拌桩复合地基沉降计算方法

为全面考虑路堤荷载下搅拌桩复合地基的桩土非等应变特性,将路堤、桩体、桩间土及下卧土层整体考虑,在总结前人试验结果基础上提出简化的桩土应力比和桩土差异沉降两阶段模型,改进了现有的桩顶平面处的桩土应力比计算方法。根据实际的应力状态计算桩侧摩阻力,计算桩土荷载分担,进而得到桩体和桩间土沉降。通过各子系统界面处的位移和应力边界条件考虑其相互作用,得到了路堤荷载下搅拌桩复合地基总沉降计算模型。对比淮盐高速公路试验段搅拌桩复合地基的实测沉降、文中模型以及传统复合模量法计算结果,验证了该模型的正确性,结果表明模型计算沉降与实测数据吻合,较常规的复合模量法计算结果更接近实测值。     

土工织物加固软土路基的机理分析

采用非线性有限元方法对土工织物加固软土路基的效果和机理进行了探讨。对比计算表明，土工织物对软土路基的加固有明显的效果，可使路堤的安全性提高20％以上，使侧向位移减小15％～25％；土工织物对竖向沉降影响的大小则取决于路堤的宽度及土性参数；固结阶段的侧向位移会由于竖向沉降的大幅度发展而发生回缩，工程中需要采用较精密的仪器来探测这种回缩现象；仅铺设土工织物对路基体内孔隙水压力的发展影响不大，若要加快孔压的消散，可与塑料排水板联合使用；为了更好地发挥土工织物的加固效果，土工织物应尽量布置在高应力区域。分析后认为，传统的极限平衡分析方法很难合理地反映土工织物与土之间的变形协调关系，也较难正确地反映土工织物的受力状态及作用机理。     

桥头粉喷桩复合地基工后沉降原因分析

为了研究引起搅拌桩复合地基工后沉降的原因,针对粉喷桩加固桥头软基沉降进行Biot固结有限元正反分析。有限元分析时的土体本构模型采用Duncan-Chang非线性弹性模型,反分析时的土体本构模型分别采用Duncan-Chang非线性 弹性模型和Merchant黏弹性模型。计算分析表明,引起粉喷桩加固地基工后沉降的主要因素：早期时是交通荷载引,而后期土体蠕变的影响则占主导地位。     

Consolidation behavior of soil–cement column improved ground

Columnar inclusion is one of the effective and widely used methods for improving the engineering properties of soft clay ground. This article investigates the consolidation behavior of composite soft clay ground using both physical model tests under an axial-symmetry condition and finite element simulations using the PLAXIS 2D program. It was determined that the final settlement and the rate of consolidation of the composite ground depended on the stress state. For an applied stress that is much lower than the failure stress, the final settlement of the composite ground was lower, and the consolidation was rapid. When the soil–cement column failed, the stress on the column suddenly decreased (due to strain-softening); meanwhile, the stress on the soil increased to maintain the force equilibrium. Consequently, the excess pore pressure in the surrounding clay increased immediately. The cracked soil–cement column acted as a drain, which accelerated the dissipation of the excess pore pressure. The consolidation of the composite ground was mainly observed in the vertical direction and was controlled by the area ratio, which is the ratio of the diameter of the soil–cement column to the diameter of the composite ground, a. The stress on the column was shown to be low for a composite ground with a high value of a, which resulted in less settlement and fast consolidation. For a long soil–cement column, the excess pore pressures in the surrounding clay and the column were essentially the same at a given consolidation time throughout the improvement depth. It is proposed that the soil–cement column and surrounding clay form a compressible ground, and the consolidation occurs in the vertical direction. The composite coefficient of consolidation (c_v(com₎) that was obtained from the physical model test on the composite ground can be used to approximate the rate of consolidation. This approximation was validated via a finite element simulation. The proposed method is highly useful to geotechnical engineers because of its simplicity and reliable prediction.     

