山西省废弃矿井煤层气地面钻井开发关键问题与对策

随着我国煤炭去产能政策的有力实施,一批资源枯竭及产能落后矿井将陆续关停废弃.废弃矿井仍赋存着大量的煤层气资源,其开发利用是实现煤炭产业清洁安全高效低碳发展、促进煤矿安全生产、优化能源结构、实现温室气体减排等方面的重要举措.基于山西省煤基重点科技攻关(煤层气产业链)项目相关研究,系统阐述了废弃矿井煤层气开发面临着资源量评...     

废弃煤矿瓦斯资源估算与评价方法构建及应用

基于我国废弃煤矿瓦斯资源勘探开发现状,为合理评估我国废弃煤矿瓦斯资源,提出"资源估算+初步评价"的思路,建立废弃煤矿瓦斯资源估算和评价方法,该方法具有所需参数少和实用性强等优点;依据废弃煤矿瓦斯涌出特点及废弃时间,划分废弃煤矿类型,将其分为稳定型和非稳定型两大类,非稳定型进一步划分为初期、中期和后期3个阶段;根据废弃煤...     

关闭/废弃矿井地下空间资源精准开发利用模式研究

随着煤炭绿色资源的不断开采,位于煤炭开发利用全周期末端的矿井关闭\废弃问题逐渐显现,随之而来的关闭/废弃矿井地下空间资源开发利用成为一个亟须解决的问题。在对我国废弃矿井现状统计分析的基础上,以能源开采造成的地下空间方位、形态差异化为依据,将关闭/废弃矿井地下空间资源分为采空区空间资源、巷道空间资源、硐室空间资源;探讨了空间资源作为能源存储场所的单一利用方式和多方向、多领域协同多元开发利用的关闭/废弃矿井地下空间资源利用方式;并由此提出了一种关闭/废弃矿井地下空间分类分级精准利用模式,构建调研分析、工程类比初判、模型构建详估和软件决策系统研发为主干流程的精准开发利用系统,通过精准利用模式与精准开发利用系统模型对单一和多元开发利用方式进一步分析,为关闭/废弃矿井空间资源开发利用的研究和实践提供参考。      

Environmental impact of the abandoned coal mines on the surface water and the groundwater quality in the south of Bochum,Germany

Surface water and groundwater samples were collected from 20 locations, situated in the vicinity of the abandoned coal mine fields south of Bochum. The main objective of this research is to assess the environmental impacts of these mines on the surface water and groundwater quality as well as to determine the factors controlling these impacts. The water samples were collected from stream sources, groundwater, surface water and engineered channels during April 2011. Physicochemical parameters were measured during fieldwork. Water samples were analysed for major ions and aluminium, iron, manganese, ferrous iron, zinc and hydrogen sulphide. The hydrochemistry of the surface water and the groundwater of this area is characterized by near-neutral to alkaline conditions, represented by predominance of calcium bicarbonate and sometimes calcium sulphate water types. Hence, the surface water and the groundwater quality in this region is significantly affected by abandoned coal mines. These effects resulted from oxidation of iron disulphide minerals that release iron, sulphate and hydrogen. The presence of carbonate-rich materials, which contained within the landfilling materials, has led the releasing of calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate. These materials could be the main source responsible for raising the alkalinity of the affected water. The environmental hazard of the abandoned coal mines in this area is related to the high concentration of Fe especially in the groundwater that possess the highest Fe concentration compared to other water sources: the Fe is 18 times larger than the allowed value in drinking water. Significant spatial variations of the water pollution were noted in this study. For this reason, the environmental hazards of the abandoned coal mines in Germany should be considered at closure of coal mines in the near future. Otherwise, these mines will be sources of environmental threats unless all necessary measures are taken to reduce their impact.     

