A simplified nonlinear analysis method for piled raft foundation in layered soils under vertical loading

This paper presents a simplified nonlinear solution for piled raft foundations in layered soils under vertical loading. Based on the elastic–plastic analysis of a single pile in a layered soil, the shielding effect between a receiver pile and the soil is taken into account to modify the conventional interaction factor between two piles. An approximate approach with the concept of the interaction factor is employed to study the nonlinear behavior of pile groups with a rigid cap. Considering the variation of soil properties, the solution to multilayered elastic materials is used to calculate the settlement of the soil. The interactions between pile–soil–raft are taken into account to determine the stiffness matrix of the piled raft. By solving the stiffness matrix equations, the settlement and the load shared by the piles and raft could be obtained. Compared with results of the available published literatures, the proposed solution provides reasonable results.     

Numerical analysis of piled rafts

An approximate numerical method for the analysis of piled raft foundations is presented. The raft is modelled as a thin plate and the piles as interacting non-linear springs. Both the raft and the piles are interacting with the soil which is modelled as an elastic layer. Two sources of non-linearity are accounted for: (i) the unilateral contact at the raft–soil interface and (ii) the non-linear load–settlement relationship of the piles. Both theoretical solutions and experimental results are used to verify that, despite the approximations involved, the proposed method of analysis can provide satisfactory solutions in both linear and non-linear range. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

竖向荷载下刚性板桩筏基础分析方法

根据群桩中桩侧摩阻力分布规律,在桩筏基础中基于弹性理论中的变形协调关系、桩体物理方程和力的平衡关系,推导了竖向荷载作用下桩筏基础的荷载和位移之间的刚度矩阵,从而提出了一种刚性板下桩筏基础的分析方法。刚性板桩筏基础分析中考虑了4种相互作用,分别为桩-土-桩、桩-土-板、板-土-桩和板-土-板相互作用。基础中各桩可具有不同的桩长、桩半径和刚度等特性。应用该方法不需要划分桩-土体单元,分析中的计算矩阵仅与基础中桩数和筏板下土节点数量相关而与其他变量无关,分析过程简洁通用。通过与各种分析方法的比较验证,证明该方法是合理可行的。     

竖向荷载作用下桩筏基础可视化模型试验研究

进行了群桩基础可视化模型试验。在试验过程中对各级竖向荷载作用下群桩基础桩、土的变形采用高清晰数码相机拍摄了照片。通过对照片进行后处理分析,得到了桩、土的位移场,也对桩身轴力也进行了量测,在该基础上研究了群桩基础的变形性状和破坏模式,重点分析对比了桩间距和桩长对桩端土体沉降以及桩身侧摩阻力的影响。试验发现,桩距是影响桩土相对滑移量的主要因素,桩距越大,桩身与土的相对滑移量就越大,桩端刺入量也越大。在柔性筏基下,随桩距增加中桩的桩土相对滑移量可能会大于边桩。桩端刺入量是大桩距桩基础主要的沉降构成,以桩端刺入量为研究对象建立一套大桩距基础新的沉降计算理论,似乎值得进一步研究。桩顶向上刺入（可通过设置褥垫层、桩顶预留净空或设置可压缩垫块来实现）有利于桩间土的压密,减小桩端刺入量,甚至改变破坏模式。     

竖向荷载下桩基础弹性分析的改进计算方法

将Randolph剪切位移方法中桩身位移与桩端位移的函数关系简化为一多项式,并与Poulos积分方程中土体柔度系数矩阵相结合,提出了一种竖向受荷单桩弹性分析的改进计算方法,从而避免了Poulos积分方程法中的差分运算以及由此带来的其他矩阵运算,同时比Randolph方法更能准确模拟桩身剪切应力的分布,并将单桩的改进计算方法应用于群桩分析。将改进的计算方法与Poulos、Randolph方法以及Chow混合方法的单桩和群桩计算结果进行了比较,结果表明：改进计算方法是可行的,可满足精度要求。     

A simplified analysis method for piled raft and pile group foundations with batter piles

A simplified method of numerical analysis has been developed to estimate the deformation and load distribution of piled raft foundations subjected to vertical, lateral, and moment loads, using a hybrid model in which the flexible raft is modelled as thin plates and the piles as elastic beams and the soil is treated as springs. Both the vertical and lateral resistances of the piles as well as the raft base are incorporated into the model. Pile–soil–pile, pile–soil–raft and raft–soil–raft interactions are taken into account based on Mindlin's solutions for both vertical and lateral forces. The validity of the proposed method is verified through comparisons with several existing methods for single piles, pile groups and piled rafts. Workable design charts are given for the estimation of the lateral displacement and the load distribution of piled rafts from the stiffnesses of the raft alone and the pile group alone. Additionally, parametric studies were carried out concerning batter pile foundations. It was found that the use of batter piles can efficiently improve the deformation characteristics of pile foundations subjected to lateral loads. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