Study on the Reasonable Height of Embankment in Qinghai–Tibet Highway

A reasonable height of embankment is beneficial for maintaining the thermal and mechanical stability of highway in cold regions. This paper firstly introduced theoretical models for two main sources of settlement, including an improved consolidation theory for thawing permafrost and a simple rheological element based creep model for warm frozen soils. A modified numerical method for living calculating thaw consolidation and creep in corresponding domains and for post-processing the proportion of each source in total settlement based on the effective thaw consolidation time. Two typical geological sections underlain by warm permafrost layer were selected from the Qinghai–Tibet highway. The heat transfer and continuing settlement for two sections were modeled by assuming that the height of embankment ranges from 0 to 6.0 m. The reasonable critical height for two sections are 1.63 and 1.35 m, respectively, by comparing maximum thawing depth, mean annual temperature and settlement in the roadbed center. For two sections with design height of embankment, the proportions of thaw consolidation and creep to the total settlement were analyzed. For sections at higher ground temperature, thaw consolidation accounts for a major part while thaw consolidation of section L is a little larger than that of creep.     

高速公路拓宽工程沉降控制复合地基优化设计

按沉降控制设计理论,结合有关公路设计规范、路面功能性和结构性的要求以及有限元法分析路基差异沉降引起路面附加应力的计算结果,提出了采用工后路基路拱横坡度变化小于等于0.45 %作为软土地基上高速公路拓宽工程的容许新老路基差异沉降控制标准。采用有限元法对佛山-开平高速公路拓宽工程标准断面进行分析,采用不同参数计算出水泥土搅拌桩复合地基的新老路基差异沉降。根据沉降控制标准,优化出既满足新老路基差异沉降控制要求,又效益最优的高速公路拓宽工程软土路基水泥土搅拌桩处理的设计参数,即工程水泥土搅拌桩采用面积置换率为8.9 %(对应桩间距1.6 m),桩长8 m,桩径为0.5 m,水泥掺入比为15 %;实际使用时,考虑桩土存在一定的不协调,可适当提高桩体面积置换率达10.1 %（对应桩间距1.5 m）。     

高速铁路沉降控制复合桩基的性状试验研究

基于沉降控制设计理念,无砟轨道京沪高速铁路地基处理采用筏板+垫层+疏桩的方法,形成复合桩基以实现有效减少工后沉降和充分利用地基承载力的优化加固方案。为探索该新方法沉降控制机制,选用CFG桩开展了复合桩基现场试验研究,对复合桩基在高速铁路路基填筑、静置、预压卸载过程中的地基沉降变形、桩和桩间土土压力、筏板顶与底部压力进行了长期观测,分析了路基沉降变形、桩-土应力比和荷载分担比以及筏板的受力随填筑高度和固结时间的变化规律。研究表明：筏板＋垫层＋疏桩联合加固地基方案在初期充分发挥了桩间土承载作用,导致桩与桩间土产生差异沉降;随着垫层的调节作用,筏板可集中发挥桩体的承载能力及显著提高桩顶应力集中程度,地基土沉降主要发生在加固区范围内,从而揭示了复合桩基在路基荷载下的承载机制和变形特性。现场试验结果可为指导高速铁路CFG桩复合桩基设计参数的进一步优化提供试验依据。     

Performance of reinforced,DMM column-supported embankment considering reinforcement viscosity and subsoil’s decreasing hydraulic conductivity

It has been widely accepted that reinforcement made of polyethylene and polypropylene is susceptible to creep and soil’s hydraulic conductivity varies with its void ratio. However, unfortunately there is no available sensitivity analysis on time-dependent embankment behaviour taking either reinforcement viscosity or time varying hydraulic conductivity of subsoil into consideration. The influence of geosynthetic reinforcement viscosity and decreasing hydraulic conductivity with consolidation on the time-dependent performance of embankments with floating columns is investigated using a fully 3D coupled model. For an embankment at the working height corresponding to a post-consolidation polypropylene geotextile strain of about 5%, it is shown that the assumption of constant hydraulic conductivity and the failure to consider the viscous behaviour of geosynthetic reinforcement can underestimate time-dependent embankment deformations (including differential crest settlement and horizontal toe movement). The effects of factors including the foundation soil, reinforcement stiffness, column stiffness, column spacing, column type (floating and fully penetrating), and construction rate, on the time-dependent behaviour of column supported embankments are explored.