An integrated GIS-based approach for geohazards risk assessment in coal mines

From the viewpoint of safety in underground coal mining, the most suitable mining panel is the one with minimum geological structures, the right machinery, and equipment selection, trained employee, and proficient stope management. Since the ground parameters are uncontrollable and inherent uncertainties exist, a high percent of risk will usually accompany the underground coal mining activities. The main purpose of this study is to present a geological–geotechnical risk assessment model for identification of high risk-prone areas in underground coal mines using an integrated GIS-geostatistics system. Tabas as the first mechanized and largest underground coal mine in Iran was selected as a case study in this study. Gas content of coal seam, Coal Mine Roof Rating (CMRR), initial in situ stress state, fault throw, and orientation were selected as hazard/risk factors. For estimating the amount of coal seam gas content, CMRR and initial in situ stress in unsampled areas and providing the prediction maps, geostatistics module in ArcGIS was used. Rock engineering system–interaction matrix method was used for attribute weight assignment. Next, the attribute layers were weighted, rated, and overlaid to create a final map of geohazards risk. The analysis results of final risk map indicate that about 45% of under study area is prone to high to very high geohazards risk. Comparison of the results with experiences obtained during the early part of the mine and mined-out panels showed generally good agreement with promising ideas. This highlights the potential application of the GIS-based approach for hazards detection and geohazards risk assessment in underground coal mines.     

废弃矿井充水问题及其研究和治理方法——以美国匹兹堡煤田为例

以美国匹兹堡煤田为例,介绍了废弃矿井地下水回充、相邻矿井水连通和自流排泄出地表,以致造成河水污染,生产矿井涌水量增加,甚至导致生产矿井水害事故等问题。强调应基于GIS和GPS等技术对这类矿区进行水文地质填图,设立长期水位水质观测站,并有针对性的设置矿井水处理厂。针对我国废弃矿井充水问题提出了建议。      

Simulation of groundwater level recovery in abandoned mines,Fengfeng coalfield,China

Abandoned mines are of high potential risk as they could be a large underground storage of pollutants(heavy metals and organic wastes, etc.). Various physical, chemical and biological reactions would take place when groundwater flows into underground spaces, which makes abandoned mine a huge potential hazard to groundwater environment. The recovery of groundwater level is one of the key elements controlling the reactions and causing such hazards. This paper simulated groundwater level recovery processes in the abandoned mines, Fengfeng coalfield by using the computer program FEFLOW. The paper integrated the pipe flow model, "three zones" model and groundwater inrush(discharge) model in the simulation of groundwater in the complex laneway-aquifer system. Groundwater flow in the laneway systems was considered pipe flow and described in Bernoulli equation. The water-bearing medium(coal seam roof) overlying the laneway systems was divided into "three zones" composed of the caving zone, fissure zone and bending zone based on the disruption degrees of previous mining. Groundwater in the Ordovician limestone aquifer(bottom of coal seam) flowing into laneway systems was considered a major inrush/recharge source, and its flow rate was calculated by an inrush(discharge) model which was newly developed in this study and incorporated into FEFLOW. The results showed that it would take approximately 95 days for groundwater in abandoned mines to recover to regional groundwater level elevation, and the total amount of water filling up would be about 1.41195×10~7 m~3, which is consistent with the actual data. The study could be of theoretical and practical significance to mitigate abandoned mines' hazards and improve mine groundwater utilization.     