带桩筏基系统的弹塑性分析与设计方法研究

采用ABAQUS有限元程序中的线性扩展D-P模型对带桩筏基下的地基土进行弹塑性模拟,建立了带桩筏基系统的ABAQUS程序三维有限元模型。经比较各种桩、筏基础的内力与沉降关系计算结果,得到了带桩筏基的一些工作特性。在此基础上结合《建筑地基基础设计规范》(GB5007-2002),改进了传统的复合桩基设计方法,讨论了“三阶段”设计理念的可行性,并将其应用于工程实例。分析结果表明,改进的复合桩基设计方法和“三阶段”设计方法较常规设计方法更加经济合理。     

控制差异沉降的桩筏基础桩径优化分析方法

桩径优化是桩筏基础以差异沉降最小化为目标的基础优化分析的重要组成部分。基于桩筏基础通用分析方法,结合遗传算法提出了包含非线性约束条件的以差异沉降控制为目标的桩筏基础桩径优化分析模型,并给出了优化分析的实施步骤。通过示例说明了桩径优化的实施情况,对比给出了优化前后基础沉降、桩基荷载分布与筏板分担比、筏板弯矩和剪力结果。最后通过参量分析研究了筏板厚度、桩基参量和土体参量对最优桩径确定的影响程度,桩长和土体特性对桩径优化结果影响显著,而桩体材料特性和筏板厚度对桩径优化结果影响不大。     

循环荷载下低填方桩承式路堤动力响应分析

低填方桩承式路堤在交通荷载下的动力响应特性与路堤的承载能力及其稳定性密切相关。基于前人的室内模型试验,采用PFC2D软件建立了桩承式路堤离散元数值分析模型;采用数值双轴试验、数值单向压缩试验分别对路堤填料和桩间土的细观参数进行了标定;同时,根据路堤荷载传递效率对模拟结果与试验数据进行了对比分析,验证了离散元数值模型的正确性及适用性。在此基础上,在低填方路堤表面施加正弦波循环荷载,并对路堤荷载传递效率、接触力分布及路堤沉降等的变化规律进行了分析。模拟结果表明：在循环荷载作用下,低填方路堤中土拱结构的承载力先逐渐弱化并最终趋于稳定;该弱化作用在宏观上表现为路堤荷载传递效率的逐渐降低,而在细观上则表现为桩顶及桩间土上方接触力差异程度的逐渐减小;同时,土拱结构的弱化将不断加剧路堤表面的不均匀沉降。     

BEM analysis of the interaction factor for vertically loaded dissimilar piles in saturated poroelastic soil

This paper focuses on an analysis by the boundary element method (BEM) of the pile-to-pile interaction for pile groups with dissimilar piles of different pile lengths embedded in saturated poroelastic soil. The behaviour of the poroelastic homogeneous soil is governed by Biot’s consolidation equations. The pile–soil system is decomposed into extended soil and fictitious piles. Considering the compatibility of vertical strain between fictitious piles and soil, the second kind of Fredholm integral equations were obtained to predict the axial force and settlement along pile shafts numerically. For the analysis of the interaction factor, two loading conditions for a two-dissimilar-pile system were proposed: (a) only one pile is loaded and (b) each pile is subjected to a load proportional to the pile length. Furthermore, the two-pile system was extended to pile groups with a rigid cap to capture the optimum design where each pile shares the same loading at the pile heads. The optimum results require shortening the peripheral piles and elongating internal piles, and the consolidation effect needs to be considered due to the adjustment of loading distribution among piles.     

荷载作用下挤扩支盘桩支护特性数值模拟分析

采用室内试验和数值分析相互验证方法,对单排挤扩桩和悬臂直桩基坑支护的桩顶位移和受力特征进行了研究,进而对基坑双排挤扩桩支护特性进行了分析。试验结果表明,与悬臂直桩相比,挤扩桩支护桩顶位移小,挤扩桩支盘提供的抗倾覆力矩有效地改善了挤扩桩的工作性状;与单排挤扩桩相比,双排挤扩桩基坑支护结构刚度大,在桩身内力分配以及控制基坑变形等方面有较大优势,是深基坑工程中经济合理的支护形式。     

Analysis of piled raft with nodular pile subjected to vertical load using a Winkler model approach

An investigation is made to present analytical solutions provided by a Winkler model approach for analysis of piled rafts with nodular pile subjected to vertical loads in nonhomogeneous soils. The vertical stiffness coefficient along a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is derived from the displacement given by the Mindlin solution for elastic continuum analysis. The vertical stiffness coefficients for the bases of the raft and the nodular part in the nodular pile in a soil are expressed by the Muki solution for the 3‐D elastic analysis. The relationship between settlement and vertical load on the pile base is presented considering the Mindlin solution and the equivalent thickness in the equivalent elastic method. The interaction factor between the shaft of the nodular pile and the soil is expressed taking into account the Mindlin solution and the equivalent elastic modulus. The relationship between settlement and vertical load for a piled raft with the nodular pile in nonhomogeneous soils is obtained by using the recurrence equation of influence factors of the pile for each layer. The percentage of each load carried by both nodular pile and raft subjected to vertical load is represented through the vertical influence factors proposed here. Comparison of the results calculated by the present method for piled rafts with nodular piles in nonhomogeneous soils has shown good agreement with those obtained from the finite element method and a field test. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

水平荷载作用下单桩非线性m法试验研究

通过对大量模型试验结果的分析，提出了简便合理的水平荷载作用下单桩的计算方法。该方法将常用m法中单一m值与位移建立指数关系，并由bm有k两参数来描述。将这一关系引和常用单桩m法计算中，则计算结果可考虑单桩非线性响应影响。     

维持荷载作用下单桩沉降的时间效应

研究单桩在不同维持加载时间的桩顶荷载-沉降关系曲线,揭示了不同载荷比条件下桩侧和桩端下土体中的初始超静孔压分布,分别讨论了土的固结与蠕变特性对单桩沉降的影响。分析表明,土体的固结对单桩的维持载荷试验的影响很小,桩身上的荷载主要以剪应力的形式传递到周围土体中。土体的蠕变对单桩沉降的影响与土的超固结比或沉积时间有关,桩顶沉降中的蠕变部分随超固结比的增大而减小。     

An elastoplastic model for the analysis of a driven pile extended with a micropile

An elastoplastic model for the analysis of a driven pile extended at the bottom with a micropile under axial load is presented. The model is an extension of the integral equation method of Poulos and Davis. The finite-difference scheme used to obtain the pile displacements is reformulated to take into account the discontinuity in the stress distribution at the joint between pile and micropile. The results obtained with the proposed method are compared with the outcomes of a more sophisticated finite element simulation, and also with data from full-scale load tests. Reasonably good agreement is obtained in both cases.     

Embedded beam element with interaction surface for lateral loading of piles

This paper presents a numerical formulation of a three dimensional embedded beam element for the modeling of piles, which incorporates an explicit interaction surface between soil and pile. The formulation is herein implemented for lateral loading of piles but is able to represent soil–pile interaction phenomena in a general manner for different types of loading conditions or ground movements. The model assumes perfect adherence between beam and soil along the interaction surface. The paper presents a comparison of the results obtained by means of the present formulation and by means of a previously formulated embedded pile element without interaction surface, as well as reference semi‐analytical solutions and a fully 3D finite element (FE) model. It is seen that the proposed embedded element provides a better convergence behavior than a previously formulated embedded element and is able to reproduce key features of a full 3D FE model. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

阻滑桩加固土坡稳定性分析的上限解法

从极限分析机动学方法出发,利用土的抗剪强度折减系数概念,建立了土坡的极限平衡状态方程,由此确定土坡的临界稳定安全系数及其相应的潜在破坏模式.对于典型问题,通过与现有极限平衡解和有限元数值解的对比分析,验证了这种上限解法的合理性.进而对于在给定的荷载条件下不能满足抗滑稳定性要求的土坡,考虑采用阻滑桩加固方式,根据桩侧有效土压力的合理分布模式确定桩体与滑动面相交的截面上等效抗滑力和抗滑力矩,利用极限分析上限定理建立了阻滑桩加固土坡的极限平衡状态方程,将桩侧土压力作为目标函数,运用数学规划方法确定了极限平衡状态时的临界桩侧土压力,以此为土坡加固中阻滑桩设计提供依据.通过数值计算与分析探讨了阻滑桩加固位置的优化布置等问题.     

能量桩单桩工作特性简化分析方法

基于荷载传递法,建立了热力耦合作用下能量桩单桩工作特性的简化分析方法。该方法中将桩-土荷载传递函数取为双曲线,采用曼辛法则模拟温度循环过程中桩-土界面的卸载和再加载特性,通过再加载过程中刚度的折减近似考虑塑性变形的积累。利用矩阵位移法求解控制方程组后可直接得到任意温度-力学组合作用下的桩体变形、桩身轴力、桩侧阻力和桩端阻力,无需事先假设温度位移零点的位置。通过与试验数据的对比分析,验证了所提方法的可靠性。结合算例,研究了能量桩的长期工作特性。结果表明,温度循环会造成自由桩的桩顶沉降增加,固定桩的桩顶应力减小,温度循环的影响与桩顶静力荷载水平和土体刚度的衰减程度密切相关。     

积分方程法研究均质地基中单桩的工程性状

采用积分变换方法求解弹性半空间中圆形荷载的基本解,按照虚拟桩法建立分析模型,基于圆形荷载的基本解推导出单桩分析的第二类Fredholm积分方程,对其进行数值计算求得桩身各点处的轴力、剪力和位移等,与经典的弹性解答相比,本文的理论更为严密.通过对单桩的荷载传递、沉降特性以及临界桩长等问题的参数分析,得出一些具有工程应用价值的结论.     

刚性承台下变截面柔性桩与地基相互作用的线性分析

对桩侧土及桩端土均采用线性荷载传递函数,同时,考虑桩周土所分担的荷载对单桩荷载传递规律的影响,利用力学理论及微分方程的近似解法-子域法,推出了刚性承台下变截面柔性单桩与地基相互作用的系列近似解析算式,并通过算例,将承台下变截面柔性桩的情况与同体积的等截面柔性桩的情况进行了对比。对比表明：改变桩型能提高柔性单桩及单桩承台的承载力。将模型试验结果与计算结果进行了比较,验证了解析算式的可行性。