黄河流域九省区废弃矿井抽水蓄能利用潜力评估

针对我国关闭矿井资源利用率低、蓄电储能需求日益增长的问题,废弃矿井抽水蓄能技术是实现资源二次开发利用,提升电网调峰能力的有效手段。基于废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站工作原理与发展现状,提出在黄河流域九省区利用废弃矿井建设抽水蓄能电站的半地下式、全地下式2种模式。通过综合考虑空间、地质、水文、社会、经济与资源等影响因素,提出废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站选址评价指标体系,并进行黄河流域废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站实例分析。基于2016—2020年黄河流域九省区的废弃煤矿资料,利用废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站静态效益与动态效益计算方法,定量评估黄河流域九省区废弃煤矿抽水蓄能电站建设的开发潜力。结果表明：(1)黄河流域九省区能源资源丰富,现阶段满足电力供应需求,但火电仍是电力供应主体且水电发展进入瓶颈阶段;(2)影响废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站选址的重要因素为巷道空间体积、上下水库水位差、巷道围岩稳定性、巷道围岩渗透率与地下水循环特征;(3)由黄河流域废弃矿井抽水蓄能电站实例分析可知,其发电效率可达到75.7%,可媲美常规抽水蓄能电站;(4) 2016—2020年黄河流域九省区废弃煤矿累计有效可利用井巷空间为4.7×10^7<...     

废弃矿井地下水淹没过程的水流与水位数值模拟

定量分析和研究废弃矿井淹没过程的水流特征对于预测和防止废弃矿井地下水淹没过程中诱发的次生灾害具有重要意义。建立了废弃矿井淹没的多种介质水流数学模型,得出了淹没补给水量随时间、矿井内淹没水位和补给水源含水层水位之间的相关关系,建立了淹没补给水量与相关影响因素之间的函数关系式,完成了矿井淹没过程中涌水量实时计算的FEFLOW模块设计和开发。进行了近水平煤层开采后废弃矿井充水淹没水位回弹过程的数值模拟计算,得到了不同充水介质在充水淹没过程中的水流和水位回弹特征。结果显示,FEFLOW二次开发模块运算效果良好,具有实用价值。      

The emissions of gases from abandoned mines: role of atmospheric pressure changes and air temperature on the surface

Intrinsic parameters influence abandoned mine gas emissions. Independent of the presence or not of noxious gas in mine voids, meteorological factors influenced directly the gas outflow or inflow. Measurement stations were installed in the exits located in abandoned mines of the iron Lorraine basin, the Lorraine and the north east France coal basins to enhance the gas flow behaviour. Closure methods of the mines and exits from the abandoned mines are quite different. For the first, shafts are associated with adits. Some of them are closed with bars to avoid people entrance into abandoned mine workings, but gas flow is enabled. For the second, there are essentially shafts which are secured. Some of them are equipped with a vent to enable outflow of the mine gas in specific conditions. Mine gas parameters were measured. Besides, external parameters like temperature and atmospheric pressure were monitored. Gas flow can be influenced mainly by the temperature difference between external atmosphere and mine workings (in iron mines, which can be considered as an open system) while atmospheric pressure influences gas flow in the coal mines, which can be considered as closed systems. Modelling has confirmed the differential pressure value measured that exceeds friction losses.     

废弃矿山生态恢复工程地质灾害危险性评估方法探讨

废弃矿山一般地处地质环境较复杂的山区,人类工程活动强烈,加之废弃矿山植被恢复工程的特殊性,与常规建设工程的地质灾害危险性评估相比,其工作方法和内容等都具有明显的区别。本文以北京市房山区霞云岭乡废弃矿山地质灾害危险性评估为实例,着重探讨了此项评估技术的基本思路、方法和技术手段等内容,以期为类似工程地质灾害危险性评估工作提供参考。     

长江经济带江苏段废弃露天矿山分布与生态修复遥感调查研究

江苏省长江沿岸废弃矿山修复治理是长江经济带生态修复的关键节点区域,如何快速、直观地获得区域内废弃矿山的分布和修复工程进展,成为长江经济带废弃矿山生态修复工程的重要工作之一。以江苏长江干流两岸10?km范围为研究区,以2017—2020?年4?期高分辨率遥感影像为数据源,采用ArcGIS平台人机交互解译和野外验证的方式,获取了研究区内露天废弃矿山分布情况、地质环境问题和生态修复情况等信息。结果表明:镇江市和南京市需修复面积较大,区内露天废弃矿山主要表现为矿山的采场和中转场地两类占地,涉及矿种以建筑石料用灰岩和建筑用砂矿为主;存在的主要矿山环境问题有地形地貌破坏、矿山地质灾害、矿区生态环境破坏和水土污染等;2018—2020 年研究区已修复面积和正在修复面积均呈上升趋势,截至2020 年10 月,研究区废弃矿山修复效果良好,修复面积占67.08%;主要生态修复措施有自然恢复、客土回填、土地平整、削坡、土地综合治理等。建议在进行修复治理工程时,最大限度地保护矿区原有地貌,充分利用土地资源。调查结果和建议可为同类型地区露天废弃矿山生态修复治理提供技术参考。     

沁水盆地南部潘庄区块废弃矿井煤层气地球化学特征及成因

为了研究废弃矿井中煤层气成因,以沁水盆地南部潘庄区块废弃矿井为例,抽采废弃矿井中煤层气并进行化学组分和同位素测试,并采集部分废弃矿井水样品测试水中离子浓度、pH值等进行研究。结果表明:潘庄区块废弃矿井中煤层气CH₄体积分数平均值为91.99%,CO₂为1.26%,N₂为6.73%;甲烷碳同位素（δ13C₁）值为-31.36‰~-33.53‰,平均-32.25‰,氢同位素（δD）值为-182.76‰~-193.20‰,平均-187.538‰。废弃矿井排采水中阴阳离子主要为Mg2+、K+、HCO₃-、Cl-、Na+、SO₄2-和NO₃-等,产出水型为Mg-（HCO₃）₂型,表明矿井水受到地表水的强烈影响。废弃矿井中煤层气主要以热成因气为主,少量次生生物气。与附近未开采煤储层相比,研究区废弃矿井中的环境更有利于次生生物气的生成。      

From in-situ coal to fly ash: a study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana

This paper presents data on the properties of coal and fly ash from two coal mines and two power plants that burn single-source coal from two mines in Indiana. One mine is in the low-sulfur (<1%) Danville Coal Member of the Dugger Formation (Pennsylvanian) and the other mines the high-sulfur (>5%) Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian). Both seams have comparable ash contents (11%). Coals sampled at the mines (both raw and washed fractions) were analyzed for proximate/ultimate/sulfur forms/heating value, major oxides, trace elements and petrographic composition. The properties of fly ash from these coals reflect the properties of the feed coal, as well as local combustion and post-combustion conditions. Sulfur and spinel content, and As, Pb and Zn concentrations of the fly ash are the parameters that most closely reflect the properties of the source coal.     

废弃矿井地下空间旅游资源开发利用模式研究

随着煤炭产业去产能政策的深入推进,大量矿井面临关闭或废弃,但其仍赋存大量可利用资源,如何开发利用,已成为煤炭工业转型发展的一大难题.在分析国内废弃矿井工业旅游开发现状与地下空间旅游开发问题的基础上,借鉴学习国外废弃矿井旅游开发模式经验,并总结分析废弃矿井地下空间旅游资源的特征.探索废弃矿井地下空间旅游资源开发利用模式,...     

Sensitivity analysis for the GIS-based mapping of the ground subsidence hazard near abandoned underground coal mines

Ground subsidence around abandoned underground coal mines can cause much loss of life and property. We analyze factors that can affect ground subsidence around abandoned mines in Jeongahm in Kangwon-do by sensitivity analysis in geographic information system (GIS). Spatial data for the subsidence area, topography and geology and various ground engineering data were collected and used to make a factor raster database for a ground subsidence hazard map. To determine the importance of extracted subsidence-related factors, frequency ratio model and sensitivity analysis were employed. Sensitivity analysis is a method for comparing the combined effects of all factors except one. Sensitivity analysis and its verification showed that using all factors provided 91.61% accuracy. The best accuracy was achieved by not considering the groundwater depth (92.77%) and the worst by not considering the lineament (85.42%). The results show that the distance from the lineament and the distance from the drift highly affected the occurrence of ground subsidence, and the groundwater depth, land use and rock mass rating had the least effects. Thus, we determined causes of ground subsidence in the study area and this information could help in the prediction of ground subsidence in other areas.     

基于植被区划和生态敏感性的中国煤矿生态恢复策略

煤炭是我国的主要能源,也是我国长期以来发展的最重要驱动力,并且在未来很长一段时间内将继续作为我国社会与经济发展的主要能源。但我国长期的煤炭开采活动已经对生态环境造成严重破坏,亟待进行全面生态恢复。目前,我国煤矿生态恢复大多局限于一处或几处矿区这类小尺度范围,缺乏国土空间层面的生态修复规划,相应的生态恢复策略也仍待明确。煤矿生态恢复是一项全国性系统生态工程,应以“借自然之力恢复自然”为理念,以当地生态敏感性问题为依据,以停止破坏自然生态系统并且继续提供生态系统服务为宗旨,以改善矿区人居环境质量为出发点。全国煤矿生态恢复策略的制定基于以下4个方面:第一,以我国植被区划为基础,因地制宜地选择潜在植被类型;第二,计算归一化综合生态敏感性(NIES)用以表征煤矿生态恢复紧迫性,再借助空间自相关性分析判断不同NIES煤矿的聚集关系与模式;第三,对煤矿和当地人口分布情况进行缓冲区分析,得到煤矿生态恢复的获益人口;第四,将煤矿的NIES和煤矿恢复获益人数进行聚类分析,判断煤矿生态恢复的优先区域。综合上述结果,根据我国煤矿的空间分布情况分区域制定相应的生态恢复策略。      

A method to mitigate acid-mine drainage in the Shamokin area,Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

The three anthracite coal fields of eastern Pennsylvania occur in large synclinal basins surrounded by sandstone hogback ridges. The streams draining the coal regions are heavily contaminated by sulfuric acid due to the weathering of pyrite in the abandoned mines and culm. Dams could be built in the water gaps of the streams leaving the basins, forming huge reservoirs. For example, in the western part of the Middle Coal Field (Shamokin-Mt. Carmel area), the construction of four dams would form a reservoir that would inundate practically all the culm banks, abandoned mines, and environmentally abused lands in this coal field. The reservoir (at approximately 410 m elevation) would be approximately 140 sq km in area and could be the source of water for pumped-storage hydroelectricity generation. The water should have moderately good quality and could serve the recreational needs of a vast population of the Middle Atlantic states.     

Management of karst water resources in mining area: dewatering in mines and demand for water supply in the Dongshan Mine of Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, North China

Coalfields in North China contain six to seven coal seams in the Permo-Carboniferous strata. The coal seams are underlain by the Ordovician limestone. Large-scale dewatering or depressurizing of the karst aquifer was considered essential to avoid water inrushes and keep the mines safely operational. This practice, however, has caused water supply shortage in the mining areas. The most effective solution to this conflict is to use the uncontaminated karst water from the mines for water supply. This paper explores a management model to maximize the utilization of the karst water while maintaining the safe operation of the mines. The model can provide essential information on water resource distribution for decision makers. The model was applied to the Dongshan Coal Mine in Taiyuan City, China.     

山区煤矿矿山地质环境多层次灰色综合评价

以山区煤矿矿山地质环境为研究对象,从地质环境条件、矿山开发程度、资源损毁、地质环境问题和环境污染问题等5个方面构建一个3层次的矿山地质环境综合指标评价体系,运用灰色系统理论,建立了山区矿山地质环境多层次灰色综合评价模型,并结合实例进行计算,得出矿山地质环境综合评价值。评价结果与实际情况基本相符,表明该模型能有效地利用评价指标的信息,所给出的综合评价值能够对受评矿山地质环境进行定性或定量的评判,为政府和企业进行矿山地质环境恢复治理及矿产资源合理利用提供科学依据。